Study of Association of Demographic Variables with Types of Burns Presenting in a Tertiary Care Medicolegal Clinic

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2718-2720
Author(s):  
Zulfiqar Ali Buzdar ◽  
Zia ul Haq ◽  
Javaid Munir ◽  
Muhammad Anwar Sibtain Fazli ◽  
Fakhar uz Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chemical Burns ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Status Occupation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Electrical Burns ◽  
Medical University

Background: In day to day life every human whether young or the old happens to deal or face the fire sources or any relevant entity. Great research is available in all the regions of the world and generous emphasis had been delivered widely. Though the advantages of the energy sources outweighs its disadvantages if dealt with proper care but accidents do happen in this process. The study focuses on the association of the demographic variables like age, gender, marital status and level of education. Aim: To observe the association of demographic variables with types of the burns. Methods: A total of 250 victims of burns presenting in the Medicolegal Clinic of King Edward Medical University Lahore/ Emergency of Mayo Hospital Lahore expanded over a period of several months from December 2017 to August 2018. Results: A grossly significant association of the age, gender, occupation and level of education of the victims of burns with types of different burns i.e. scalds, dry flame burns, chemical burns and electrical burns was observed with a 0.000 p value. A little lower significance of marital status of with a p value of 0.036 was observed when compared to different types of burns. Keywords: Scalds, Dry flame, Chemical, Electrical, Burns, Age, Gender, Marital Status, Occupation

scholarly journals AWARENESS OF FLOOD VICTIMS IN THE EAST-COAST REGION OF MALAYSIA TOWARDS THE TAKAFUL FLOOD POLICY: A CROSSTABULATION ANALYSIS BASED ON DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Marhanum Che Mohd Salleh ◽  
Nan Noorhidayu Megat Laksana
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Financial Protection ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Status Occupation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Demographic Background ◽  
Coast Region

This study is conducted to; first, investigate the level of awareness among flood victims in Malaysia towards takaful policy. Second, to examine differences of demographic background (age, marital status, occupation, education background, and income level) among the victims towards awareness on the takaful. Overall, a total of 536 flood victims located at east-coast area of Malaysia have participated in the survey. Based on descriptive and crosstabulation analyses, majority of the victims were uncertain about the takaful. In terms of background differences, the younger generation were more aware compared to the elders, single victims were more aware than the married, and those who were in high level of education (diploma, degree, and phd holders) were more aware on the existence of takaful. and the needs to have takaful protection. The findings of this study provide important suggestion to offer an affordable micro-takaful policy for future financial protection for the lower income and most vulnerable flood victims in the country. On top of that, various efforts should be done to increase the level of awareness among the Malaysian on the importance of participating in the takaful policy.

scholarly journals The Assessment of Knowledge in Sample of Iraqi Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Nizar Jassim ◽  
Saba Majeed
Keyword(s):  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Teaching Style ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Mean

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sacroiliac joints and spine that may be associated with a variety of extra-spinal lesions. Knowledge acquisition is a complex procedure and depends on patient intelligence, level of education, motivation teaching style and content. Different models have been identified to increase level of knowledge, with educational courses and information booklets among the most common. The aim of the present study is to assess a level of knowledge in sample of Iraqi patients with ankylosing spondylitis, by a self-administered questionnaire. This is a cross-sectional study including 200 Iraqi patients with AS, who have access to the Rheumatology Unit in Baghdad Teaching Hospital. AS Data collection were taking place between November 2017 and September 2018. Socio demographic data were reported including age, residence, marital status, smoking, educational level, occupation and disease diagnosis duration. Patients had undergone an interview with a physician to assess their level of knowledge by a questionnaire, which included 4 knowledge areas: Area A includes general knowledge about AS, comprising etiology, symptoms musculoskeletal and extra musculoskeletal, and laboratory blood tests. Area B includes immuno-genetics test (HLA.B27 antigen) and inheritance. Area C includes general management, including pharmacological treatment and its side effects, physical therapy and exercise (exercise type & proper duration and its role in treatment). Area D includes joints protection, pacing and priorities. The clinical and demographic data analyzed using descriptive statistics. The mean total questionnaire score is 16.28 SD +- 2.49, range (2 – 26). There is no significant statistical association between the mean total score and the gender (P value = 0.14), age (P value 0.93), marital status (P value 0.73), smoking (P value 0.65), residence (P value 0.56), and BMI (P value 0.23), While there is a highly significant statistical relationship between mean total score and the level of education (P value 0.0004), and occupation (P value 0.0026). For Area A, the mean achieved score is 3.63 +- SD 1.61, maximum possible score is 8. For Area B, the mean achieved score is 0.26 +-SD 0.51, the maximum possible score is 2. For Area C, the mean achieved score is 9.53 +- SD 2.42, maximum possible score is 15. Area D, the mean achieved score is 2.87 +- SD 1.06, the maximum possible score is 4. The study showed that AS Iraqi patients have low level of knowledge, unawareness and wrong thoughts about specific aspects of their disease, which may reinforce the recommendation of this study.

