MesoRAD: A New Radiocarbon Data Set for Archaeological Research in Mesoamerica

New Chronological Frame for the Young Neolithic Baden Culture in Central Europe (4th Millennium BC)

Radiocarbon ◽

10.1017/s0033822200041710 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 43 (2B) ◽

pp. 1057-1064 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Eva Maria Wild ◽

Peter Stadler ◽

Mária Bondár ◽

Susanne Draxler ◽

Herwig Friesinger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Europe ◽

Southeast Europe ◽

Data Set ◽

East Central Europe ◽

East Central ◽

Radiocarbon Data ◽

The Individual ◽

Comparison Of The Results ◽

East West ◽

Age Determinations

The Baden Culture is a widely spread culture of the Young Neolithics in east-central Europe. In southeast Europe, several parallel cultures are found at different places. The main innovations in east-central Europe associated with the Baden Culture were traditionally thought to originate in southeast Europe, Anatolia, and the Levant. However, in recent years, doubt about this theory has arisen among archaeologists.Here, we try to contribute to this question by increasing the radiocarbon data set available for the Baden Culture. Thirty-two age determinations of samples from different sites assigned to the Baden Culture were performed by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating. The new data were combined with previously published 14C dates. Data from the individual cultural phases of the entire Baden period and the parallel cultures in southeast Europe (Sitagroi, Cernavoda, and Ezero) were analyzed by sum calibration. Comparison of the results indicates that the southeastern cultures cannot be synchronized with the Boleráz period, the early phase of the Baden Culture. It seems that these cultures were parallel to the Baden Classical period. This finding, which has to be verified by more data from the southeastern cultures, contradicts the theory of the east-west spreading of these cultures.

Discussion: Reporting and Calibration of Post-Bomb 14C Data

Radiocarbon ◽

10.1017/s0033822200033154 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 1299-1304 ◽

Cited By ~ 460

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Weapons ◽

Radioactive Decay ◽

Data Sets ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Data Set ◽

Nuclear Weapons Testing ◽

Radiocarbon Data

The definitive paper by Stuiver and Polach (1977) established the conventions for reporting of radiocarbon data for chronological and geophysical studies based on the radioactive decay of 14C in the sample since the year of sample death or formation. Several ways of reporting 14C activity levels relative to a standard were also established, but no specific instructions were given for reporting nuclear weapons-testing (post-bomb) 14C levels in samples. Because the use of post-bomb 14C is becoming more prevalent in forensics, biology, and geosciences, a convention needs to be adopted. We advocate the use of fraction modern with a new symbol F14C to prevent confusion with the previously used Fm, which may or may not have been fractionation-corrected. We also discuss the calibration of post-bomb 14C samples and the available data sets and compilations, but do not give a recommendation for a particular data set.

Semantic Segmentation of Airborne LiDAR Data in Maya Archaeology

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12223685 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (22) ◽

pp. 3685 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marek Bundzel ◽

Miroslav Jaščur ◽

Milan Kováč ◽

Tibor Lieskovský ◽

Peter Sinčák ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Semantic Segmentation ◽

Airborne Lidar ◽

Lidar Data ◽

Archaeological Research ◽

Ancient Maya ◽

Data Set ◽

The Road ◽

Road Map ◽

Construction Activity ◽

Airborne Lidar Data

Airborne LiDAR produced large amounts of data for archaeological research over the past decade. Labeling this type of archaeological data is a tedious process. We used a data set from Pacunam LiDAR Initiative survey of lowland Maya region in Guatemala. The data set contains ancient Maya structures that were manually labeled, and ground verified to a large extent. We have built and compared two deep learning-based models, U-Net and Mask R-CNN, for semantic segmentation. The segmentation models were used in two tasks: identification of areas of ancient construction activity, and identification of the remnants of ancient Maya buildings. The U-Net based model performed better in both tasks and was capable of correctly identifying 60–66% of all objects, and 74–81% of medium sized objects. The quality of the resulting prediction was evaluated using a variety of quantifiers. Furthermore, we discuss the problems of re-purposing the archaeological style labeling for production of valid machine learning training sets. Ultimately, we outline the value of these models for archaeological research and present the road map to produce a useful decision support system for recognition of ancient objects in LiDAR data.

