Factor Analysis Techniques for the Assessment of Water Quality: A Case Study of Okun River, Ilorin, Kwara State

Okun River caters for diverse needs. Resulting from rapid industrialization and urbanization, the quality of the river is significantly affected. The study of impact of discharged industrial wastewaters into Okun River was carried out. Physicochemical properties such as temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, colour, odour, pH, total hardness, chloride, and concentrations of heavy metals (chromium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc and cadmium) were assessed. The mean concentrations of heavy metals and the physicochemical parameters determined were compared with standards and tolerance limit. Cr was not detected in all the samples while Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Cd concentrations varied from 0.10-3.47 mg/L, 2.64-9.65 mg/L,0.37-3.79 mg/L, 0.22-1.53 mg/L and 0.00-0.03 mg/L respectively. The mean values of pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, TSS, TDS, total hardness and chloride ranged between 6.33-7.77, 25.0-29.0 oC, 325-815 mS/cm, 14.80-209.33 NTU, 733.33-1033.33 mg/L, 133-395.67 mg/L, 137.50-962.50 mg/L and 11.52- 49.04 mg/L respectively. The principal component analysis confirmed the heavy metals to be from anthropogenic and industrial origin.

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Impact of Kishnica and Badovci Flotation Tailing Dams on Levels of Heavy Metals in Water of Graçanica River (Kosovo)

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2017/5172647 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Fatbardh Gashi ◽

Stanislav Frančišković-Bilinski ◽

Halka Bilinski ◽

Agron Shala ◽

Anilë Gashi

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Icp Oes ◽

Mean Values ◽

River Water Samples ◽

Flotation Tailing ◽

Two Samples ◽

Tailing Dams ◽

The Mean ◽

Cu And Zn

The main objective of this study was to perform assessment of water quality of Graçanica River (Kosovo), impacted by Kishnica and Badovci flotation tailing dams, using ICP-OES method. The obtained results show that the mean values of all heavy metals in studied river water samples were significantly high, with following maximal concentrations: As (0.033 mgL−1), Cd (0.002 mgL−1), Cr (0.225 mgL−1), Cu (0.015 mgL−1), Hg (0.004 mgL−1), Mn (15.66 mgL−1), Ni (0.255 mgL−1), Pb (0.013 mgL−1), and Zn (0.612 mgL−1), but only two samples from locations influenced by Kishnica and Badovci flotation tailing dams showed statistically anomalous values of Cr3+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Hg2+. According to assessment based on Croatian standards, locations near both flotation tailing dams are significantly polluted with majority of studied metals, while downstream sampling stations are almost unpolluted or slightly polluted. Mercury is found to be the most significant contaminant. According to WHO recommended values for drinking water, on all locations values were within the limits for Al, Cd, Cu, and Zn, while for As, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, and Pb values exceed recommended values on some sampling stations. Further monitoring of water and possibly sediments of Graçanica River is advised, as well as performing of remediation of Kishnica and Badovci mine tailing dams.

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Roof Runoff Water as Source of Pollution: A Case Study of Some Selected Roofs in Orlu Metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria

International Letters of Natural Sciences ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.50.53 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 50 ◽

pp. 53-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Francis Chizoruo Ibe ◽

Bridget Onyekachi Ibe

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Runoff Water ◽

Roof Runoff ◽

Thatch Roof ◽

Roofing Material ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Concentration ◽