Who Gives Charitable Donations for Overseas Development?

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN MICKLEWRIGHT ◽  
SYLKE V. SCHNEPF
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
Charitable Donations ◽  
Status Occupation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Industrialised Countries ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Overseas Development

AbstractIndividuals' donations to overseas charities are an important source of funding for development assistance from rich industrialised countries. But little is known about the nature of these charitable donations. The literature on giving focuses on total donations to all causes and does not identify separately the pattern or the determinants of giving to any particular cause. We investigate giving to overseas causes using UK survey microdata that record individuals' donations to different types of charity. We establish a picture of overseas giving, comparing this with giving to other causes. Socio-economic correlates of both types of giving are analysed, including gender, marital status, occupation, education and, especially, income. We also investigate the relationship between individuals' overseas giving and their attitudes towards poverty in developing countries.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Awareness of Glaucoma and associated Risk Factors in Urban Community

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahariar Islam ◽  
Shahariar Islam ◽  
Shahariar Islam ◽  
Shahariar Islam ◽  
Shahariar Islam
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Urban Community ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Residential Status ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Status Occupation ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background :Although glaucoma is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness globally, the condition shows no signs or symptoms until later stages. Knowledge about the disease is known to influence utilization of eye screening services. This study aimed at understanding knowledge and awareness of glaucoma and its associated risk factors among residents of urban community of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and awareness of glaucoma and associated risk factors. Results: Out of a total of 185 respondents, 52.3 % were females and 0.5 % were aware of glaucoma. Majority (99.5 %) of the respondents were unaware of glaucoma and 24.3% (n=45) of the respondents didn't know that the disease can result in blindness. Only (16.2%) affirming that blindness from glaucoma is irreversible. 9.2 % of the respondents perceived themselves to be at risk of developing glaucoma. The results showed that age, sex, level of education, employment status, occupation, residential status, marital status and monthly income of the respondents (p<0.05) were statistically significant with glaucoma knowledge level. In addition, the result also showed that age, level of education, employment status, occupation, residential status, marital status and monthly income of the respondents (p<0.05) were statistically significant with glaucoma awareness. Conclusion: Glaucoma awareness was not satisfactory and the findings also display inadequate knowledge about glaucoma. So there is a need to effectively inform and educate people about the disease.

scholarly journals Pattern of Self-Medication with Prescription Medicines Among Residents of Ilorin in North Central Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
Muslim Olakunle Jamiu ◽  
AbdulAzeez Iyabode Fatima ◽  
Aliyu Fullaila Onozare
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Level ◽  
P Value ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Prescription Medicines

Background: The challenge posed by inappropriate use of medicine is of global concern. It is associated with patient using his discretion to choose the type of medication to self-treat a perceived ailment and the choice of medication usually devoid of health care professional input. Objective: The significance of this study was to assess the pattern of self-medication with selected prescription medicines among residents of Agbo-Oba area of Ilorin, Kwara State. Method: The method was a descriptive cross-sectional study of residents of Agbo Oba area of Ilorin between January to May 2019 with self-designed validated questionnaire. Convenient sampling method was used to select the participant who met the criteria for selection. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 38.5±11.8 with minimum age of 19 and maximum age of 70 years. The most occurring age group was 26-35 years and primary school level of education, and artisan/trader were the most predominant in self-medication. Among the prescription medicines, antibiotics were the most self-used followed by steroids and cyproheptadine. Females were shown to practice self-medication more than their male counterpart. Marital status and level of education were factors that influenced awareness of risk factors associated with self-medication among the study participants, p-value = 0.017 and 0.039, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication with prescription medicines was high and appeared to be more among female than male. Specifically, female misuse oral corticosteroids and cyproheptadine more and marital status and occupation type are strong predictors of their awareness of potential risks associated with self-use of prescription medicines.

