scholarly journals Організаційно-правове вивчення стану формування, розвитку та розповсюдження полінаркоманії у світі та в Україні

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Аліна Осинцева
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Psychoactive Drugs ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Polydrug Abuse ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Alcohol Ethyl

Over the past decade, the dynamics of the prevalence of substance abuse with various classification and legal groups, the growth of illegal circulation of psychoactive substances, falsification of psychoactive alcoholic beverages, alcohol, delinquency and polydrug abuse have become almost epidemic, with combined abuse of psychoactive substances registered mainly among young people. The goal or the study was to review scientific sources on the current state of the problem of formation, development and spread of polydrug abuse in the world and in Ukraine on the principles of medical and pharmaceutical law. To achieve this goal, the methods of regulatory, documentary, comparative, graphical and tabular analysis were used. A review of scientific observations of scientists from around the world and Ukraine found that in the initial stages of polydrug addiction begins with the simultaneous use of psychoactive substances such as alcohol (ethyl alcohol), psychoactive alcohol-containing liquids, beer, psychoactive drugs, tobacco. Explained that the simultaneous (combined, consistent) use of psychoactive substances of different classification and legal groups and psychoactive alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, beer, psychoactive drugs are widespread among different contingents in the early stages of formation and development of polydrug addiction. Established that the most common alcoholic beverage is beer, which contains a combination of several psychoactive substances, so beer addiction is actually a polydrug addiction, it forms and develops faster, and its pharmaceutical correction is more difficult.

Jerzy Topolski’s Marxist Anthropocentrism

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-377
Author(s):  
Ewa Domańska ◽  
Paul Vickers
Keyword(s):  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Marxist Theory ◽  
Collective Agency ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Separate Discipline

Abstract In this article I demonstrate that the ideas outlined in Jerzy Topolski’s Methodology of History (Polish 1968, English translation 1976) could not only offer a reference point for and indeed enrich ongoing debates in the philosophy of history, but also help to set directions for future developments in the field. To support my argument, I focus on two themes addressed in Topolski’s work: 1) the understanding of the methodology of history as a separate discipline and its role both in defending the autonomy of history and in creating an integrated knowledge of the past, which I read here through the lens of the current merging of the humanities and natural sciences; and 2) the role of a Marxist anthropocentrism based on the notion of humans as the creators of history, which I consider here in the context of the ongoing critique of anthropocentrism. I point to the value of continuing to use concepts drawn from Marxist vocabulary, such as alienation, emancipation, exploitation and overdetermination, for interpreting the current state of the world and humanity. I stress that Marxist anthropocentrism, with its support for individual and collective agency, remains crucial to the creation of emancipatory theories and visions of the future, even if it has faced criticism for its Eurocentrism and might seem rather familiar and predictable when viewed in the context of the contemporary humanities. Nevertheless, new manifestations of Marxist theory, in the form of posthumanist Marxism and an interspecies historical materialism that transcends anthropocentrism, might play an important role in redefining the humanities and humanity, including its functions and tasks within human and multispecies communities.

scholarly journals Lyme Disease Biosensors: A Potential Solution to a Diagnostic Dilemma

Biosensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Connor Flynn ◽  
Anna Ignaszak
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Dilemma ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Chemical Techniques ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Current Standards

Over the past four decades, Lyme disease has remained a virulent and pervasive illness, persisting throughout North America and many other regions of the world. Recent increases in illness in many countries has sparked a renewed interest in improved Lyme diagnostics. While current standards of diagnosis are acceptable for the late stages of the disease, it remains difficult to accurately diagnose early forms of the illness. In addition, current diagnostic methods tend to be relatively expensive and require a large degree of laboratory-based analysis. Biosensors represent the fusion of biological materials with chemical techniques to provide simple, inexpensive alternatives to traditional diagnostic methods. Lyme disease biosensors have the potential to better diagnose early stages of the illness and provide possible patients with an inexpensive, commercially available test. This review examines the current state of Lyme disease biosensing, with a focus on previous biosensor development and essential future considerations.

scholarly journals Rodney Stark, Subjective Religiousness and a Prolonged Farewell to Secularization Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
A. V. Appolonov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Secularization Theory ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Long Term Trends

