scholarly journals Iron Status and Dietary Patterns of Collegiate Female Distance Runners

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Walny ◽  
Todd Keylock ◽  
Carrie Hamady ◽  
Wan Shen
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Division I ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Iron Supplement ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Food Records ◽  
The Past ◽  
Food Components ◽  
Cross Country

Introduction: Iron is in oxygen transport which is important for athletic performance. Many female distance runners struggle to maintain adequate iron status through diet alone and rely on iron supplementation. Methods: Interviews were conducted with eight members of the Women’s Cross Country team at a Division I university to assess dietary patterns and behaviors related to iron status. This information, along with food records and serum ferritin levels, were analyzed qualitatively for trends with a focus on iron intake, total energy intake, and food components that enhance and inhibit iron absorption. Results: All participants took an iron supplement at the time of the study. All but one had experienced poor iron status currently or in the past.  Most participants did not meet dietary iron, Vitamin E, or estimated energy requirements. Half of the participants expressed an attempt to increase iron intake in response to higher training loads. Half attempted to increase intake in response to a low ferritin result or iron deficiency symptoms. Conclusions: Consistently low energy and iron intake among participants indicated the likelihood of a relationship with poor iron status and/or reliance on supplementation. The most common motivation for increasing iron intake was the prevention of symptoms.

scholarly journals Effects of NCAA Division I Cross-Country Training on Serum Ferritin, Monocytes, TNF-α and DKK1 (P18-126-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandler McDonald ◽  
Noah John Erb ◽  
David Aguilar-Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Division I ◽  
Bone Biomarkers ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cross Country

Abstract Objectives Inflammatory cytokine and immune cell production is modulated by iron status including storage measured by ferritin levels. Cross-country athletes have an elevated risk of iron depletion and stress fractures; the effects of a competitive season on inflammation, iron stores, and bone biomarkers have yet to be elucidated. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of one season of NCAA Division I (D-I) cross-country competition has on TNF-α, serum ferritin (sFer), complete blood count (CBC), and various bone biomarkers to identify potential relationships. Methods Twelve D-I cross-country athletes, ages 19 to 25 years old, were followed for one year. Blood was collected at the beginning of each season and analyzed for CBC and sFer levels through enzymatic spectrophotometry. TNF-α, OPG, OPN, DKK1, SOST, PTH, FGF23, Insulin, and Leptin were measured through Luminex® MAGPIX® multiplex assays. Paired-samples t-test compared the 2017 preseason and 2018 preseason baselines, while Pearson correlations included both seasons. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM® SPSS Statistics 25 software. Results TNF-α levels increased significantly from 2017 to 2018 (9.5 ± 4.6 vs. 12.2 ± 4.9 pg/mL, P = 0.005) as well as DKK1 (544.4 ± 223.6 vs. 1167.0 ± 212.1 pg/mL, P < 0.001), while % Monocytes decreased significantly from 2017 to 2018 (10.7 ± 2.6 vs. 8.6 ± 1.9%, P = 0.003). sFer showed to have a moderate positive-correlation with TNF-α and OPG (r = 0.619, P = 0.002; r = 0.640, P = 0.001) throughout both preseason intervals. Conclusions Given TNF-α has shown to induce DKK1, both bone mineral density and bone biomarkers of the cross-country athlete needs to be continually assessed throughout multiple stages of their competitive season to insure proper bone health. Further investigation is needed into the potential causes for the increases of TNF-α and DKK1 observed in cross-country athletes. Funding Sources Weber State University's Office of Undergraduate Research Grant. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Eating Disorder Risk among NCAA Division I Cross Country and Track Student-Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Krebs ◽  
Christopher R. Dennison ◽  
Lisa Kellar ◽  
Jeff Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Division I ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Eating Disorder Risk ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Disorder Risk

