scholarly journals PRUNING Araucaria angustifolia FOR KNOT-FREE TIMBER PRODUCTION

FLORESTA ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 054
Author(s):  
Mário Dobner Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Core Size ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Defect Core ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Pruning Technique ◽  
Pruning Intensity

Although A. angustifolia is currently economically unimportant, the worldwide trend of conservation through the sustainable use of natural resources together with an intense discussion of governmental regulations and the recent results of genetic breeding started in the 1970s are delivering promising perspectives for a new wave of plantations. This study aimed to determine optimal pruning strategies by evaluating the diameter and height growth of young A. angustifolia trees as affected by different pruning intensities. Pruning quality in terms of occlusion and defect-core size were also investigated. At the age of 6 years, the pruning experiment was started by conducting six different pruning intensities, named after the number of whorls left after pruning (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8), as well as unpruned (U) trees as a control. From the results obtained in the present study, it was concluded that pruning intensity had a significant negative effect on the growth of young A. angustifolia trees. Diameter was more affected than height growth. Pruning young A. angustifolia trees for knotty-free timber production must be conducted keeping 8 whorls after the intervention if no negative effect in current annual increment in diameter is to be observed when compared to unpruned trees. A defect core of 15 cm seems to be a feasible target for the species regarding optimal pruning intensity to avoid losses in diameter growth. This is strongly dependent on a fast occlusion process, which, in turn, is a result of a careful pruning technique.

Growth Intercept Methods for Predicting Site Index in Red Pine Plantations in the Allegheny Plateau of Ohio

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Brown ◽  
Charles A. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Allegheny Plateau ◽  
Growth Intercept

Abstract Growth intercept (GI) techniques were evaluated for estimating site quality in red pine stands planted on old-field sites in the unglaciated Western and Central Allegheny Plateau regions of Ohio. Correlations between height growth of trees below breast height (BH) and height growth above BH were not statistically significant. Site index estimates were made using age at BH and height from BH to the growing tip. Three-year and 5-year growth beginning three internodes above the BH annual increment and 10-year growth beginning one internode above BH were more significantly correlated with height than were intercepts beginning at BH. In equations developed for predicting site index, 3-, 5-, and 10-year intercepts in combination with age accounted for 64 to 80% of the variation in tree heights. Combining thickness of the A soil horizon with GI and age statistically increased the variation accounted for in the 3- and 5-year GI equations; however, for field use, the improvement in accuracy was not sufficient to justify making the additional soil measurement. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):27-30, March 1990.

scholarly journals The New Wave of Currency Devaluations in Africa – Will the Devalued Birr Help the Coffee Exports?

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4.) ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
Szabolcs Pasztor
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Current Account Deficit ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Coffee Sector ◽  
The Impact

Despite the fact that currency devaluations are likely to have a negative effect on the economy in the long run, Ethiopia devalued its national currency, the birr (ETB), by 15 percent in 2017. They turned to this option in the hope of attracting more investments from abroad, decreasing import bills, improving the current account deficit and giving a boost to the exports of the coffee sector. A couple of months later, the impact seems to be promising because the export has been revived in some areas. However, it has to be stressed that the imported commodities may experience a price increase, there can be a widening balance of payments deficit and rising inflation. The paper aims to shed more light on the short- and long-term impacts of currency devaluations in the developing countries with a special emphasis on Ethiopia. Also, the recent Ethiopian measure is to be analyzed in greater detail highlighting the impacts on export earnings, import bills, the balance of payments, and on the overall competitiveness of the coffee sector.

scholarly journals Overcoming Key Barriers for Secondary Cloud Forest Management in Mexico

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1078
Author(s):  
Tarin Toledo-Aceves ◽  
Manuel R. Guariguata ◽  
Sven Günter ◽  
Luciana Porter-Bolland ◽  
Leticia Merino
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Research Areas

Secondary cloud forests (SCFs), those that regenerate naturally following abandonment of human activities in previously deforested land, are of great value as refuges of high species diversity and for their critical role in hydrological regulation. This opinion paper analyzes the main environmental, socio-economic, and regulatory aspects that currently hamper the sustainable use and conservation of SCFs in Mexico for the provision of timber and ecosystem services. The main constraints identified include contradictory norms and policies and the marginalization of smallholders in timber production activities. Developing economic incentives for forest product harvesting and provision of ecosystem services derived from SCFs, while also addressing legal and normative aspects related to their sustainable use, is paramount. Given the high heterogeneity in floristic composition and stand structure of SCFs among localities, technical and social norms for sustainable use should be sufficiently flexible to allow adaptive management approaches. Future research areas should be focused on monitoring the response of SCFs to silvicultural interventions, documenting existing traditional practices as well as conducting socio-economic analyses of timber production and associated ecosystem services. This is essential for developing sound policies and approaches for the sustainable use and long-term management of SCFs in Mexico.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Most Suitable Tree Species Using Land Expectation Value: A Case Study from Plantation in North of Iran

