scholarly journals The withdrawal of the Soviet/Russian armed forces and the end of the occupation (Essay of the chronology of the troop withdrawal negotiations)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Vladimir Jarmolenko
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian State ◽  
International Environment ◽  
The Republic

This speech discusses the withdrawal of the Russian troops from the Republic of Lithuania mostly based on some personal recollections and the integration of research conclusions reached so far in the scholarly literature. The paper outlines the international environment which made the withdrawal of Russian troops from Lithuania possible, the goals of the Lithuanian side and the peaceful means to achieve them as well as the responsibility of foreign occupations resting upon the shoulders of Russian state then and now, as the legal heir of the Soviet Union. This speech is to be perceived as an exercise of historical memory.

Pediatric Casualties during the Civil Conflict in the Republic of Georgia 22 November–5 December 1991

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irakli T. Metreveli ◽  
Arno Vosk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Communist Leader ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The Civil War in GeorgiaOn 9 April 1991, the Republic of Georgia proclaimed its independence from the Soviet Union. Sviat Gamsakhurdia, an anti-communist leader of the Georgian Nationalist movement, was elected President by an overwhelming majority. Soon after the election, however, Gamsakhurdia's popularity began to plummet. He was accused of suppressing any opposition, and he and his supporters accused the opposition of being in league with Moscow and seeking to sabotage Georgian independence. Demonstrators in Tbilisi, the capital city, demanded the resignation of the new government, and the government relied increasingly upon armed forces to maintain power.

scholarly journals Student Fraternity of the Art Academy of Latvia “Dzintarzeme”: Latvian National Art Conservation Policy in Exile (1958–1987)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Agnija Lesničenoka
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Conservation Policy ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Art Conservation ◽  
Art Exhibitions ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
International Environment ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Academic Lives

Summary After the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia in 1918, Latvia experienced a rapid influx of youth into its capital city of Riga, looking to obtain education in universities. Students began to build their academic lives and student societies. In 1923, students of the Art Academy of Latvia founded the “Dzintarzeme” (“Amberland”) fraternity. The aim of “Dzintarzeme” was to unite nationally minded students of the Art Academy of Latvia and to promote the development of national art and self-education. Most “Dzintarzeme” members were faithful to the old masters and Latvian art. This phenomenon is significant, because “Dzintarzeme” members grew up with Latvian painting traditions, which are a remarkable heritage of interwar Latvia. In 1940, when Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union, “Dzintarzeme” was banned. A part of “Dzintarzeme” members were deported, killed in war, went missing, or stayed in the Latvian SSR; the remaining chose exile. Although scattered throughout the United States of America, Canada, and Australia, some members were able to rebuild and sustain the fraternity’s life, gathering its members, organising trips and anniversary art exhibitions. The aim of this research is to reflect on “Dzintarzeme’s” activities in exile (1958–1987), focusing on the main factors of Latvian national art conservation policy: first, the ability of “Dzintarzeme’s” ideology to preserve the values of Latvian national art in an international environment, and second, the problem of generational change and the enrollment of young Latvian artists who continued to maintain “Dzintarzeme” values in exile.

Russia and South Africa: Historical Memory. Part 1

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-32
Author(s):  
Ndlovu Sifiso Mxolisi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Diplomatic History ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship

In order to prove that the relationship between South Africa and Russia began well before the democratic dispensation in South Africa, the author is of the belief that the present Russian state inherited the mantle of the former Soviet Union state and therefore the two place names are used interchangeably. The timeline for this article begins from the 1960s to the present, particularly the era after the formation of post-1994 democratic South Africa. The themes to be analysed relate to the writing of a brief ‘diplomatic’ history of South Africa and the Soviet Union and will focus on progressive internationalism, diplomacy, foreign policy, communism and anti-communism in South Africa.

