Comparison of the Kato-Katz, Wet Mount, and Formol-Ether Concentration Diagnostic Techniques for Intestinal Helminth Infections in Ethiopia

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the operational characteristics (sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV)) of wet mount, formol-ether concentration (FEC), and Kato-Katz techniques for the determination of intestinal parasitic infections. Method. A total of 354 faecal specimens were collected from students in Northwest Ethiopia and screened with Kato-Katz, wet mount, and FEC for the presence of intestinal parasitic infection. Since a gold standard test is not available for detection of intestinal parasites, the combined results from the three methods were used as diagnostic gold standard. Result. The prevalences of intestinal parasites using the single wet mount, FEC, and Kato-Katz thick smear techniques were 38.4%, 57.1%, and 59%, respectively. Taking the combined results of three techniques as a standard test for intestinal parasitic infection, the sensitivity and negative predictive value of Kato-Katz is 81.0% (confidence interval (CI) = 0.793–0.810) and 66.2% (CI = 0.63–0.622), respectively. The FEC detected 56 negative samples that were positive by the gold standard, indicating 78.3% (CI = 0.766–0.783) and 63.2% (CI = 0.603–63) sensitivity and NPV, respectively. Furthermore, Kato-Katz detects 113 cases that were negative by a single wet mount. The κ agreement between the wet mount and Kato-Katz methods for the diagnosis of Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm was substantial (κ=0.61 for Ascaris lumbricoides, κ=0.65 for hookworm).

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The Burden of Multiple Intestinal Helminthes among Primary School Children in Doma, Doma Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Asian Journal of Research in Zoology ◽

10.9734/ajriz/2019/v2i430078 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

I. A. Alaku ◽

E. A. Omudu ◽

N. G. Imainde ◽

D. D. Attah

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Local Government ◽

Primary School ◽

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Local Government Area ◽

Health Concern ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infection

Intestinal parasitic infections have always been an important public health problem in the tropics particularly in developing countries such as Nigeria for example. A cross-sectional survey involving 440 schools going children of both sexes aged 6 - >12 years was conducted in 4 primary schools at a different location in Doma Local Government Area (LGA) of Nasarawa State, Nigeria, between September 2015 to February 2016 to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites. Of the 440 samples examined 155 (35.22%) were infected with different intestinal parasites. The parasites observed included Entamoeba histolytica (6.59%), bookworm (5.22%), Ascaris lumbricoides (53.40%), Trichuris trichiuria (0.45%), E. coli (4.77%) and mixed infection of Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm (7.27%) with Ascaris lumbricoides having the highest prevalence. Doma south primary school 38 (34.54) Islamiyya nursery/primary school and Doma west primary school had the lowest prevalence with 36 (32.72%) and 34 (30.90%) respectively. An overall prevalence of (35.22%) intestinal parasitic infection in school going children is moderately high and of public health concern. There is need to intensified integrated control measure to reduce or completely eradicate the intestinal parasitic infection in school pupils.

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Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infestation Among Hearing and Speech Impaired Children of Banke, Nepal

Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College ◽

10.3126/jngmc.v16i2.24877 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 44-46

Author(s):

Maya Rai ◽

Ganesh Prasad Neupane ◽

Dabal Bahadur Dhami ◽

Thakur Prasad Paudel

Keyword(s):

Entamoeba Histolytica ◽

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Giardia Lamblia ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Life Quality ◽