In 1999, Rodney Stark announced that the secularization theory had died and should be buried in a graveyard of failed doctrines. He presented the rationale for this verdict in Secularization, R.I.P., which was supposed to show that the theory of secularization is not capable of correctly describing either the past or the current state of religiosity in European countries, and even more so in the rest of the world. While Stark’s findings have been accepted by many scholars, the current researches show that Stark was too hasty with his conclusion, and the theory of secularization still has significant descriptive and explanatory potential. Thus, the results of recent research by Ronald F. Inglehart show that, although religions continue to play an important role in the modern world, their importance is steadily declining even in countries and regions that were previously considered permanently religious (for example, in the United States or in South America). Accordingly, Inglehart speaks of “recent acceleration of secularization” as the reality in which most countries in the world live. In the situation of the ongoing discussion about how fully and accurately the secularization theory is able to describe the laws and mechanics of social changes, it also becomes relevant to consider the question of why the previous criticism of the theory, including that of Stark, was not very effective. It seems that in Stark’s case the following factors have played a negative role: an ideologized approach equating the theory of secularization with secularism, the interpretation of the subjective religiosity of some societies as an unchangeable constant, which, moreover, should be accepted as constant for all other societies, and an extremely simplified interpretation of fundamental principles of secularization theory, which, according to Stark, is no more than the prophecy about the end of religion. The incorrectness of some Stark’s critical ideas is demonstrated by a statistical analysis of long-term trends in the religiosity of Iceland, Great Britain, and the United States. The most telling example seems to be that of Iceland, whose religious landscape has changed dramatically over the past three decades and bears little resemblance to the image of rural religiosity of the 1980s that Stark drew in Secularization, R.I.P., and which he considered unchanged.

scholarly journals Moral Clarity: A Guide for Grown-up Idealists

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Possibilities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Writings

The title of Susan Neiman’s 2008 book suggests that she will provide the reader some answers, or at least a lens through which they might gain clearer understanding of what is right and wrong in today’s world. Neiman argues that moral clarity can be obtained if the reader has the courage to examine critically the world around them and to take required action. Neiman uses historical writings from the past two centuries, religious and secular, to force the reader to reflect on the current state of society. Aspects of society which are good, evil, or, at the very least, disparate, are discussed. This leads readers to reflect on their place within that society. The purpose of which is to suggest alternative possibilities for a framework with which to examine contemporary events.

scholarly journals Rural Poverty and Land Degradation: A Review of the Current State of Knowledge

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1053-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohail Jehangir Malik ◽  
Hina Nazli
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Resource Degradation ◽  
The World ◽  
Short And Long Term

By highlighting the lack of rigorous evidence and calling for a greater understanding of the interaction of the two processes, a recent study [Nelson et al. (1997)] has called into question the strong perception that poverty is both a consequence as well as a cause of resource degradation.1 This perception which is widely held is strongly evident in the writings of the multilateral development agencies such as the World Bank (1990) and IFAD (1992) and exists despite extensive reviews which indicate that the short- and long-term implications of land degradation are not very clear [see Scherr and Yadav (1995)]. Similarly, while knowledge about poverty is expanding rapidly, thanks in large parts to the massive international focus and resources brought to bear on its understanding in the past ten.........................

scholarly journals Nonalcoholic and Alcoholic Beverage Intakes by Adults across 5 Upper-Middle- and High-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-151
Author(s):  
Lana Vanderlee ◽  
Christine M White ◽  
Sharon I Kirkpatrick ◽  
Vicki L Rynard ◽  
Alejandra Jáuregui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Food Policy ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
High Income ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Sugary Drinks ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Diet Drinks

ABSTRACT Background Despite considerable public health interest in sugary drink consumption, there has been little comparison of intake across countries. Objectives This study aimed to compare the consumption frequency and amounts of commonly consumed beverages among adults in 5 upper-middle- and high-income countries, and examine differences in consumption between population subgroups. Methods Adults aged 18–65 y completed online surveys in December 2017 in Australia (n = 3264), Canada (n = 2745), Mexico (n = 3152), the United Kingdom (n = 3221), and the USA (n = 4015) as part of the International Food Policy Study. The frequency of consuming beverages from 22 categories in the past 7 d was estimated using the Beverage Frequency Questionnaire. Regression models were used to examine differences in the likelihood of any consumption and in the amounts consumed of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), sugary drinks (SSBs and 100% juice), diet, and alcoholic beverages between countries and across sociodemographic subgroups. Results The prevalence of reported SSB consumption in the past 7 d ranged from 47% (United Kingdom) to 81% (Mexico), and that of sugary drinks ranged from 62% (United Kingdom) to 87% (Mexico). Rates of consumption of diet drinks ranged from 26% (Mexico) to 37% (United Kingdom), whereas alcoholic drink consumption rates ranged from 45% (USA) to 52% (Canada). Respondents in Mexico were more likely to consume SSBs and sugary drinks, and in greater amounts, than those in other countries. Respondents in the United Kingdom were more likely to consume diet drinks than those in Australia, Canada, and Mexico, and greater amounts of diet drinks were consumed in the United Kingdom and the USA. Across countries, younger respondents and males were more likely to consume greater amounts of SSBs and sugary drinks. Conclusions Most adult respondents across all countries consumed SSBs and sugary drinks, with greater consumption in Mexico and the USA. Consumption varied greatly across countries, but patterns of association among subpopulations were relatively similar.

scholarly journals Pediatric Dental Sedation Practice: Evolution and Current State-of-the-Art

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-147
Author(s):  
Neeti Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
International Variation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pediatric Dentists