A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF AETIOLOGY AND OUTCOME OF FEVER PATIENT ADMITTED IN D.M.C.H., LAHERIASARAI, DARBHANGA

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Sant Kumar ◽  
Prabhat Kumar Sinha ◽  
Debarshi Jana
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
P Value ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Selection Of Patients ◽  
Selection Of

Background:The objective of this study was to describe aetiology and outcome of fever among patients in DMCH, Laheriasarai, Bihar. Methods: This was an observational, prospective study conducted in DMCH, Laheriasarai, Bihar. Between March 2019 and February 2020, adult patients admitted to the hospital with temperature ≥ 38.0°C were included consecutively and followed during the hospitalisation period. Demographic and clinical data were collected and analysed for each patient. Associations were sought between death and various clinical and demographic variables. Results: One hundred patients were included, 66 male and 34 female. Mean fever duration was 28.02days. All were having fever of more than 3 0 days duration and temp. more than 38 C and all were more than 18 yrs. of age. Informed consent was taken. Details of the sociodemographic, clinical, pathological, biochemical and radiological parameters were documented and presented as tabular, graphical and statistical means. Statistical analyses were conducted using widely available and - accepted software p value <0.05 was taken to be signicant. Conclusions: The pattern of fever aetiology found in this study would not be representative for the causes of fever in the general population. There are three main limitations explaining this. The selection of patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in India is biased as a result of factors such as severity of disease, gender and accessibility. In this study only adults were included, while children would have different fever aetiologies due to exposure and immunity. Entomological factors cause seasonal and geographical variations in vector borne diseases in India, and in our study selecting patients during a particular time period in DMCH would not incorporate such variations.

scholarly journals Antihypertension medication adherence and associated factors at tertiary care hospital, Gujarat, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 895
Author(s):  
Dinkar Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
World Health ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Regular Treatment ◽  
Status Occupation

Background: According to world health organization (WHO) describes poor adherence as the identical cause of uncontrolled blood pressure and estimates that 50-70% of people do not take their antihypertensive medication as prescribed. The objectives of this study were to investigate the adherence and persistence of antihypertensive drugs in Indian rural population as well as monitoring adverse drug reactions and its relation to compliance.Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted among 300 hypertensive patients taking treatment at tertiary care hospital in Gujarat, India. Structured questionnaires consisting of open and closed ended questions on the antihypertensive drug adherence were distributed to patients for those found on the study area at time of data collection and the left-over pills of individual patient were counted to strengthen the consistency of the research.Results: Prevalence of non-adherence found in 24.3% participants. Present study found statistically significant association between socio-demographic factors (age, religion, marital status, occupation, substance abuse, education and family history of HT) with treatment adherence of hypertension among study participants. The other factor associated to non-adherence was therapy factor 32.9% (P=0.001) from the total non-adherence, in this case patients were supposed to unwanted effect of the drug and they were not able to take the medication.Conclusions: The main possible reasons for non-adherence were ‘refuse to take regular treatment’,‘cost of treatment’, ‘poor patient-doctor relation’, ‘unwanted side effect of drugs’ and other factors like age, marital status, occupation, education level, family H/O, substance abuse and religion are also playing supporting role to develop non-adherence to treatment.