Wet Mount ◽

The Common ◽

Impaired Children ◽

Prompt Diagnosis

Introduction: The parasites can cause different gastrointestinal disorders which have great impact on life quality. Hearing and speech impaired children are unable to maintain proper sanitation, making them more prone to intestinal parasitic infection. Aim and Objective: To know the prevalence of various parasitic infestations among hearing and speech impaired Children. Materials and Methods: Stool specimen were collected from 104 hearing and speech impaired children who were living in private rehabilitation school of chisapani village of Banke district Nepal for a period of 5 month from December 2017 to April 2018 and direct wet mount was prepared using normal saline (0.9%) and Lugol's iodine (0.5%). The wet mount was observed under microscope for parasites. Results: Among 104 individuals intestinal parasites were seen in 25.96 % of students. Giardia lamblia (37.04%) was the most common parasite followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (18.52%) and Entamoeba histolytica (14.82%). Conclusion: The study shows that although the speech and hearing impaired children are more prone to parasitic infection, the prevalence is same as normal people. Giardia lamblia, Ascaris lumbricoides and Entamoeba histolytica were the common parasites. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infected children should be undertaken.

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Knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers on prevention and control of intestinal parasitic infection among their preschool children in Sekota town, Waghimra zone, Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.2.15248/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mesfin Wudu Kassaw ◽

Ayele Mamo Abebe ◽

Biruk Beletew Abate ◽

Alemu Birara Zemariam ◽

Ayelign Mengesha Kassie

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infection ◽

Maternal Knowledge ◽

Attitude And Practice ◽

And Control ◽

Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Abstract Background: Intestinal parasitic infection is one of the common communicable diseases across the world. Globally, more than 1.5 billion individuals infected with one or more parasitic agents. Of the victim individuals, 700 and 807 million people were infected by Hookworm and Ascariasis respectively. Intestinal parasites are prevalent in developing countries and to the most in sub-Saharan Africa. The prevalence of helminthiases in Ethiopia range from 27.2% to 85.1%. Particularly, young children have a high infestation rate and they suffer from a substantial burden of Ascaris lumbricoides,Trichuris trichiura, and Schistosomiasis. Therefore, this study was intended to assess mother’s knowledge, attitude and practice on prevention and control of intestinal parasitic infection among their pre-school children in Sekota town, Ethiopia.Methods: A community based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 378 mothers using simple random sampling method, and gave a response rate of 98.4%. The findings are presented in percentage, frequency and tables. In all of the data collection, data analysis, and write up phases, a standard operational procedure was followed. A bivariate covariate analysis were undertaken to assess the correlation of total knowledge, attitude, and practice scores. Results: The level of good maternal knowledge, positive maternal attitude, and good maternal practice in preventing and controlling intestinal parasitic infection on their preschool children was 45.2% (95% CI, 40.2, 50.5), 55.3% (95% CI, 50.8, 61.1), and 51.1 (95% CI, 46.0, 56.1) respectively. In assessing mothers knowledge, seventy seven (20.4%) of them reported that they knew Ascaris lumbricoides, and on the maternal practices in preventing IP infection, 62 (16.4%) mothers wash vegetables, and 252 (66.7%) mothers stated that their children had at least one history of stool examination. Conclusions: The overall level of good maternal knowledge, positive maternal attitude, and good maternal practice on prevention and control of intestinal parasites was low. Specifically, the level of knowledge was significantly low. Therefore, community awareness about intestinal parasitic infection prevention and control methods should be created.

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Causes for diarrhoea and infection with intestinal parasites among HIV positive patients at a referral hospital in Central Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.2.11771/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Million Getachew Mesfun ◽

Andre Fuchs ◽

Martha Charlotte Holtfreter ◽

Torsten Feldt ◽

Dieter Häussinger

Keyword(s):