Russia and South Africa: Historical Memory. Part 2

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Alexandra Arkhangelskaya ◽  
Daria Turianitsa ◽  
Vasily Sidorov ◽  
Vladimir Shubin
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
State Archive ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian State ◽  
National Liberation Movement ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation

This part of a joint article contains a survey of the sources regarding the history of cooperation between the Soviet Union and the national liberation movement in South Africa in the Russian central archives. The main ones are the Russian State Archive of Modern History, the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History, the Russian State Archive of the Economy and the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals THE EVOLUTION OF BILATERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS THE BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
П. А. Sinovets ◽  
M. R. Nerez
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
Strategic Culture ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
The Republic

The article is dedicated to the exploration of the Russian strategic culture and its influence on the major foreign and security policy trends of the Russian Federation. In particular, we suggest dividing Russian strategic culture into the three domains, taking roots from the historic, geographic, and religious foundations of the Moscow state. Those are, first, the Third Rome doctrine, having laid the background for the Russian imperial messianism, the immanent rivalry with the West as well as the Russian World idea and the further annexation of Crimea. Second, the “gathering lands” principle added the sacral meaning to the idea of strategic depth and the territory of Russia. As the result, the breakup of the Soviet Union and the enlargement of NATO to the East became the most painful episodes in Russian history, causing the reaction, which led to the confrontational role of Russia in the international system. And “the besieged fortress” principle serves as the element of integrating the Russian state and society as it is based on the idea that only the existence of rivals makes Russia the great state.

Memorial complexes – cultural and historical heritage of future generations

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Татьяна Спатарь-Козаченко ◽  
Tatyana Spatar-Kozachenko
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The Republic ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
The Village

The article is devoted to the Great Patriotic War, the Iasi-Chisinau and Uman-Botoshani offensives, the glorious feats of the Soviet sons on the battlefields and in the rear, who were able to save the world from the fascist tyranny. Uman-Botoshani offensive began March 5, 1944. The author tells about this complicated operation, which has resulted to the releasing of southern regions of Right Bank of Ukraine, part of the Moldavian Soviet republic, as a result, the Red Army crossed the Soviet border, entering the territory of the Romanian kingdom. The important role of the Iasi-Kishinev operation is emphasized, which began on August 20, 1944. During these battles was destroyed largest German-Romanian grouping is in this area. The author offers the route visiting of battle glory places in the Republic of Moldova, where the rise on pedestals legendary tanks T-34-85. The monument "Tank" to liberators of northern Beltsy city - battle tank T-34, which was struck in the fighting in the course the Iasi-Kishinev operation. Many defenders of Beltsy became its honorable citizens: Hero of the Soviet Union B. Makeev, twice Hero of the Soviet Union I. Konev, three times Hero of the Soviet Union I. Kozhedub, three times Hero of the Soviet Union A. Pokryshkin. The second memorial is Mound of Glory in Dubossary. Kurgan stands on a man-made T-34. In 1968 from the Dniester River was extracted a fighting machine with the remains of the crew. In Tiraspol at the Memorial of Glory established the T-34-85. It is a monument to the fallen soldiers of the Great Patriotic War. The crew was perished in Hungary. In the Gagauz Comrat city August 22, 1989, was erected on a pedestal of the tank T-34 of the 36th a tank brigade, which has participated in battles for the city. The next point of our route is south of Moldova. Here, at the beginning of the war had taken an unequal battle and had fought heroically the border guards. On the road Cahul - Moscovei erected a monument "Tank", dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the victory over fascism. Between the villages of Leuseni-Onesti is situated a memorial complex with a monument to the Unknown Soldier. In 1941 in this place perished in an unequal battle with the occupiers soldiers of the 161th Moldovan infantry regiment. 25 years later the monument was erected - on top of the mountain on a pedestal stands a legendary machine T-34-85, which a quarter of a century has laid on the bottom of the river Prut. The last point of our route is the village Chinisheuzi in Rezina district. Villagers were initiators of fundraising for the construction of a tank column: from the residents of Moldova collected more than half a million rubles and built column "From Moldova workers." The article tells about the threat of the dismantling of monuments to soldiers-liberators and their protection of citizens of the republic. The silent witnesses of past battles of heroes of the Great Patriotic War are stand on pedestals, reminding for us, the descendants, that we must cherish the historical memory.

The development of trade relations between the Republic of Cyprus and the Soviet Union (1960-1963)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-3) ◽  
pp. 258-263
Author(s):  
Argyrios Tasoulas
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
International Crises ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Cyprus

This article studies the development of Soviet-Cypriot trade relations in 1960-63, based on research at the Archives of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (AVP RF). Concurrently, a historical analysis follows the events after the creation of the new Cypriot state and the two major Cold War crises (the building of the Berlin wall and the Cuban missile crisis). The efforts made by both governments to develop bilateral trade, the aftermath of the two major international crises and the results of the two governments’ policies have been identified and analyzed.