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zohreh Mohammadi ◽  
Soleiman Mohammadi Limaei ◽  
Teymoor Rostami Shahraji
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Expectation Value ◽  
Bald Cypress ◽  
Land Expectation Value ◽  
Stumpage Price ◽  
North Of Iran

Plantation in north of Iran is rapidly increasing by local farmers and state but it is not clear which species is most suitable for perpetual timber production. Thus, this study is carried out to evaluate the most suitable timber species among ash (Fraxinus excelsior), elm (Alnus glutinosa), maple (Acer velutinum), oak (Quercus castanifolia), bald cypress (Taxodium distichumin) in north of Iran for evaluation of most suitability using Land Expectation Value (LEV). Data such as wood price at forest road side and variable harvesting cost was collected from secondary souce especially General Office of Natural Resources in Guilan province for a period of 20 years. Average annual increment of different species derived from previous researches. Consumer Price Index (CPI) was used for deflation of stumpage price. Regression analysis was used to predict the stumpage price of different species. Then, the mean price process was determined for different species. Faustmann's formula was used to determine the LEV or Net Present Value (NPV) for a perpetual timber production of different species.  The results showed that the LEV of ash, elm, maple, oak and bald cypress were 2623.883, 4653.042, 4319.9644, 2206.8788, 8064.667 (0.33 US dollar/ m3), respectively. The LEV of bald cypress was the highest, so it can be concluded that this species is the most suitable for timber production.

scholarly journals INCREMENT DIFFERENCES OF SILVER BIRCH BETULA PENDULA ROTH AND DOWNY BIRCH B. PUBESCENS EHRH. GROWING IN DRAINED SOILS IN SOUTH LATVIA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagnija BĒRZIŅA ◽  
Olga MIEZĪTE ◽  
Jeļena RŪBA ◽  
Linards SISENIS ◽  
Imants LIEPA
Keyword(s):  
Computer Software ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Service Information ◽  
Downy Birch ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Timber Market

According to State Forest Service information for the year 2016 birch occupied 30% of whole forest area (3.38 million ha). Although between these two species have dendrological differences, however in forest inventory it is not taken into account. There is also a variety of wood properties which are not respected in the timber market. The aim of this research study is to analyze growth differences between both birch growing in the same conditions. For collecting of empirical data 2 sample plots were created. Selected stands have been regenerated naturally and 2 times repeatedly drained. The forest stand investigated is 65 years old mixed stand dominated by birch which makes up 90 % of total growing stock. In each plot for all the trees have been measured diameter, height and using Pressler borer have been taken core samples. The widths of tree rings have been measured using Lin TAB system microscope and computer software T-Tools Pro. Analyzing the dynamics of diameter and height growth in both sample plots it has been observed that silver birch shows higher values than downy birch (p<0.05). In the last 30 years both birch species show systematic reduction of the annual increment. Decrease of height growth for both birch species in Vacciniosa mel. - 0.26-0.66 m. Decrease of B.pendula height growth in Vacciniosa turf. mel. - 0.39-0.70 m while B.pubescens - 0.39-0.80 m. Decrease of the stem diameter at breast height (DBH) of B.pendula - 2.7-7.5 mm while DBH of B.pubescens - 2.7-5.9 mm.

scholarly journals Elm Growth and Japanese Beetle Damage on Selected Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 812C-812
Author(s):  
W.T. Witte ◽  
R.J. Sauve ◽  
P.C. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Single Plant ◽  
Japanese Beetle ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Beetle Damage ◽  
Heavy Infestation

Ten single plant replications of 11 taxa were planted 6 May 1994, fertilized regularly, and maintained under drip irrigation. Japanese beetle damage became apparent in mid-June. Sevin SL at 1 qt/100 gal was applied with a tractor-mounted mist blower on 22 June, and 7 and 19 July. Data on Japanese beetle populations were recorded using an arbitrary scale of 0 (no beetles) to 10 (heavy infestation). Damage on each tree was recorded using an arbitrary scale of 0 (no damage) to 10 (completely skeletonized). The annual increment in height and caliper growth was recorded for each tree in Fall 1994. Ulmus japonica and U. glabra `Pendula' had the most height growth (>60 cm increment) but were not significantly different from most other accessions, while NA 60070, U. crassifolia, and NA 60071 had significantly slower growth than the former group(<25 cm increment). Japanese beetles fed first on U. carpinifolia `Variegata', NA 60071, and 60070, skeletonizing most of the new growth before the first Sevin application, resulting in the most damage. This may have resulted in poor growth of the USDA/NA selections in 1994.

scholarly journals Prediction of Pruning Wound Occlusion and Defect Core Size in Ponderosa Pine