Cell Count ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infection ◽

Cd4 Cell Count ◽

Wet Mount ◽

Intestinal Parasitosis ◽

Cd4 Cell

Abstract Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are a major public health challenge in many tropical countries. Opportunistic intestinal coccidia such as Cryptosporidia, Cytoisospora or Cyclospora species are common pathogens which are regularly missed using widely practiced wet mount stool microscopy techniques. Therefore, treatment choices are limited and mostly rely on empirical use of cotrimoxazole. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among HIV-infected individuals with and without diarrhoea at the Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital in Ethiopia. Methods: This institution-based cross sectional study was conducted among 163 ambulatory HIV-infected patients with and without diarrhoea. Stool samples were processed for both wet mount and Kinyoun stain. EDTA blood was collected for analysis of CD4 cell count using BD FACSCount™ Flow Cytometer. Sociodemographic and behavioural data was collected using a standardized questionnaire. Chi-squared test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The majority of study participants (62.0%, n=101) were female and the mean age was 38.2 (SD +10.7) years. 52.1% (n=85) of the participants suffered from diarrhoea. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in the study population was 18.4% (n=30). Protozoa (Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica, G. lamblia and Pentatrichomonas hominis) and helminths (Taenia spp., A. lumbricoides, S. stercoralis, T. trichuria and H. nana) were detected in 12.9% (n=21) and 5.5% (n=9) of patients, respectively. The likelihood for having a parasitic infection was more than eight times higher in participants having diarrhoea. No oocysts of coccidian parasites were detected in the routinely performed wet mount stool microscopy, as expected. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of opportunistic intestinal parasitic infection in the studied population. Considering the clinical relevance of opportunistic infections particularly in individuals with low CD4 cell count and diarrhoea, the implementation of both stool concentration and modified acid fast staining techniques should be considered to enhance the quality of health care service for HIV-infected patients in resource-limited settings as Ethiopia.

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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Intestinal Parasitic Infection among Preschool Children in Sekota Town, Wag-Himra Zone, Northern Ethiopia; a community Based Cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.2.12039/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Mesfin Wudu Kassaw ◽

Ayele Mamo Abebe ◽

Biruk Beletew Abate ◽

Alemu Birara Zemariam ◽

Ayelign Mengesha Kassie

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Living Room ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infection ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Wet Mount

Abstract Background: Intestinal parasitic infection triggered considerable gastrointestinal morbidity, malnutrition and mortality worldwide, particularly among young children in developing countries. In magnitude, Helminthiasis affect 10%–20% of pre-school children worldwide. In addition, small children below 5 years are uniquely susceptible to intestinal parasitic infestation in the poor community because of their childhood behavior like playing with soil and putting hand to mouth habit. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasitic infection among pre-school children in Sekota town, Ethiopia. Methods: a community based cross-sectional study was completed on 378 preschool children in Sekota town from February 15 – March 10/2019. Stool specimens were collected and examined for intestinal parasites using wet mount and formyl-ether concentration techniques. The risk factors of intestinal parasite were also assessed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The data were entered and analyze using Epi-data version 4.1 and SPSS-version 23 statistical software respectively. Both bivariable and multivariable analysis was carried out. Potential co-linearity was considered and tested. Variables with P-value less than 0.05 in multivariable analysis were considered as statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in Sekota town on wet mount and concentration techniques was 83 (21.9%) and 113 (29.9%) respectively. On multivariable analysis deworming (AOR, (95% CI), (2.5(1.5-4.3), presence of animal in the living room (AOR, (95% CI) (3.1(1.8-5.3), and occupation (AOR, (95% CI) (3.4 (1.1-10.0) were increase the odds of intestinal parasitic infections. Conclusion: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in Sekota town is high, which is a public health problem. The risk factors that contribute for intestinal parasitic infection in this study are preventable and modifiable. These are deworming, having animals in the living room, and occupation. Therefore, care should emphasis on periodical deworming, and campaign either through health education or visiting the home of the community. Whenever possible financially, double and above rooms would be recommended for the community of the town, in particular the animals should be lived in isolated rooms. Key Words: Intestinal Parasites, Preschool, Sekota Town, Prevalence, Risk Factors

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Prevalence and Correlates of Intestinal Parasites among Patients Admitted to Mirembe National Mental Health Hospital, Dodoma, Tanzania

Journal of Parasitology Research ◽

10.1155/2017/5651717 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Azan A. Nyundo ◽

David Z. Munisi ◽

Ainory P. Gesase

Keyword(s):

Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Psychiatric Patients ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infection ◽

Psychiatric Facility ◽

Concentration Data ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Stool Samples

Background. Neglected tropical diseases continue to be one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Psychiatric patients are among groups at risk for parasitic infection although control and monitoring programs largely overlook this population. This study aimed at determining prevalence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infection among patients admitted to a psychiatric facility.Method. The study followed cross-sectional design; all the residing patients that met the inclusion criteria were included in the survey. Stool samples were collected and examined by direct wet preparation and formol-ether concentration. Data were analyzed with STATA version 12.1; Chi-square test was computed to determine the level of significance atpvalue < 0.05.Results.Of all 233 patients who returned the stool samples, 29 (12.45%) screened were positive for an intestinal parasite. There was no significant association between parasite carriage and age, sex, or duration of hospital stay.Conclusion. The study shows that intestinal parasitic infection is common among patients in a psychiatric facility and highlights that parasitic infections that enter through skin penetration may be a more common mode of transmission than the oral route. Furthermore, the study underscores the need for surveillance and intervention programs to control and manage these infections.

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Agreement in the diagnosis of dental fluorosis in central incisors performed by a standardized photographic method and clinical examination

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x2009000500008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 1017-1024 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Carolina Castro Martins ◽

Loliza Chalub ◽

Ynara Bosco Lima-Arsati ◽

Isabela Almeida Pordeus ◽

Saul Martins Paiva

Keyword(s):

Positive Predictive Value ◽

Negative Predictive Value ◽

Clinical Examination ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Gold Standard ◽

Dental Fluorosis ◽

Digital Camera ◽

High Specificity ◽

Photographic Method ◽

Pediatric Dentists

The aim of this study was to assess agreement in the diagnosis of dental fluorosis performed by a standardized digital photographic method and a clinical examination (gold standard). 49 children (aged 7-9 years) were clinically evaluated by a trained examiner for the assessment of dental fluorosis. Central incisors were evaluated for the presence or absence of dental fluorosis and were photographed with a digital camera. Photographs were presented to three pediatric dentists, who examined the images. Data were analyzed using Cohen's kappa and validity values. Agreement in the diagnosis performed by the photographic method and clinical examination was good (0.67) and accuracy was 83.7%. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was reported to be higher in the clinical examination (49%) compared with the photographic method (36.7%). The photographic method presented higher specificity (96%) than sensitivity (70.8%), a positive predictive value (PPV) of 94.4% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 77.4%. The diagnosis of dental fluorosis performed using the photographic method presented high specificity and PPV, which indicates that the method is reproducible and reliable for recording dental fluorosis.

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Prevalence of feline coronavirus antibodies in cats in Bursa province, Turkey, by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1016/j.jfms.2009.02.008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 881-884 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Annamaria Pratelli ◽

Kadir Yesilbag ◽

Marcello Siniscalchi ◽

Ebru Yalçm ◽

Zeki Yilmaz

Keyword(s):

Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Gold Standard ◽

Population Based ◽

Standard Test ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Serum Samples ◽

High Association ◽

Gold Standard Test ◽

Feline Coronavirus

Feline sera from Bursa province (Turkey) were assayed for coronavirus antibody using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study was performed on 100 sera collected from cats belonging to catteries or community shelters and to households. The serum samples were initially tested with the virus neutralisation (VN) test and the results were then compared with the ELISA. The VN yielded 79 negative and 21 positive sera but the ELISA confirmed only 74 as negative. The ELISA-negative sera were also found to be free of feline coronoviruses-specific antibodies by Western blotting. Using the VN as the gold standard test, ELISA had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 93.6%, with an overall agreement of 95%. The Kappa (κ) test indicated high association between the two tests (κ=0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.743–0.980). The positive predictive value (PPV) was 0.8, and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 0.93. The prevalence of FCoV II antibodies in the sampled population based on the gold standard was 62% (95% CI 0.44–0.77) among multi-cat environments, and 4% (95% CI 0.01–0.11) among single cat households.

