Health Equity in Brazil

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kia Lilly Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Women's Movement ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
Black Movement ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
Successes And Challenges

This book highlights Brazil’s successes and challenges in its quest to provide quality healthcare to all of its citizens, particularly women and Afro-Brazilians. By exploring how health activists and policy makers have attempted to address gender and racial health inequities from the early 1980s to the mid-2010s, this book provides new insights into the Brazilian government’s efforts to meet the needs of populations that are often marginalized on the basis of race and/or gender. The methodological approach used in this book combines analysis of health activism within the women’s movement, black movement, and black women’s movement with examination of health policies and programs at the local, state, and federal level. In addition, the intersectional approach used in this project places health policies for women in dialogue with health policies for the black population. Through use of an intersectional approach that views race, gender, and class as co-occurring and inseparable aspects of identity and social experience, as well as policy formulation, this book sheds light on the effectiveness of Brazilian health policies in meeting the needs of African-descendant women in the country.

scholarly journals Obstacles to advancing women’s health in Mozambique: a qualitative investigation into the perspectives of policy makers

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Qiu ◽  
Talata Sawadogo-Lewis ◽  
Katia Ngale ◽  
Réka Maulide Cane ◽  
Amilcar Magaço ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policies And Programs

Abstract Background Despite substantial investment in women’s health over the past two decades, and enthusiastic government support for MDG 5 and SDG 3, health indicators for women in Mozambique remain among the lowest in the world. Maternal mortality stayed constant from 2003 to 2011, with an MMR of 408; the estimated HIV prevalence for women of 15–24 years is over twice that for men; and only 12.1% of women are estimated to be using modern contraception. This study explores the perspectives of policy makers in the Mozambican health system and affiliates on the challenges that are preventing Mozambique from achieving greater gains in women’s health. Methods We conducted in-depth interviews with 39 senior- and mid-level policy makers in the Ministry of Health and affiliated institutions (32 women, 7 men). Participants were sampled using a combination of systematic random sampling and snowball sampling. Participants were asked about their experiences formulating and implementing health policies and programs, what is needed to improve women’s health in Mozambique, and the barriers and opportunities to achieving such improvement. Results Participants unanimously argued that women’s health is already sufficiently prioritized in national health policies and strategies in Mozambique; the problem, rather, is the implementation and execution of existing women’s health policies and programs. Participants raised challenges related to the policy making process itself, including an ever-changing, fragmented decision-making process, lack of long-term perspective, weak evaluation, and misalignment of programs across sectors. The disproportionate influence of donors was also mentioned, with lack of ownership, rapid transitions, and vertical programming limiting the scope for meaningful change. Finally, participants reported a disconnect between policy makers at the national level and realities on the ground, with poor dissemination of strategies, limited district resources, and poor consideration of local cultural contexts. Conclusions To achieve meaningful gains in women’s health in Mozambique, more focus must be placed on resolving the bottleneck that is the implementation of existing policies. Barriers to implementation exist across multiple health systems components, therefore, solutions to address them must also reach across these multiple components. A holistic approach to strengthening the health system across multiple sectors and at multiple levels is needed.

Inaugural Address

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-253
Author(s):  
Mian Muhammad Yasin Khan Wattoo
Keyword(s):  
General Meeting ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Annual General ◽  
Inaugural Address ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Annual General Meeting ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Almost All

Prof. Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, Dr M. Ghaffar Chaudhry, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is a privilege for me to inaugurate the Fourth Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists. I am pleased to note that within only five years of its existence the Society has evolved into a prestigious forum for a free and precious exchange of ideas among economists and policy-makers. I am told that through these annual general meetings 74 papers on various topics have been prepared and published, and that, in its Lecture Series on Development Economics, eminent international economists and demographers have read papers on leading issues in economics and demography. The literature created under the aegis of the Society furnishes useful insights into the functioning of the economy and has contributed to the comprehension of the problems of almost all areas of Pakistan's economy - agriculture, industry, trade, resource mobilization, etc. I am happy to note that the Society has helped to promote a scientific and pragmatic approach in policy-formulation and economic decision-making, and has enabled us to think systematically about the nature of the challenges posed and faced by Pakistan's economic development and about the response to this challenge.

Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Proses Kebijakan Daerah

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-177
Author(s):  
Abdullah Manshur
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Policy Evaluation ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Problem Situation ◽  
Policy Cycle ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Policy Making Process

Public policy is a decision to deal with a particular problem situation, that identifies the objectives, principles, ways, and means to achieve them. The ability and understanding of policy makers in the policy-making process is very important for the realization of public policy of rapid, accurate and adequate. The product to suit the needs of the public policy, public participation in the policy process is needed in the policy cycle, from policy formulation to policy evaluation. This paper attempts to review the importance of community participation and other forms of public participation in the policy process, in particular, policy areas.

scholarly journals European Youth Work Policy and Young People’s Experience of Open Access Youth Work

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
JON ORD ◽  
MARC CARLETTI ◽  
DANIELE MORCIANO ◽  
LASSE SIURALA ◽  
CHRISTOPHE DANSAC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Young People ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Youth Work ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
European Youth

Abstract This article examines young people’s experiences of open access youth work in settings in the UK, Finland, Estonia, Italy and France. It analyses 844 individual narratives from young people, which communicate the impact of youthwork on their lives. These accounts are then analysed in the light of the European youth work policy goals. It concludes that it is encouraging that what young people identify as the positive impact of youth work are broadly consistent with many of these goals. There are however some disparities which require attention. These include the importance young people place on the social context of youth work, such as friendship, which is largely absent in EU youth work policy; as well as the importance placed on experiential learning. The paper also highlights a tension between ‘top down’ policy formulation and the ‘youth centric’ practices of youth work. It concludes with a reminder to policy makers that for youth work to remain successful the spaces and places for young people must remain meaningful to them ‘on their terms’.

Health Services: Results From the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006

2007 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 464-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy D. Brener ◽  
Lani Wheeler ◽  
Linda C. Wolfe ◽  
Mary Vernon-Smiley ◽  
Linda Caldart-Olson
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
School Health ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Policies And Programs

scholarly journals NeMoR: a New Method Based on Data-Driven for Neonatal Mortality Rate Forecasting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo Beluzo ◽  
Luciana Correia Alves ◽  
Natália Martins Arruda ◽  
Cátia Sepetauskas ◽  
Everton Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Neonatal Mortality Rate ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Public Health Policies

ABSTRACTReduction in child mortality is one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for 2030. In Brazil, despite recent reduction in child mortality in the last decades, the neonatal mortality is a persistent problem and it is associated with the quality of prenatal, childbirth care and social-environmental factors. In a proper health system, the effect of some of these factors could be minimized by the appropriate number of newborn intensive care units, number of health care units, number of neonatal incubators and even by the correct level of instruction of mothers, which can lead to a proper care along the prenatal period. With the intent of providing knowledge resources for planning public health policies focused on neonatal mortality reduction, we propose a new data-driven machine leaning method for Neonatal Mortality Rate forecasting called NeMoR, which predicts neonatal mortality rates for 4 months ahead, using NeoDeathForecast, a monthly base time series dataset composed by these factors and by neonatal mortality rates history (2006-2016), having 57,816 samples, for all 438 Brazilian administrative health regions. In order to build the model, Extra-Tree, XGBoost Regressor, Gradient Boosting Regressor and Lasso machine learning regression models were evaluated and a hyperparameters search was also performed as a fine tune step. The method has been validated using São Paulo city data, mainly because of data quality. On the better configuration the method predicted the neonatal mortality rates with a Mean Square Error lower than 0.18. Besides that, the forecast results may be useful as it provides a way for policy makers to anticipate trends on neonatal mortality rates curves, an important resource for planning public health policies.Graphical AbstractHighlightsProposition of a new data-driven approach for neonatal mortality rate forecast, which provides a way for policy-makers to anticipate trends on neonatal mortality rates curves, making a better planning of health policies focused on NMR reduction possible;a method for NMR forecasting with a MSE lower than 0.18;an extensive evaluation of different Machine Learning (ML) regression models, as well as hyperparameters search, which accounts for the last stage in NeMoR;a new time series database for NMR prediction problems;a new features projection space for NMR forecasting problems, which considerably reduces errors in NRM prediction.