Purpose. This study compared gender differences in eating disorder risk among NCAA Division I cross country and track distance running student-athletes. Methods. Six hundred thirty-eight male and female student-athletes competing at distances of 800m or greater completed the Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care (ESP). Scores on the ESP were used as the risk of eating disorders. Results. Females screened positive at higher rates for risk of eating disorders than males on the ESP at a cutoff of 2 (sensitivity 90-100%, specificity 71%) with rates of 45.95%±3.03 and 13.66%±1.80, respectively. Females were also screened positive at higher rates than males at a stricter cutoff of 3 (sensitivity 81%, specificity 92%), with rates of 21.69%±2.50 compared to 4.64%±1.10, respectively. Conclusion. This study highlights that, among distance runners, both males and females are at risk of eating disorders, with females being at higher risk. It also emphasizes the need for screening for risk of eating disorders in this population.

scholarly journals Plasma Hepcidin Increases with Prolonged Running in Male, but Not Female, Collegiate Distance Runners with Low Iron Stores

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1777-1777
Author(s):  
David Barney ◽  
James Ippolito ◽  
Claire Berryman ◽  
Stephen Hennigar
Keyword(s):  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
Iron Stores ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Objectives Hepcidin is a negative regulator of extracellular iron availability and dietary iron absorption. Previous studies have shown that hepcidin increases with prolonged endurance exercise, but not in those with low iron stores (serum ferritin &lt;30 ng/mL). The objective of this study was to determine the plasma hepcidin response to exercise, compared to rest, in highly trained male and female collegiate distance runners. Methods In a cross-over design, healthy male (n = 14; age 20.2 ± 1.4 y; BMI 20.4 ± 1.6 kg/m2; VO2 max 69.8 ± 5.6 mL/kg/min) and female (n = 14; age 20.1 ± 1.4 y, P = 0.79; BMI 18.1 ± 1.6 kg/m2, P &lt; 0.001; VO2 max 62.5 ± 4.2 mL/kg/min, P &lt; 0.001) collegiate distance runners performed a bout of running (males: 109.8 ± 8.7 min, 15.0 ± 1.3 miles; females: 87.7 ± 10.4 min, P &lt; 0.0001, 11.3 ± 1.5 miles, P &lt; 0.0001) or no activity (rest) separated by 2 weeks. Indicators of iron status and plasma hepcidin were determined at baseline and three hours after exercise or rest. Dietary iron and total iron intake (dietary iron + iron from supplements) were determined by Food Frequency Questionnaires. Results Serum ferritin (males: 24.0 ± 15.9 ng/mL, females: 19.4 ± 9.5 ng/mL, P = 0.39) and plasma hepcidin (males: 22.3 ± 20.6 ng/mL, females: 24.6 ± 19.6 ng/mL, P = 0.77) did not differ between males and females at baseline. Baseline hemoglobin (males: 14.5 ± 0.8 g/dL, females: 13.4 ± 1.0 g/dL, P &lt; 0.01) and hematocrit (males: 45.3 ± 2.2%, females: 42.1 ± 2.6%, P &lt; 0.01) were greater in males compared to females. Dietary iron intake (males: 18.6 ± 6.3 mg/d, females: 17.1 ± 6.4 mg/d, P = 0.55) and total iron intake (males: 48.7 ± 32.9 mg/d, females: 64.6 ± 32.3 mg/d, P = 0.22) did not differ between males and females. Plasma hepcidin increased with exercise compared to rest in males (change from rest: 30.3 ± 42.0 ng/mL, P = 0.02) but not in females (change from rest: 0.8 ± 32.0 ng/mL, P = 0.93). Change in plasma hepcidin with exercise was correlated with sex (R = 0.380, P = 0.05) and BMI (R = 0.383, P = 0.04), but not baseline ferritin, run time, run distance, hemoglobin, hematocrit, dietary iron, or total iron intake (P &gt; 0.05 for all). Conclusions The post-exercise hepcidin response occurs in male, but not female, collegiate distance runners with low iron stores. These findings indicate that declines in iron status in female distance runners are independent of exercise-induced hepcidin. Funding Sources Intramural funds to S.R.H.