Source Of Pollution

Samples collected from different runoffs; AR, GMR, TR, ASR, and DR for aluminum roof, galvanized metal roof, thatch roof, asbestos roof and ambient rainfall respectively were analyzed for pH, conductivity, turbidity, TDS, TSS, NO3-, PO43-, Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn and Pb. The result indicates that the mean concentration of the parameters analyzed ranged from 5.8± 0.39 –7.10±0.70, 22.25±11.70-79.99± 3.40μScm-1, 1.47±0.43 - 46.53±1.60mg/l, 11.90±0.93 - 59.83±1.62NTU,15.53±0.70 - 204.53±5.08mg/l, 0.93±0.06 - 2.55±0.13 mg/l, 1.33±0.22 - 7.30±0.57mg/l respectively for pH, conductivity, TDS, turbidity, TSS, PO43-and NO3-, and the levels of the heavy metals (in mg/l); Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn and Pb ranged from 0.0023±0.001– 0.0521±0.004, 0.052±0.01–0.2483±0.02, 0.0348±0.01–1.1120±0.07, 0.0161±0.01-0.8093±0.02 and 0.0106±0.01-0.0499±0.002 respectively. Ranking of the heavy metal in roof runoff is in the order; Fe>Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb. The result compared with WHO standard showed elevated level of the parameters analyzed with Cd and Pb exceeding the limit. Though the result of this study showed some variability which is an indication of the type of roofing material; air quality of the environment and industrial activity going on in the area. It could be deduced from the result that roof runoff may be a non point source of environmental pollution owning to the release of heavy metals and other pollutants into the environment, and increased concentration of some of the pollutants as reported by this study suggests that roof runoff water could impact negatively to the environment and if consumed without being treated may be injurious to human health.

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Hydrochemistry and Quality assessment of Groundwater from Constituency Water Projects, Pategi Local Government Area

LAUTECH Journal of Civil and Environmental Studies ◽

10.36108/laujoces/1202.60.0121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

A. J. Gana

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Mineral Dissolution ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Biological Parameters ◽

Mean Values ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Guideline Values ◽

Baseline Information

Water is vital for life sustenance hence adequate, safe and accessible supply must be made available to all. The remote village of Tankpaful located in the town of Pategi has recently witnessed the installation of new boreholes to harness groundwater as an improved source of drinking water. However, there is no known information about the quality of these sources. Hence, this paper aims to investigate the quality of groundwater samples from these boreholes in terms of their physico-chemical, heavy metals and biological parameters and also provide baseline information about the nature of the underground aquifer in this community. Groundwater samples (n=20) were obtained from randomly selected boreholes in the study area and examined for their physicochemical, heavy metal and biological parameters following standard procedures recommended by the American Public Health Association and compared to guideline values. Pearson’s correlation test was done to examine the relationship between measured parameters. With the exception of pH (5.58) and total hardness (296.99mg/L), all physico-chemical parameters were within guideline values specified by the WHO and SON. For heavy metals, mean values for Iron (0.32mg/L), Chromium (0.22mg/L) and Nickel (0.4mg/L) were found to exceed the given standard limits as well. The findings revealed that boreholes were mainly acidic which could be of natural origin such as mineral dissolution. Based on correlation analysis, the major mineral groups contributing to total hardness is the K-Cl group (1.00). We recommend that regular monitoring should be done to ensure guideline values are not breached while residents should be educated on the need to maintain these water sources to prevent deterioration.

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Investigation of water quality of two rivers in Agbede –Wetlands in Southern Nigeria

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.001420 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 451-462 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Water Quality ◽

Fecal Coliform ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Bacteriological Examination ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Quality Water ◽

The Mean

<div> Water quality of Edion and Omodo Rivers were assessed chemically from March to October, 2010. The abstracted water samples were also subjected to bacteriological examination. The Rivers were each sampled at upstream and downstream locations. Twenty (20) physico-chemical characteristics which included heavy metals were determined in the laboratory. Air temperature ranged from the mean 30.69 to 31.38 °C, water temperature 26.50 to 27.00 °C, pH 7.05 to 7.15, electrical conductivity 7.99 to 25.55mScm-1, turbidity 24.11 to 54.65FTU, total dissolved solids 6.14 to 7.78mgl-1, total hardness 25.10 to 30.38mgl-1, chlorine 22.06 to 25.02mgl-1, BOD5 0.88 to 2.42mgl-1, DO 3.81 to 6.50mgl-1 and the nutrient elements such as  sulphate,  phosphate and Nitrate ranged between 0.03 and 3.81mgl-1, sodium 1.87 to 3.81mgl-1 and potassium 1.08 to 1.27mgl-1. Heavy metals levels were low, ranging from 0.0025 to 5.6650mgl-1 (Copper 0.0350 to 0.0910mgl-1, Iron 0.2825 to 0.5112mgl-1, cadmium 0.0015 to 0.0104mgl-1, lead 0.0025 to 0.0230mgl-1, zinc 2.7013 to 5.6650mgl-1 and chromium 0.0025 to 0.0263mgl-1). Conductivity, sulphate, zinc and fecal coliform count showed significant difference (P<0.05) with low values indicating good water quality. Water Quality Index (WQI) revealed that Stations 2 and 4 respectively had good water quality. All the characteristics had their values within FEPA Limit except for Zn (> 3.0mgl-1). </div>