Relative Radiometric Calibration of Airborne LiDAR Data for Archaeological Applications

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs11080945 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 945 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christopher Sevara ◽

Martin Wieser ◽

Michael Doneus ◽

Norbert Pfeifer

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Feature Detection ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Airborne Lidar ◽

Environmental Research ◽

Archaeological Research ◽

Radiometric Calibration ◽

Data Set ◽

Radiometric Data

Airborne laser scanning (ALS) data can provide more than just a topographic data set for archaeological research. During data collection, laser scanning systems also record radiometric information containing object properties, and thus information about archaeological features. Being aware of the physical model of ALS scanning, the radiometric information can be used to calculate material information of the scanned object. The reflectance of an object or material states the amount of energy it reflects for a specific electromagnetic wavelength. However, the collected radiometric data are affected by several factors that cause dissimilar values to be recorded for the same object. Radiometric calibration of such data minimizes these differences in calculated reflectance values of objects, improving their usability for feature detection and visualization purposes. Previous work dealing with calibration of radiometric data in archaeological research has relied on corresponding in-field measurements to acquire calibration values or has only corrected for a limited number of variables. In this paper, we apply a desk-based approach in which radiometric calibration is conducted through the selection of homogenous areas of interest, without the use of in-field measurements. Together with flight and scan parameters, radiometric calibration allows for the estimation of reflectance values for returns of a single full-waveform ALS data collection flight. The resulting data are then processed into a raster reflectance map that approximates a monochromatic illumination-independent true orthoimage at the wavelength of the laser scanner. We apply this approach to data collected for an archaeological research project in western Sicily and discuss the relative merits of the uses of radiometric data in such locations as well as its wider applicability for present and future archaeological and environmental research. In order to make the approach more accessible, we have developed a freely available tool that allows users to apply the calibration procedure to their own data.

Geoarchaeology of the early medieval stronghold surroundings in grzybowo near Września, Greater Poland

Quaestiones Geographicae ◽

10.2478/quageo-2019-0032 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 95-108

Author(s):

Michał Marcinkowski ◽

Małgorzata Szczepaniak

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Size Composition ◽

Flood Plain ◽

River Channel ◽

Archival Data ◽

Data Set ◽

Holocene Sediments ◽

Radiocarbon Data

Abstract The stronghold in Grzybowo (Rabieżyce village) near Września is a remnant of medieval ring-fort. It is investigated to a considerably lower degree than similar objects from Greater Poland. The analysis of archival data shows that the stronghold is located on the edge of the flood plain of the Struga River formed by Holocene sediments, cutting into the moraine plateau. Analysis of sediments in the stronghold vicinity revealed interlayers of organic matter and sandy deposits rich in calcium carbonate with variable grain size composition, particularly west of the stronghold (i.e. in the valley floor). Moreover, radiocarbon data set showed a considerably older than Holocene age of the sediment. The analysis of the course of the contemporary river channel also allowed for stating hypotheses regarding a potentially different course of the former Struga River channel and its changes during the development of the stronghold. These assumptions were based on the analysis of the archaeological archival data, where field drawings suggest the existence of such a channel in the territory of the stronghold.

Rotational Characteristics of the Green Solar Corona: 1947-1991

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100025197 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 144 ◽

pp. 139-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. Rybák ◽

V. Rušin ◽

M. Rybanský

Keyword(s):

Solar Corona ◽

World Wide ◽

Rotation Period ◽

Original Data ◽

Coronal Emission ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Data Set ◽

The World ◽

Coronal Emission Line ◽

Homogeneous Data

AbstractFe XIV 530.3 nm coronal emission line observations have been used for the estimation of the green solar corona rotation. A homogeneous data set, created from measurements of the world-wide coronagraphic network, has been examined with a help of correlation analysis to reveal the averaged synodic rotation period as a function of latitude and time over the epoch from 1947 to 1991.The values of the synodic rotation period obtained for this epoch for the whole range of latitudes and a latitude band ±30° are 27.52±0.12 days and 26.95±0.21 days, resp. A differential rotation of green solar corona, with local period maxima around ±60° and minimum of the rotation period at the equator, was confirmed. No clear cyclic variation of the rotation has been found for examinated epoch but some monotonic trends for some time intervals are presented.A detailed investigation of the original data and their correlation functions has shown that an existence of sufficiently reliable tracers is not evident for the whole set of examinated data. This should be taken into account in future more precise estimations of the green corona rotation period.

Difference Fourier Analysis of Glucose Embedded and Frozen Hydrated Purple Membrane

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100053164 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 74-75

Author(s):

Jules S. Jaffe ◽

Robert M. Glaeser

Keyword(s):

Purple Membrane ◽

Data Set ◽

High Resolution Data ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Crystallography ◽

Fourier Techniques ◽

Versus Protein ◽

The Difference ◽

Difference Fourier ◽

Ideal Method

Although difference Fourier techniques are standard in X-ray crystallography it has only been very recently that electron crystallographers have been able to take advantage of this method. We have combined a high resolution data set for frozen glucose embedded Purple Membrane (PM) with a data set collected from PM prepared in the frozen hydrated state in order to visualize any differences in structure due to the different methods of preparation. The increased contrast between protein-ice versus protein-glucose may prove to be an advantage of the frozen hydrated technique for visualizing those parts of bacteriorhodopsin that are embedded in glucose. In addition, surface groups of the protein may be disordered in glucose and ordered in the frozen state. The sensitivity of the difference Fourier technique to small changes in structure provides an ideal method for testing this hypothesis.

