scholarly journals Ozone variation over tropics: Trends revealed from Dobson measurement over Indian stations

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
V. S. TIWARI
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Ozone Distribution ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Yearly Average ◽  
Ozone Variation ◽  
Using Data

. Variations in ozone amounts have been studied using data obtained with Dobson spectrophotometers during 1966-1988 at Srinagar, New Delhi, Pune and Kodaikanal. Yearly average values of total ozone , and its vertical distribution by the Umkehr method in layers 1 to 9 have been computed. Departures from compo- site avarage value for the period (1966-1988) have been computed for both total ozone and its vertical distribution. The variation over New Delhi and Pune have been compared with those at Arosa reported by Dutsch {1989).  The observed variations in the ozone distribution at New Delhi and Pune can be explained, as being within normal interannual changes. Tropospheric ozone in layer lover New Delhi shows some effects of an anthropogenic nature, on the other hand Pune does not exhibit in any influence of pollutants in any layer, either in the troposphere or stratosphert.

scholarly journals Total ozone trends and variability during 1979–2012 from merged datasets of various satellites

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 30407-30452 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Chehade ◽  
J. P. Burrows ◽  
M. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Eddy Heat Flux ◽  
Other Hand

Abstract. The study presents a~long term statistical trend analysis of total ozone datasets obtained from various satellites. A multi-variate linear regression was applied to annual mean zonal mean data using various natural and anthropogenic explanatory variables that represent dynamical and chemical processes which modify global ozone distributions in a changing climate. The study investigated the magnitude and zonal distribution of the different atmospheric chemical and dynamical factors to long-term total ozone changes. The regression model included the equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC), the 11 yr solar cycle, the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), stratospheric aerosol loading describing the effects from major volcanic eruptions, the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Arctic and Antarctic Oscillation (AO/AAO), and accumulated eddy heat flux (EHF), the latter representing changes due to the Brewer–Dobson circulation. The total ozone column dataset used here comprises the SBUV/TOMS/OMI merged data (1979–2012) MOD V8.0, the SBUV/SBUV-2 merged V8.6 and the merged GOME/SCIAMACHY/GOME-2 (GSG) WFDOAS merged data (1995–2012). The trend analysis was performed for twenty six 5° wide latitude bands from 65° S to 65° N, the analysis explained most of the ozone variability. The results show that QBO dominates the ozone variability in the tropics (±7 DU) while at higher latitudes, the dynamical indices, AO/AAO and eddy heat flux, have substantial influence on total ozone variations by up to ±10 DU. Volcanic aerosols are only prominent during the eruption periods and these together with the ENSO signal are more evident in the Northern Hemisphere. The signature of the solar cycle is evident over all latitudes and contributes about 10 DU from solar maximum to solar minimum. EESC is found to be a main contributor to the long-term ozone decline and the trend changes after the end of 1990s. A positive significant trend in total ozone columns is found after 1997 (between 1 and 8.2 DU decade−1) which points at the slowing of ozone decline and the onset of ozone recovery. The EESC based trends are compared with the trends obtained from the statistical piecewise linear trend (PWLT or hockey stick) model with a turnaround in 1997 to examine the differences between both approaches. Similar and significant pre-turnaround trends are observed. On the other hand, our results do indicate that the positive PWLT turnaround trends are larger than indicated by the EESC trends, however, they agree within 2-sigma, thus demonstrating the success of the Montreal Protocol phasing out of the ozone depleting substances (ODS). A sensitivity study is carried out by comparing the regression results, using SBUV MOD 8.0 merged time series (1979–2012) and a merged dataset combining TOMS/SBUV (1979–June 1995) and GOME/SCIAMACHY/GOME-2 ("GSG") WFDOAS (Weighting Function DOAS) (July 1995–2012) as well as SBUV/SBUV-2 MOD 8.6 (1979–2012) in the regression analysis in order to investigate the uncertainty in the long-term trends due to different ozone datasets and data versions. Replacing the late SBUV merged data record with GSG data (unscaled and adjusted) leads to very similar results demonstrating the high consistency between satellite datasets. However, the comparison of the new SBUV merged Mod V8.6 with the V8.0 data showed somewhat smaller sensitivities with regard to several proxies, however, the EESC and PWLT trends are very similar. On the other hand, the new MOD 8.6 data in the PWLT model revealed a~reduced ODS related upward trend after 1997.

scholarly journals Strategies of Subtitling the Word Fuck in The Wolf of Wall Street Movie

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Adi Sutrisno ◽  
Nizar Ibnus
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Value ◽  
Wall Street ◽  
Translation Strategy ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Film Censorship ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One