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin L. O'Hara ◽  
Paul A. Buckland
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Core Size ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Defect Core ◽  
Large Branch

Abstract Occlusion following pruning is an important determinant of the size of the inner defect core of a pruned log. A total of 117 branch stubs from 5 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) logs pruned 32 yr previously were destructively sampled to evaluate occlusion in relation to growth and wound characteristics. Models were developed to predict the size of the occlusion zone and the years to occlusion. The models indicate the size of the occlusion zone is more sensitive to length of the branch stub than stub diameter. Increasing the length of the pruning stub from 1.5 to 3.0 in. increases the predicted size of the occlusion zone from 112-132% depending on stub diameter. Doubling the stub diameter an equal amount increases the size of the occlusion zone by only 3-14%. Minimization of the size of defect core is best achieved by reducing the length of the pruning stub through cutting flush with the bark. These results suggest land managers should not hesitate to prune fast growing ponderosa pine plantations with large branch diameters. West. J. Appl. For. 11(2):40-43.

scholarly journals Groundwater Recharge Potential for Sustainable Water Use in Urban Areas of the Jequitiba River Basin, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana da Costa ◽  
Hugo de Salis ◽  
João Viana ◽  
Fernando Leal Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Recharge Potential ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Negative Effect

The zoning of groundwater recharge potential would be attractive for water managers, but is lacking in many regions around the planet, including in the Jequitiba River basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. In this study, a physically based spatially distributed method to evaluate groundwater recharge potential at catchment scale was developed and tested in the aforementioned Jequitiba River basin. The data for the test was compiled from institutional sources and implemented in a Geographic Information System. It comprised meteorological, hydrometric, relief, land use, and soil data. The average results resembled the annual recharge calculated by a hydrograph method, which worked as validation method. The spatial variation of recharge highlighted the predominant contribution of flat areas, porous aquifers, and forested regions to groundwater recharge. They also exposed the negative effect of urbanization. In combination, these factors elected the following sectors of the Jequitiba River basin as regions of high recharge potential: the south-southeast part of the headwaters in Prudente de Morais; Sete Lagoas towards the central part of the basin; and the region between Funilândia and Jequitiba, near the Jequitiba river mouth. Some management practices were suggested to improve groundwater recharge. The map of groundwater recharge potential produced in this study is valuable and is therefore proposed as tool for planners in the sustainable use of groundwater and protection of recharge areas.

scholarly journals Growth and Site Index of White Pine in Relation to Soils and Topography in the Glaciated Areas of Ohio

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Clay Content ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Old Field ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Annual Increment

Abstract Multiple regression equations were developed using topographic and soil factors for predicting growth and site index of white pine growing on old-field sites in the Wisconsin-aged glaciated areas of northern and western Ohio. Correlations between height growth of trees below the breast high (bh) annual growth increment and bh and above were not statistically significant and growth and site index estimates were made using age at bh and growth from the bh annual increment to the growing tip. The best estimates of heights and site index were obtained when data were subdivided into two groups. For plots having 0–10% slopes, two regression equations were developed for predicting height growth: one containing slope shape and depth to soil mottling and the other adding percent clay in the B2 soil horizon to the equation. Those equations accounted for 67 and 73%, respectively, of the variation in heights of trees and 35-year site index ranged from 62 to 82 ft, with the best growth on convex-shaped slopes having the greatest depth to mottling and the lowest clay content. For sites having slopes greater than 10%, one equation was developed containing slope position and slope percent as variables. That equation accounted for 72% of the variation in heights of trees, and site index ranged from 71 to 81 ft, with the best growth on plots at the bottom of slopes having the lowest slope percent.

scholarly journals Analysis of Inheritance and Growth of Curly Birch Progenies from Controlled Hybridisation and Possibilities of their Utilisation for Timber Production in Agricultural Landscape

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Paganová
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Hybrid Combination ◽  
Excellent Growth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

The influence of habit form on progeny growth was studied within the evaluation of the height growth of curly birch hybrid progenies. In all years 1998, 1999 and 2001 statistically significant differences in height were found between progenies in dependence on the hybrid combination of their parents. A large variability of heights was recorded in particular hybrid combinations nearly in all evaluated years. The effect of distant hybridisation can occur within the combination of the parents with different habit forms and their progenies reach excellent growth rate. The qualitative characteristics &ndash; rhytidome colour, occurrence of curly grain (decorative timber) on the trunk and branches and habit form were evaluated in 2001. The results confirmed statistical significance of the relationship between hybrid combination and occurrence of the studied qualitative characteristics in their progeny. The curly grain on trunk was found in all evaluated progenies, in four of them the ratio of individuals with curly grain and individuals without it was 2:1, in one progeny it was in 1:1. The proportion of birches with decorative timber will possibly increase because especially fine types of curly grain can be correctly identified at higher age. &nbsp;

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