ABSTRACT The practice of the pediatric dental sedation has evolved continuously during the past few decades. Newer agents continuously seem to replace older agents and the pediatric dentists need to update themselves timely to efficiently administer sedation to their young and anxious patients. The practice and the research of pediatric dental sedation is very diverse throughout the world. In this paper, we attempt to review the diversity of pediatric dental sedation research through a systematic review. Further, we review the pharmacopoeia of pediatric dental sedation with brief description of commonly used agents. We also touch upon evolution of pediatric dental sedation guidelines in different countries and international variation in pediatric dental sedation practice. Lastly, we review the future perspective of research pertaining to field of pediatric dental sedation research. How to cite this article Mittal N, Gauba K, Goyal A, Kapur A. Pediatric Dental Sedation Practice: Evolution and Current State-of-the-Art. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(3):139-147.

scholarly journals Prospects for the future of commercial printing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csaba Horváth ◽  
◽  
László Koltai ◽  
Klaudia Maňúrová ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Printing Industry ◽  
Customer Demand ◽  
The Past ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Future

The rate of change for the commercial printing industry with regard to technology, business models and customer demand is growing, and the landscape of the industry already looks vastly different from a few short decades ago. Across the commercial print sector today, there are many different types of companies – some very successful, with a young, skilled, enthusiastic workforce who have no trouble innovating and recruiting. However, as in any rapidly developing sector, other companies are trailing behind. Demographic changes are entering the market (Generation Z), as well as the upper levels of management in printing companies (Millennials), and “their preferences are now their demands”. This requires business models to be re-invented and a more intensive focus on issues relating to sustainability. The authors of the article summarize the future of the world of commercial printing and the current state of European commercial printing. They have based their work on a report published by the Smithers Research Institute in January 2020 on this topic and on the professional findings and arguments presented at major scientific conferences over the past two years, with the aim of getting these latest ideas to the earliest helping the researchers and practitioners to adapt to the rapidly changing situation and the challenge.

scholarly journals Geotourism interesting locality with Remediation of the bedrock and restoration of Spiš Castle - UNESCO heritage site

2021 ◽  
Vol 906 (1) ◽  
pp. 012029
Author(s):  
Orlando Arencibia Montero ◽  
Miloš Duraj
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Karst Processes

Abstract Understanding the structure of the geological subsoil should be the first stage in the construction of any major building. Therefore, if the problem of rescue and restoration of various historical buildings is currently being addressed, it is necessary to study their subsoil in detail. Among the important historical buildings that have been preserved in Slovakia are numerous castles and chateaux. Nowadays, many of these buildings need to be extensively restored to prevent their gradual devastation. The issue of rehabilitation of some buildings has been addressed for several decades. The reasons for the rehabilitation of these buildings have varied. In the case of the ruins of Strečnian Castle and its subsoil, it was primarily the safety of traffic on the adjacent important road. In the case of Spiš Castle, it is a monument of world importance. It is one of the largest castle complexes in Europe. The beginnings of the construction of this complex date back to the 11th century. Its current state is due, among other factors, to the instability of its geological subsoil. For this reason, the stabilisation of the travertine body, which has been severely damaged, particularly by tectonics and karst processes, has already been addressed in the past. The solution of this problem in the past has already produced positive results, but due to exogenous processes and, hypothetically and certainly, seismicity, the bedrock may move again in the future. For this reason it is necessary to pay attention to continuous monitoring of the movement of its rock blocks. As far as the castle itself is concerned, its current state is mainly due to the fire at the end of the 18th century, followed by its rapid devastation. In view of the world importance of the castle, the restoration of the site may therefore also take other directions. One possibility is, for example, its reconstruction according to contemporary records, which would bring its final appearance even closer to its original grandeur.

scholarly journals A study of substance abuse among male engineering students staying at hostels in a township near Kolkata

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 3304
Author(s):  
Kingsuk Sarkar ◽  
Suman Kumar Roy ◽  
Ritesh Singh
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
The Past ◽  
Academic Pressure ◽  
High Level ◽  
Substance Involvement

Background: Substance is being more common during college days, due to academic pressure, peer group effects, popularity and easy access to common substances. Men are more likely to engage in substance abuse. This was supposed to be more common in hostels. A study was carried out among male engineering students staying at hostels - with aims to find out the magnitude of substance abuse, to assess the potential risk of different substances abused and to find out a comparison between these two groups.Methods: Study was carried out with the help of two part questionnaire, one part containing alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test 8 item screening tool proposed by WHO (WHO-ASSIST). Other part contained socio demographic information. First 50 students, in each two colleges were enrolled in the study after getting their consent.Results: Ever use of tobacco product was found to be 66.0% and 22.0%, of alcoholic beverages: 72.0% and 26.0%, of cannabis: 46.0% and 14.0% - for students of government and private engineering college respectively. In the past 3 months, tobacco (36.0%) followed by cannabis (12.0%) were found to be the most commonly abused substances in government engineering college students while both (6.0%) cannabis and tobacco were the commonest substances of daily abuse among private engineering college students.Conclusions: High level of substance abuse was found to be present among male engineering students staying at hostels with higher level found among students of government engineering college. 

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