The 13th of December 1981 in the political history of Poland: view through 35 years

2017 ◽  
pp. 369-378
Author(s):  
Vladislav Strutynsky
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Grassroots Organizations ◽  
Martial Law ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Salvation ◽  
The Republic

By analyzing one of the most eventful periods of the modern history of Poland, the early 80s of the XX century, the author examines the dynamics of social and political conflict on the eve of the introduction of martial law, which determines the location of the leading political forces in these events in Poland, that were grouped around the Polish United Labor Party and the Independent trade union «Solidarity», their governing structures and grassroots organizations, highlighting the development of socio-political situation in the country before entering the martial law on the 13th of December and analyzing the relation of the leading countries to the events, especially the Soviet Union. Also, the author distinguishes causes that prevent to reach the compromise in the process of realization different programs, that were offered to public and designed by PUWP and «Solidarity» and were “aimed” to help Polish society to exit an unprecedented conflict. This article provides a comparative analysis of the different analytical meaningful reasons, offered by historians, political scientists, lawyers, and led to the imposition of martial law in the Republic of Poland. The author also analyses the legality of such actions by the state and some conclusions that were reached by scientists, investigating the internal dynamics of the conflict and the process of implementation of tasks, that Polish United Workers’ Party (which ruled at that time) tried to solve with martial law and «Solidarity» was used as self-determination in Polish society. Keywords: Martial law, Independent trade union «Solidarity», inter-factory strike committee, social-political conflict, Polish United Workers’ Party, the Warsaw Pact, the Military Council of National Salvation

The Handbook of European Defence Policies and Armed Forces

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
National Security ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
National Defence

The armed forces of Europe have undergone a dramatic transformation since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Handbook of European Defence Policies and Armed Forces provides the first comprehensive analysis of national security and defence policies, strategies, doctrines, capabilities, and military operations, as well as the alliances and partnerships of European armed forces in response to the security challenges Europe has faced since the end of the cold war. A truly cross-European comparison of the evolution of national defence policies and armed forces remains a notable blind spot in the existing literature. This Handbook aims to fill this gap with fifty-one contributions on European defence and international security from around the world. The six parts focus on: country-based assessments of the evolution of the national defence policies of Europe’s major, medium, and lesser powers since the end of the cold war; the alliances and security partnerships developed by European states to cooperate in the provision of national security; the security challenges faced by European states and their armed forces, ranging from interstate through intra-state and transnational; the national security strategies and doctrines developed in response to these challenges; the military capabilities, and the underlying defence and technological industrial base, brought to bear to support national strategies and doctrines; and, finally, the national or multilateral military operations by European armed forces. The contributions to The Handbook collectively demonstrate the fruitfulness of giving analytical precedence back to the comparative study of national defence policies and armed forces across Europe.

scholarly journals The All-Buryat Congress for the Spiritual Rebirth and Consolidation of the Nation: Siberian politics in the final year of the USSR

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
Melissa Chakars
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
The Political ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
People's Party ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian State ◽  
General Goals

This article examines the All-Buryat Congress for the Spiritual Rebirth and Consolidation of the Nation that was held in the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in February 1991. The congress met to discuss the future of the Buryats, a Mongolian people who live in southeastern Siberia, and to decide on what actions should be taken for the revival, development, and maintenance of their culture. Widespread elections were carried out in the Buryat lands in advance of the congress and voters selected 592 delegates. Delegates also came from other parts of the Soviet Union, as well as from Mongolia and China. Government administrators, Communist Party officials, members of new political parties like the Buryat-Mongolian People’s Party, and non-affiliated individuals shared their ideas and political agendas. Although the congress came to some agreement on the general goals of promoting Buryat traditions, language, religions, and culture, there were disagreements about several of the political and territorial questions. For example, although some delegates hoped for the creation of a larger Buryat territory that would encompass all of Siberia’s Buryats within a future Russian state, others disagreed revealing the tension between the desire to promote ethnic identity and the practical need to consider economic and political issues.

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