Algorithms for automated montage synthesis of images from laser-scanning confocal microscopes

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100139627 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 650-651

Author(s):

D. E. Becker

Keyword(s):

Image Analysis ◽

High Resolution ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Cell Counting ◽

Wide Area ◽

Data Set ◽

Computational Synthesis ◽

Automated Cell Counting ◽

Partial View ◽

The Individual

An efficient, robust, and widely-applicable technique is presented for computational synthesis of high-resolution, wide-area images of a specimen from a series of overlapping partial views. This technique can also be used to combine the results of various forms of image analysis, such as segmentation, automated cell counting, deblurring, and neuron tracing, to generate representations that are equivalent to processing the large wide-area image, rather than the individual partial views. This can be a first step towards quantitation of the higher-level tissue architecture. The computational approach overcomes mechanical limitations, such as hysterisis and backlash, of microscope stages. It also automates a procedure that is currently done manually. One application is the high-resolution visualization and/or quantitation of large batches of specimens that are much wider than the field of view of the microscope.The automated montage synthesis begins by computing a concise set of landmark points for each partial view. The type of landmarks used can vary greatly depending on the images of interest. In many cases, image analysis performed on each data set can provide useful landmarks. Even when no such “natural” landmarks are available, image processing can often provide useful landmarks.

Merging of electron-diffraction intensities acquired with a slow-scan CCD camera of crotoxin complex crystals to 3.5Å resolution

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100168256 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 104-105

Author(s):

Jaap Brink ◽

Wah Chiu

Keyword(s):

Electron Diffraction ◽

Ccd Camera ◽

Crystal Thickness ◽

Local Contrast ◽

Camera Model ◽

Data Set ◽

3 Dimensional ◽

Diffraction Mode ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Complex Crystals

Crotoxin complex is the principal neurotoxin of the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus terrificus and has a molecular weight of 24 kDa. The protein is a heterodimer with subunit A assigneda chaperone function. Subunit B carries the lethal activity, which is exerted on both sides ofthe neuro-muscular junction, and which is thought to involve binding to the acetylcholine receptor. Insight in crotoxin complex’ mode of action can be gained from a 3 Å resolution structure obtained by electron crystallography. This abstract communicates our progress in merging the electron diffraction amplitudes into a 3-dimensional (3D) intensity data set close to completion. Since the thickness of crotoxin complex crystals varies from one crystal to the other, we chose to collect tilt series of electron diffraction patterns after determining their thickness. Furthermore, by making use of the symmetry present in these tilt data, intensities collected only from similar crystals will be merged.Suitable crystals of glucose-embedded crotoxin complex were searched for in the defocussed diffraction mode with the goniometer tilted to 55° of higher in a JEOL4000 electron cryo-microscopc operated at 400 kV with the crystals kept at -120°C in a Gatan 626 cryo-holder. The crystal thickness was measured using the local contrast of the crystal relative to the supporting film from search-mode images acquired using a 1024 x 1024 slow-scan CCD camera (model 679, Gatan Inc.).

Three-dimensional image analysis and visualization in confocal light microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100146631 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 158-159

Author(s):

J. K. Samarabandu ◽

R. Acharya ◽

D. R. Pareddy ◽

P. C. Cheng

Keyword(s):

Depth Perception ◽

Computer Graphic ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cellular Organization ◽

Data Set ◽

Computational Burden ◽

Interactive Operation ◽

Cell Organization ◽

Confocal Images ◽

3D Digitization

In the study of cell organization in a maize meristem, direct viewing of confocal optical sections in 3D (by means of 3D projection of the volumetric data set, Figure 1) becomes very difficult and confusing because of the large number of nucleus involved. Numerical description of the cellular organization (e.g. position, size and orientation of each structure) and computer graphic presentation are some of the solutions to effectively study the structure of such a complex system. An attempt at data-reduction by means of manually contouring cell nucleus in 3D was reported (Summers et al., 1990). Apart from being labour intensive, this 3D digitization technique suffers from the inaccuracies of manual 3D tracing related to the depth perception of the operator. However, it does demonstrate that reducing stack of confocal images to a 3D graphic representation helps to visualize and analyze complex tissues (Figure 2). This procedure also significantly reduce computational burden in an interactive operation.