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Geospatial Mapping, Environmetrics and Indexing Approach for a Tropical River Sediment in Southern Nigeria

Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences ◽

10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.63.3.2020.176.187 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 176-187

Author(s):

Osikemekha Anthony Anania ◽

John Ovie Olomukoro ◽

Alex Ajeh Enuneku

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Ecological Risk ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Risk Index ◽

Principal Component ◽

Kriging Interpolation ◽

Mean Values ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Geospatial Mapping

The objectives of this study are to assess the trace and heavy metals pollution in the sediments of Ossiomo river, using geospatial mapping, environmetrics and ecological risk indices. The results from the descriptive statistics showed that there was significant difference (P<0.05) of the mean values of Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni and V. A posterior analysis using Duncan multiple regression analysis showed that stations 2 and 3 were significantly different from stations 1 and 4. While, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the mean values of Zn across the stations. The results of the relationship of the metals revealed a negative correlation between Fe and Mn with the other metals correspondingly. The results of the Kriging interpolation indicated a strong bull eye colour for stations 2 and 3 (6.42), while stations 1 and 4 were minimal (1.4). The results of the geospatial mapping indicated Fe, Zn and Mn to be the most dominant metals across the stations. The results of the PCA (principal component analysis) yielded 16 variables under 9 components with Eigenvalues >1 in components 1- 6 and these variables explained 99.99 % of the total variance in the sediment. The results of the degree of suitability and sphericity of the PCA revealed a high significant difference at P<0.001. The results of the potential ecological risk index values were very high in station 2 (824.30) and 3 (802.11) correspondingly. That of index of geo-accumulation was generally low (< 2). The findings from this study generally revealed the source apportionment of the trace and heavy metals to come from anthropogenic influences such as farming; fertilizers. Sustainable agriculture is highly recommended in order to reduce the impacts of anthropogenic activities, deterioration of the ecosystem and possible death of the life forms in this watercourse.

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The Quality of Statistical Reporting and Data Presentation in Predatory Dental Journals Was Lower Than in Non-Predatory Journals

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e23040468 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 468

Author(s):

Pentti Nieminen ◽

Sergio E. Uribe

Keyword(s):

Open Access ◽

Peer Review ◽

Scientific Journals ◽

Mean Values ◽

Data Presentation ◽

Predatory Journals ◽

Study Results ◽

The Mean ◽

Highly Cited

Proper peer review and quality of published articles are often regarded as signs of reliable scientific journals. The aim of this study was to compare whether the quality of statistical reporting and data presentation differs among articles published in ‘predatory dental journals’ and in other dental journals. We evaluated 50 articles published in ‘predatory open access (OA) journals’ and 100 clinical trials published in legitimate dental journals between 2019 and 2020. The quality of statistical reporting and data presentation of each paper was assessed on a scale from 0 (poor) to 10 (high). The mean (SD) quality score of the statistical reporting and data presentation was 2.5 (1.4) for the predatory OA journals, 4.8 (1.8) for the legitimate OA journals, and 5.6 (1.8) for the more visible dental journals. The mean values differed significantly (p < 0.001). The quality of statistical reporting of clinical studies published in predatory journals was found to be lower than in open access and highly cited journals. This difference in quality is a wake-up call to consume study results critically. Poor statistical reporting indicates wider general lower quality in publications where the authors and journals are less likely to be critiqued by peer review.