Response of various indices of iron status to acute iron depletion produced in menstruating women by low iron intake and phlebotomy

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
D B Milne ◽  
S K Gallagher ◽  
F H Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Zinc Protoporphyrin ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Iron Supplement ◽  
Iron Depletion ◽  
Iron Stores ◽  
Menstruating Women

Abstract We investigated response sensitivities of indices of iron status to controlled iron depletion and repletion in 11 premenopausal women. The women were depleted of storage iron (as reflected by serum ferritin) through a combination of a low-iron diet and phlebotomy. They then consumed a diet containing 13.7 mg of iron per 2000 kcal, supplemented with either ascorbic acid or placebo (for 5 1/2 weeks) and a daily 50-mg iron supplement (for the subsequent 17 days). The relative sensitivities of different indices for detecting iron depletion were as follows: ferritin greater than % transferrin saturation greater than plasma iron greater than hemoglobin greater than hematocrit greater than zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) and erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP). Ascorbic acid treatment during repletion, before iron supplementation, significantly (P less than 0.05) affected changes in hemoglobin, ZnPP, ZnPP/heme, and EP/heme. Changes in heme synthesis evidently do not occur until iron stores are depleted and, conversely, during iron repletion hematopoiesis must be satisfied before iron stores, as reflected by ferritin, increase. Thus, the use of only one index of iron status is of limited value for detecting iron depletion.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Telesca Giuseppe
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
The Past ◽  
Final Goal ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Over Time

The ambition of this book is to combine different bodies of scholarship that in the past have been interested in (1) providing social/structural analysis of financial elites, (2) measuring their influence, or (3) exploring their degree of persistence/circulation. The final goal of the volume is to investigate the adjustment of financial elites to institutional change, and to assess financial elites’ contribution to institutional change. To reach this goal, the nine chapters of the book introduced here look at financial elites’ role in different European societies and markets over time, and provide historical comparisons and country and cross-country analysis of their adaptation and contribution to the transformation of the national and international regulatory/cultural context in the wake of a crisis or in a longer term perspective.

Iron status and dietary iron intake of female blood donors

Transfusion ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (3pt2) ◽  
pp. 770-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison O. Booth ◽  
Karen Lim ◽  
Hugh Capper ◽  
David Irving ◽  
Jenny Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donors ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake

The Great Depression and the Great Recession in Interwar Greece and Today: A comparison

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Lazaretou
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Past ◽  
Greek Crisis ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Terra Incognita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Nominal Anchor

AbstractThe past Greek crisis experience is more or less terra incognita. In all historical empirical studies Greece is systematically neglected or included only sporadically in their cross-country samples. In the national literature too there is little on this topic. In this paper we use the 1930s crisis as a useful testing ground to compare the two crises episodes, ‘then’ and ‘now’; to detect differences and similarities and discuss the policy facts with the ultimate aim to draw some ‘policy lessons’ from history. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to study the Greek crisis experience across the two historical episodes. Comparisons with the interwar period show that the recent economic downturn was faster, larger and more severe than during the early 1930s. More importantly, analysing the determinants of the two crises, we conclude that Greece’s problems arose from its inability to credibly adhere to a nominal anchor.

Physiologic Comparison of Adolescent Female and Male Cross-Country Runners

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee N. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Female Adolescent ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Cross Country Runners

To compare the physiologic differences between adolescent male and female cross-country runners, 12 male and 12 female high school nonelite distance runners who had competed successfully at the All State 5-km championship cross-country meet were tested in the laboratory. Data were analyzed in relation to maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), ventilatory threshold (VT), and running economy (RE). Male runners were taller, heavier, had less body fat, and ran faster by 2 minutes and 18 seconds than female runners. Running economy was similar between gender. VO2 at a 215 m•min−1 pace was 46.7 ml•kg−1•min−1 for male runners and 47.8 ml•kg−1•min−1 for female runners. At the VT, males demonstrated a higher VO2 and treadmill velocity than females. Heart rate, percent HR max, and percent VO2 max at the VT were not different between gender. Males demonstrated a higher VO2 max of 74.6 versus 66.1 ml•kg−1•min−1 than female runners. The fractional utilization of VO2 at race pace was not different between males (90%) and females (91%). In conclusion, the primary physiologic determinant for performance differences between nonelite, competitive male and female adolescent distance runners is associated with VO2 max.

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