Prescribing trends of antidiabetic drugs in diabetic and hypertensive diabetic patients in an urban tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-343
Author(s):  
Mohammad Didar Khan ◽  
Md. Ibrahim ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman Moghal ◽  
Dipti debnath ◽  
Asma Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Patient Profile ◽  
Prescribing Trends ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Insight Into

Objective: The present epidemiological study was conducted with the objectives of providing an insight into the current use of antidiabetic medications to diabetics and hypertensive diabetics in urban areas and determining how the patient factors influence the prescribing of antidiabetic medications. Methodology: Data of patients of past two years were collected from Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The details were entered in the structured patient profile form. Data were statistically analyzed using the Microsoft Excel 2007 software. Result: A total of 958 patient’s data were collected and analyzed of which 632 (65.97 %) were males and 326 (34.03 %) were females. These patients were further categorized based on their age. 330 patients (34.45 %) belonged to the age group 20 – 44 years, 504 (52.61 %) to the age group 45 – 65 years and 124 (12.94 %) to the age group 65 – 80 years. 684 (71.4%) patients out of the 958 patients studied were suffering from coexisting hypertension. Co-existing hypertension was found to be more prevalent in the age group 45 – 65 years (67.69%) and was found more in females (84.04%). Conclusion: Metformin was the oral hypoglycemic which was the highest prescribed. In hypertensive diabetics Metformin and Pioglitazone were most frequently prescribed drugs. Biguanides and Insulin were the most commonly prescribed antidiabetics. A combination of two or more drugs of different classes was prescribed to hypertensive diabetics. It is necessary to have an improved understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of diabetes to focus on research efforts appropriately.

TINGKAT PERILAKU AMAN TENAGA KERJA BAGIAN JAHIT DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE ANTECEDENT BEHAVIOR CONSEQUENCE DI PT. GLOW

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Welly Wijaya ◽  
Sri Rahayuningsih ◽  
Ana Komari
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
P Value ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Safety Aspects ◽  
Work Accidents

Substandard behavior and sub-standard conditions are both a direct cause of accidents and a major cause of mismanagement. At PT. Glow which is engaged in the field of covection, there is no real / clear K3 management system so that there are still workers who do not know about K3 safe behavior.This study uses the Antecedent Behavior Consequences method which aims to obtain an overview of the factors that influence K3 behavior using approaches, observations or data at once (point time approach) in the sewing section of PT. Light. The results of the bivariate research showed that there was no relationship between knowledge and K3 behavior (p value 0.208), there was a relationship between perception and K3 behavior (p value 0.005), there was no relationship between attitude and K3 behavior (p value (0.116), there was no relationship Between the level of education and K3 behavior (p value 0.245). It can be concluded that from the empathy variable studied about OSH behavior, only perceptions have a relationship or there is a difference in behavior with K3 behavior in the sewing section of PT.Glow. Should increase attention related to safety aspects. work so that work accidents continue in the years to come.Perilaku merupakan hasil kombinasi dari berbagai faktor, baik faktor internal maupun faktor eksternal. Faktor internal merupakan karakteristik bawaan yang dimiliki oleh seseorang, seperti kecerdasan, tingkat emosional, jenis kelamin, pengetahuan, sikap dan sebagainya. Sedangkan faktor eksternal merupakan lingkungan sekeliling yang dapat berupa lingkungan fisik, sosial, budaya, pendidikan, politik atau ekonomi Perilaku di bawah standar dan kondisi di bawah standar merupakan penyebab langsung suatu kecelakaan dan penyebab utama dari kesalahan manajemen. Di PT. Glow yang bergerak dibidang koveksi, belum ada sistem manajemen K3 yang nyata/jelas sehingga membuat para pekerja masih ada yang belum tahu tentang perilaku aman K3. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode Antecedent Behavior Consequences yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran dengan mempelajari mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku K3 menggunakan cara pendekatan, observasi atau pengumpulan data sekaligus pada suatu saat (point time approach) di bagian jahit PT. Glow. Sehingga menjadi upaya pencegahan kecelakaan kerja secara proaktif yang berfokus pada perilaku berbahaya yang berpeluang menyebabkan terjadinya kecelakaan dalam bekerja. Hasil dari penelitian bivariat didapatkan tidak ada hubungan antara pengetahuan dengan perilaku K3 (p value 0,208) , ada hubungan antara persepsi dengan perilaku K3 (p value 0,005), tidak ada hubungan antara sikap dengan perilaku K3 (p value (0,116), tidak ada hubungan antara tingkat pendidikan dengan perilaku K3 (p value 0,245). Dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa dari empat variabel yang diteliti tentang hubungannya dengan perilaku K3, hanya persepsi yang mempunyai hubungan atau terdapat perbedaan bermakna dengan perilaku K3 di bagian jahit PT. Glow. Untuk itu, perusahaan harus meningkatkan perhatian terkait segi keselamatan kerja agar angka kecelakaan kerja dapat terus ditekan pada tahun-tahun yang akan datang. Perhatian ini dapat berupa perbaikan manajemen terkait kebijakan K3, serta membangun komitmen bersama seluruh karyawan dalam melaksanakan program K3. 