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AB0101 THE IMPACT OF TIME SPAN TO ACHIEVE BOOLEAN REMISSION FOR MAINTAINING DISEASE ACTIVITY AFTER ACQUISITION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENT

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.297 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 1079.1-1079

Author(s):

I. Yoshii

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Disease Activity ◽

Disease Duration ◽

Remission Rate ◽

Mean Value ◽

Time Span ◽

Mean Values ◽

The Mean ◽

The Relationship

Background:Boolean remission criteria is one most popular and stringent criteria in treating patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), because it may guarantees a stable clinical course after attaining remission.Objectives:Impact of time span from initiation to achieving Boolean remission on maintaining disease activity, daily activities, and quality of life after attaining Boolean remission was investigated from daily clinical practice data.Methods:685 patients with RA since August 2010 under the T2T strategy were treated. They were monitored for their TJC, SJC, PGA, EGA, CRP, and disease activity indices such as CDAI, SDAI, DAS28, and Boolean criteria at every visit. HAQ-DI score, pain score using visual analog scale (PS-VAS), and EQ-5D were also monitored, and the quality of life score (QOLS) calculated from EQ-5D was determined at every visit from the time of diagnosis (baseline).Of 685 patients, 465 patients had achieved Boolean remission >1 times, and were consecutively followed up for >3 years. These patients were enrolled in the study. Time span from the first visit to first Boolean remission was calculated. The relationship between the time span and each of background parameters, and the relationship between the time span and each of the mean values of the SDAI score, HAQ score, PS-VAS, SHS, and QOLS at the first Boolean remission and thereafter was evaluated statistically.Patients were subsequently divided into the G ≤ 6 and G > 6 groups based on the achievement of first Boolean remission within two groups: time span G ≤ 6 months and G > 6 months. The two groups were compared with regard to the SDAI score, HAQ score, PS-VAS, SHS, and QOLS at first visit and at the time of first Boolean remission, and the mean values of these parameters after remission were evaluated statistically. Moreover, changes of these parameters and the mean Boolean remission rate after the first remission, and SDAI remission rate at the first Boolean remission to thereafter were compared between the two groups statistically.Results:Out of 465 patients, females comprised 343 (73.7%), and the mean age was 67.8 years (range, from 21–95 years). The mean disease duration at first visit was 6.1 years (range, from 1 months–45 years). The mean follow up length was 88.1 months (range: 36–122 months; median: 85 months) and mean time span from the first visit to the first Boolean remission was 8.1 months. The mean SDAI score, HAQ score, PS-VAS, and the QOLS at first visit were 13.3, 0.467, 33.2, and 0.834, respectively. Among the study parameters, PS-VAS and QOLS were significantly correlated with the time span. For parameters at the first Boolean remission, HAQ-DI score, PS-VAS, and QOLS demonstrated significant correlation with the time span, whereas SDAI, HAQ-DI score, PS-VAS, SHS, and QOLS after the Boolean remission demonstrated significant correlation with the time span.The comparison between the G ≤ 6 and the G > 6 groups revealed that the disease duration, HAQ score, and PS-VAS at baseline in the G > 6 were significantly higher than that in the G ≤ 6 group, and QOLS in the G ≤ 6 group was significantly higher than that in the G > 6 group at baseline. Similarly, the HAQ score and PS-VAS at the first Boolean remission in the G > 6 group were significantly higher than that in the G ≤ 6 group, whereas QOLS in the G ≤ 6 group demonstrated no significant difference compared with that in the G > 6 group.The mean value of the SDAI score after the first Boolean remission in the G > 6 group was significantly higher than that in the G ≤ 6 group. Similarly, the SDAI score, HAQ score, and PS-VAS after the first Boolean remission in the G > 6 group were also significantly higher than those in the G ≤ 6 group, and the mean value of the QOLS in the G ≤ 6 group were significantly higher than that in the G > 6 group. The Boolean remission rate and SDAI remission rate after the first Boolean remission were significantly higher in the G ≤ 6 group than those in the G > 6 group.Conclusion:Attaining Boolean remission ≤ 6 months for RA has significant benefit for more stable disease control, that leads good maintenance of ADL.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Evaluation of chemical contamination of surface water and groundwater in the landfill city of Ardabil