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Correlation of clinical examination, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy as diagnostic tools in shoulder pathology

International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics ◽

10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20200473 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 247

Author(s):

Sondipon Biswas ◽

Naman Kanodia ◽

Rajat Tak ◽

Siddharth Agrawal ◽

Kiran Shankar Roy

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Rotator Cuff ◽

Positive Predictive Value ◽

Negative Predictive Value ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Gold Standard ◽

Shoulder Arthroscopy ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Shoulder Pathologies

Background: Shoulder pathologies can cause significant pain, discomfort, and affect the activity of daily living. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of clinical examination, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with shoulder arthroscopy in diagnosing various shoulder pathologies, considering shoulder arthroscopy as the gold standard tool.Methods: This was a prospective, comparative study conducted over 35 patients, between 18-75 years of age presenting with chronic shoulder pain or instability of more than 2 months duration. All patients were examined clinically, followed by high resolution ultrasound, MRI, arthroscopy of the affected shoulder.Results: The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography (USG) for diagnosing full thickness tear was 100% each and for MRI was 88% and 100% respectively. For subacromial impingement USG had sensitivity of 66.67%, specificity of 94.12%, positive predictive value of 50% and negative predictive value of 88.89%. For rotator cuff tear USG had sensitivity of 92.86%, specificity of 50%, positive predictive value of 81.25% and negative predictive value of 75% considering shoulder arthroscopy as gold standard.Conclusions: USG and MRI both are sensitive techniques for diagnosing of rotator cuff pathologies. USG has high accuracy in diagnosing partial thickness tears as compare to MRI. MRI proved to be superior in estimation of site and extent of tear. Considering shoulder arthroscopy as gold standard, it can be reserved for patients with suspicious of USG/MRI findings or those who may need surgical intervention simultaneously.

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Intestinal parasitic infections among HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy attending Debretabor General Hospital, Northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-81502/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ermias Alemayehu ◽

Alemu Gedefie ◽

Aderaw Adamu ◽

Jemal Mohammed ◽

Brhanu Kassanew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Hospital ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Northern Ethiopia ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infection ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Concentration Technique

Abstract Background: Parasitic infections are known causes of morbidity among HIV infected patients with low CD4+ counts who are on antiretroviral therapy; mainly as a result of immune suppression. Thus, this study aimed to assess the extent of intestinal parasitic infection and its related risk factors among HIV infected patients attending ART clinic of Debretabor General Hospital, Northern Ethiopia.Patients and methods: A health facility based cross sectional study was conducted on a total of 383 HIV infected patients attending ART clinic of Debretabor General Hospital, Northern Ethiopia from December 2018 to March 2019. An interview based structured questionnaire were used to gather socio-demographic and risk factor data. About 5 grams of fresh stool specimen and 4 ml of venous blood sample were collected, then transported and tested in accordance with the laboratory standard operating procedures. The obtained data was entered into SPSS version 22.0; and analyzed. P-value <0.05 with 95% confidence interval was considered statistically significant.Result: The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 25.3%; with 18% and 23.8% by direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration technique respectively. 8 (2.1%) patients were infected by multiple parasites in concentration technique. Ascaris lumbricoides, 23(25.3%) was the most frequently identified parasite. Parasitic infection was significantly higher among illiterates (P=0.011); patients with a CD4 count of <200 cells/mm3 (P<0.001) and among patients who did not have latrine (P=0.049) than their counter parts.Conclusion: Relatively higher prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was found among HIV/AIDS patients. The distribution of intestinal parasites is greatly affected by illiteracy, reduced CD4+ counts and absence of toilet. Thus, HIV/AIDS patients with low CD4+ counts should be diagnosed consistently for intestinal parasites and routine stool examination and awareness creation should be advocated to be included as an essential component of the ART monitoring strategy for improved patient care.

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