To determine the appropriate strategy for the translation of the word fuck and its variants in audio visual translation is indeed problematic. On the one hand, the translator is required to maintain the beauty of the literary value as reflected in the dialogues, including the usage of offensive swear words; on the other hand, he is obliged to comply with the provisions stipulated in government regulation number 13 year 2014 concerning film censorship agency, especially paragraph 6 article 25 which forbids the usage of vulgar, offensive, racist words that have the potential to ignite public unrest. This research is intended to investigate the choice of translation strategy made by the translator. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative using data in the form of the word fuck and its variants with The Wolf of Wall Street movie as the data source. This study is also intended to compare the results of a similar study conducted by Hawel (2019) which is about the strategy of audiovisual translation from English to Arabic. The results showed that there are similarities in the frequency of the strategies used, namely omission and softening strategies, which reached 75% and 25% respectively in Hawel's research (2019), and omission and mollification strategies which reached 72.9% and 27.1% consecutively in this study. The word mollification in this research is similar to the word softening in Hawel's (2019).

scholarly journals THE ELECTORAL CLOUT OF UNIONS IN JAPAN: VOTE MOBILIZATION IN COMPANY TOWNS

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-87
Author(s):  
Fumi Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Organizational Capacity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Voter Mobilization ◽  
Company Towns ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Industrial Unions

AbstractInterest groups and other organizations are crucial vehicles for voter mobilization, but variations in their capacities are not well understood. To clarify the ways in which vote mobilization capacities vary, I analyze vote mobilization in two private-sector industrial unions supporting the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ). The Japanese Federation of Textile, Chemical, Food, Commercial Service and General Workers’ Union (UA Zensen), has a very large membership but mobilizes few votes. The Confederation of Japan Automobile Worker's Unions (JAW), on the other hand, has fewer members but mobilizes more votes. In this article, I argue that unions whose constituent units operate company towns are most successful in mobilizing votes. Organizational capacity –independent of membership size – matters in the electoral arena. Using data from House of Councillors elections, I show that those industrial unions that include many enterprises with company towns have advantage in voter mobilization.

The regions of infestation of wool by Noogoora burr (Xanthium strumarium), their climates and the biological control of the weed

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Wapshere
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pyralid Moth

The distribution in Australia of a vegetable fault in wool caused by Noogoora burr, Xanthium stumarium, is outlined. The climates of the region in Australia where the burr produces maximum contamination of wool and where it is of the greatest economic importance are compared with the climates of North America (Texas) and the Indian subcontinent (New Delhi) from where the cerambycids, Mecas saturnina and Nupserha vexator, have been introduced respectively as biological control agents for the weed. The comparisons suggest that neither agent is climatically pre-adapted to the region in Australia where Noogoora burr has the greatest economic importance. On the other hand, a pyralid moth, Oeobia vevbascalis, from Pakistan is well adapted to the climates of the regions affected.

scholarly journals Quantifying the sensitivity of aerosol optical properties to the parameterizations of physico-chemical processes during the 2010 Russian wildfires and heatwave

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Palacios-Peña ◽  
Philip Stier ◽  
Raquel Lorente-Plazas ◽  
Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Convective Transport ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aerosol Optical Properties ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Non Linear

Abstract. The impact of aerosol-radiation and aerosol-clouds interactions on the radiative forcing is subject to large uncertainties. This is caused by the limited understanding of aerosol optical properties and the role of aerosols as cloud condensation/ice nuclei (CCN/IN). On the other hand, aerosol optical properties and vertical distribution are highly related and their uncertainties come from different processes. This work attempts to quantify the sensitivity of aerosol optical properties (i.e. aerosol optical depth; AOD) and their vertical distribution (using the extinction coefficient, backscatter coefficient, and concentrations species profiles) to key processes. In order to achieve this objective sensitivity tests have been carried out, using the WRF-Chem regional fully coupled model by modifying the dry deposition, sub-grid convective transport, relative humidity and wet scavenging. The 2010 Russian heatwave/wildfire episode has been selected as case study. Results indicate that AOD is sensitive to these key processes in the following order of importance: 1) modification of relative humidity, causing AOD differences up to 0.6; 2) modification of vertical convection transport with AOD differences around  0.4; and 3) the dry deposition with AOD differences up to −0.35 and 0.3. Moreover, these AOD changes exhibit a non-linear response. Both, an increase and a decrease in the RH result in higher AOD values. On the other hand, both, the increase and offset of the sub-grid convective transport lead to a reduction in the AOD over the fire area. In addition, a similar non-linear response is found when reducing the dry deposition velocity; in particular, for the accumulation mode where the concentration of several species increases (while a decrease might be expected). These non-linear responses are highly dependent on the equilibrium of the thermodynamics system sulphate-nitrate-SOA (secondary organic aerosol). In this sense, small changes in the concentration of one species can strongly affect others, finally affecting aerosol optical properties. Changes in this equilibrium could come from modifications in relative humidity, dry deposition or vertical convective transport. By itself, dry deposition also presents a high uncertainty influencing the AOD representation.