HUBUNGAN ANTARA UMUR DAN STATUS PERKAWINAN DENGAN KEJADIAN KANKER PAYUDARA DI INSTALASI BEDAH RUMAH SAKIT UMUM PUSAT DR. MOHAMMAD HOESIN PALEMBANG TAHUN 2012

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rini Mayasari Rini Mayasari
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Systematic Random Sampling ◽  
Breast Cancer Event

ABSTRACT Breast cancer on the mark with the growth or uncontrolled growth of cells that are excessive. Factors affecting the incidence of breast cancer include maternal age, marital status, family history, hormone use, radiation, manarche, and obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Age and Marital Status of Mother with Breast Cancer incidence in the Installation Surgeon General Hospital Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang in 2012. The study design was analytical descriptive with the approach in which the independent variables Cross Sectional Age Mother and Status Perkawianan and dependent variables in breast cancer incidence collected at the same time. The study population was all women who develop breast cancer in the Installation General Hospital Surgery Center Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang in 2012 and samples taken by systematic random sampling with a sample of 130 respondents. The results of univariate analysis of data showed that respondents had breast cancer with a percentage of total 58 (44.61%) while respondents who had not had breast cancer totaled 72 by the percentage (63.39%). Respondents by Age Mothers who are at risk amounted to 34 by the percentage (26.15%) while respondents with Age Mothers who are not at risk amounted to 96 by the percentage (73.85%). Respondents by Marital Status is married and the mother who totaled 69 by the percentage (53.07%) and Marital Status with the status of unmarried women totaled 61 by the percentage (46.03%). Of Chi-Square test results found no significant relationship between Age Mothers with Breast Cancer event in which the p value = 0.007, no significant relationship between Marital Status in Breast Cancer event in which the p value = 0.030. Based on the results of the study, researchers suggest counseling efforts, medical knowledge and improve the quality of health services in order to reduce the incidence of breast cancer..   ABSTRAK Kanker payudara di tandai dengan pertumbuhan atau perkembangan tidak terkontrol dari sel-sel yang berlebihan. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian kanker payudara antara lain umur ibu, status perkawinan, riwayat keluarga, penggunaan hormon, radiasi, manarche, dan obesitas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara Umur Ibu dan Status Perkawinan dengan kejadian Kanker Payudara di Instalasi Bedah Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang Tahun 2012. Desain Penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional dimana variabel independen Umur Ibu dan Status Perkawianan dan variabel dependen kejadian kanker payudara dikumpulkan dalam waktu yang bersamaan. Populasi penelitian ini adalah semua ibu yang menderita kanker payudara di Instalasi Bedah Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang Tahun 2012 dan sampel di ambil secara systematic random sampling dengan jumlah sampel 130 responden. Hasil analisis univariat data menunjukan responden yang mengalami Kanker Payudara berjumlah 58 dengan persentase sebesar (44,61%) sedangkan responden yang tidak mengalami Kanker Payudara berjumlah 72 dengan persentase (63,39%). Responden dengan Umur Ibu yang beresiko berjumlah 34 dengan persentase (26,15%) sedangkan responden dengan Umur Ibu yang tidak beresiko berjumlah 96 dengan persentase (73,85%). Responden dengan Status Perkawinan ibu yang berstatus kawin berjumlah 69 dengan persentase (53,07%) dan Status Perkawinan ibu yang berstatus tidak kawin berjumlah 61 dengan persentase (46,03%). Dari hasil uji Chi-Square didapatkan ada hubungan bermakna antara Umur Ibu dengan kejadian Kanker Payudara dimana p Value = 0,007, ada hubungan bermakna antara Status Perkawinan dengan kejadian Kanker Payudara dimana p Value = 0,030. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, peneliti menyarankan upaya-upaya penyuluhan, pengetahuan tenaga medis dan meningkatkan mutu pelayanan kesehatan guna menurunkan angka kejadian kanker payudara.

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