Environment Conservation Journal ◽

10.36953/ecj.2015.se1674 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 16 (SE) ◽

pp. 631-637

Author(s):

Maliheh Shahmorad Moghanlou ◽

Ebrahim Fataei

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Surface Water ◽

International Standards ◽

Chemical Contamination ◽

Mean Values ◽

Surface Water And Groundwater ◽

Turbidity Level ◽

The Mean ◽

Spss Software ◽

Hydrodynamic Thickness

Todays in our country the problem of waste disposal and the effects of entry alluvial aquifer their leachate and pollution of aquifers by hydrodynamic thickness in the direction of groundwater flow is highly regarded analytical descriptive study was conducted. To this purpose, the concentration of heavy metals plumb and cadmium and some physicochemical and biological parameters of surface water and groundwater around the landfill city of Ardabil in two time periods in spring 2015 and summer seasons were measured. Sampling, preparation and analysis of samples in accordance with the standard method of station 10 to within 5.5 km of landfill were Ardabil. Measurement of heavy metals, plumb and cadmium by atomic absorption were performed. The Results were analyzed by SPSS software, for the comparison of each parameter with drinking water standards and Agriculture tests comparing the average (T-TEST) was used. The results showed that groundwater and surface water of heavy metals, non-contaminated area and their results are below international standards. The mean values ??of microbiological and physicochemical parameters other than normal turbidity level and at the level of 1% were significantly lower than international standards.

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Evaluation of heavy metals content in the canned/packed fruit juices from local and imported origin in Lahore, Pakistan

Journal of Food Safety and Hygiene ◽

10.18502/jfsh.v6i4.7564 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nazeefa Fatima ◽

Munazza Khan ◽

Muhammad Shuaib Kabeer

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Atomic Absorption ◽

Fruit Juices ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Acid Digestion ◽

Digestion Method ◽

Mean Values ◽

Nutritive Values ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Concentration

This study was conducted to determine the mean concentration of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) in canned/packed fruits juices, collected from various stores in Lahore in a period of three months. These juices were categorized into four groups; local packed and canned and also imported packed and canned products. Every group consisted of ten samples. By using the di-acid digestion method, the collected samples were digested and analyzed under Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results indicated that the mean values of 7 out of 9 tested heavy metals including Pb, Mg, Ni, Fe, Cr, Se and Mn were above permissible limits (set by WHO) in all four understudy groups. Therefore, it was concluded that commercially available fruit juices are not all safe according to their heavy metals content for the human consumption despite their nutritive values.

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Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment: A Case Study of Tembi River

Journal of Environmental and Public Health ◽

10.1155/2014/858720 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Saeed Shanbehzadeh ◽

Marzieh Vahid Dastjerdi ◽

Akbar Hassanzadeh ◽

Toba Kiyanizadeh

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Average Concentration ◽

Agricultural Water ◽

Water And Sediment ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Concentration ◽

Cu And Zn ◽

Standard Range

This study was carried out to examine heavy metals concentration in water and sediment of upstream and downstream of the entry of the sewage to the Tembi River, Iran. Samples were collected from upstream and downstream and were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results indicated that the average concentration of the metals in water and sediment on downstream was more than that of upstream. The comparison of the mean concentrations of heavy metals in water of the Tembi River with drinking water standards and those in the water used for agriculture suggests that the mean concentration of Cu and Zn lies within the standard range for drinking water and the mean concentration of Mn, Zn, and Pb lies within the standard range of agricultural water. The highest average concentration on downstream for Pb in water and for Mn in sediment was 1.95 and 820.5 ppm, respectively. Also, the lowest average concentration on upstream was identified for Cd in water and sediment 0.07 and 10 ppm, respectively. With regard to the results, it gets clear that using the water for recreational purposes, washing, and fishing is detrimental to human health and the environment.

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