scholarly journals A Multidimensional Analysis of Socioeconomic Factors in Housing Policy in the Eurozone Countries (2010–2014)

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-221
Author(s):  
António Duarte Santos ◽  
Nelson Tavares da Silva ◽  
Guilherme Castela
Keyword(s):  
Housing Policy ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Multidimensional Analysis ◽  
Visual Interpretation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policy Problem ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Housing Research

Summary The latest global economic and financial crisis has had adverse social consequences in many areas, including income and the social situation of households and their living conditions, especially when the housing phenomenon is addressed. The reality of this uncertainty has made the study of the housing phenomenon even more relevant, in particular from the perspective of an analysis of its evolution. In this context, we revisit EUROSTAT’s databases. This analysis was done for twelve Euro Area countries over five years, using the HJ-BIPLOT method developed by Galindo (1986). This multidimensional approach identified and represented twelve Eurozone sample countries in latent constructs of reduced dimensionality related to the housing policy problem. The simultaneous factorial representation identified (a) the most relevant variables to characterize these countries, (b) their trajectories during the period in analysis, and (c) the relations between variables, between countries, and between variables and countries. This approach also identified the most significant factors contributing to the countries' performance. This methodological approach can be useful in housing research, when studying data of a multivariate nature, and is also, by its visual interpretation, a potential tool for producing richer information not only for academia but also for policy makers.

scholarly journals Women’s entrepreneurship policy: a 13 nation cross-country comparison

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colette Henry ◽  
Barbara Orser ◽  
Susan Coleman ◽  
Lene Foss
Keyword(s):  
Policy Development ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Entrepreneurship Policy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Women’S Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Status ◽  
Women's Entrepreneurship

Purpose Government attention to women’s entrepreneurship has increased in the past two decades; however, there are few cross-cultural studies to inform policy development. This paper aims to draw on gender and institutional theory to report on the status of female-focused small and medium-sized enterprises/entrepreneurship policies and to ask how – and to what extent – do women’s entrepreneurship policies differ among countries? Design/methodology/approach A common methodological approach is used to identify gaps in the policy-practice nexus. Findings The study highlights countries where policy is weak but practice is strong, and vice versa. Research limitations/implications The study’s data were restricted to policy documents and observations of practices and initiatives on the ground. Practical implications The findings have implications for policy makers in respect of support for women’s entrepreneurship. Recommendations for future research are advanced. Originality/value The paper contributes to extant knowledge and understanding about entrepreneurship policy, specifically in relation to women’s entrepreneurship. It is also one of the few studies to use a common methodological approach to explore and compare women’s entrepreneurship policies in 13 countries.

Interactionist Tools for Assessing Community Resilience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Braden Leap
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Symbolic Interaction ◽  
Ecological Resilience ◽  
Resilience Theory ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Approaches To Studying ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Economic Downturns ◽  
Policies And Programs

This chapter contends that classic and contemporary research by symbolic interactionists, and those in closely related theoretical traditions, can provide an effective toolkit for enriching assessments of how resilience unfolds in practice. This is especially important if we hope to develop and implement policies and programs that have a greater potential for enhancing communities' abilities to effectively respond to socio-ecological disruptions. The chapter discusses resilience theory before addressing how interactionist work on institutions as well as interactions between humans and nonhumans—what can be referred to as (non)human interactions—can enrich considerations of resilience. Socio-ecological resilience theory has increasingly been utilized by scholars, development officials, and policy makers to assess whether and how communities can be sustained in response to disruptions related to a range of socio-ecological processes such as floods, epidemics, climate change, and economic downturns. Paralleling others who advocate employing multiple theoretical traditions to better assess the intricate complexities of resilience, instead of arguing that symbolic interaction should supplant other approaches to studying resilience, the chapter emphasizes that symbolic interactionism can complement and extend existing research on resilience.

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