scholarly journals Quantifying the sensitivity of aerosol optical properties to the parameterizations of physico-chemical processes during the 2010 Russian wildfires and heatwave

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 9679-9700
Author(s):  
Laura Palacios-Peña ◽  
Philip Stier ◽  
Raquel Lorente-Plazas ◽  
Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Nonlinear Response ◽  
Convective Transport ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aerosol Optical Properties ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The impact of aerosol–radiation and aerosol–cloud interactions on the radiative forcing is subject to large uncertainties. This is caused by the limited understanding of aerosol optical properties and the role of aerosols as cloud condensation/ice nuclei (CCN/IN). On the other hand, aerosol optical properties and vertical distribution are highly related, and their uncertainties come from different processes. This work attempts to quantify the sensitivity of aerosol optical properties (i.e. aerosol optical depth; AOD) and their vertical distribution (using the extinction coefficient, backscatter coefficient, and concentrations' species profiles) to key processes. In order to achieve this objective, sensitivity tests have been carried out, using the WRF-Chem regional fully coupled model by modifying the dry deposition, sub-grid convective transport, relative humidity, and wet scavenging. The 2010 Russian heatwave–wildfires episode has been selected as case study. Results indicate that AOD is sensitive to these key processes in the following order of importance: (1) modification of relative humidity, causing AOD differences of up to 0.6; (2) modification of vertical convection transport with AOD differences around −0.4; and (3) the dry deposition with AOD absolute differences of up to −0.35 and 0.3. Moreover, these AOD changes exhibit a nonlinear response. Both an increase and a decrease in the RH result in higher AOD values. On the other hand, both the increase and offset of the sub-grid convective transport lead to a reduction in the AOD over the fire area. In addition, a similar nonlinear response is found when reducing the dry deposition velocity; in particular, for the accumulation mode where the concentration of several species increases (while a decrease might be expected). These nonlinear responses are highly dependent on the equilibrium of the thermodynamics system sulfate–nitrate–SOA (secondary organic aerosol). In this sense, small changes in the concentration of one species can strongly affect others, finally affecting aerosol optical properties. Changes in this equilibrium could come from modifications in relative humidity, dry deposition, or vertical convective transport. By itself, dry deposition also presents a high uncertainty influencing the AOD representation.

scholarly journals Tertiary education expansion and access for disadvantaged women in Brazil and Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-93
Author(s):  
Adriana Rueda Barrios
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Education ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indigenous Language ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Education Expansion ◽  
Disadvantaged Women ◽  
Socioeconomic Stratification ◽  
Using Data

This paper seeks to identify if women from vulnerable, socioeconomic and ethnic/racially, backgrounds have been benefited from this process through the Maximally Maintained Hypothesis developed by Raftery and Hout (1993), in which vulnerable or less advantageous groups can access education only after the demand of the most advantaged group has been met. Using data from the National Household Surveys from Brazil (PNAD) and Mexico (ENIGH) both countries were studied for the 2004 and 2014 periods in order to observe the changes occurring through time, with a focus on the women population. As a result, this study found two different dynamics of inclusion: while in Brazil higher socioeconomic inclusion has been attained, there is a persistent stratification by race in tertiary education with an underrepresentation of non-white participants. On the other hand, Mexico has advanced in terms of including the population that describes itself as indigenous or understands an indigenous language, nonetheless underrepresentation from those that speak an indigenous language persist and socioeconomic stratification remains a factor of exclusion.

Desdemona moksham: A Shakespearean murder revisited

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Raina
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Single Action ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Counter Argument

This article examines two performances, Othello in Kathakali and The Magic Hour, concentrating the analysis around two different choices made around a single action: the killing of Desdemona. While Desdemona is killed in the Kathakali Othello, in The Magic Hour this does not occur. The argument in this article differs from a critique that suggests Othello in Kathakali, created by Sadanam Balakrishnan and performed by the International Center for Kathakali in New Delhi, fails to nuance the inherent misogyny in the original Shakespearean text while improvising on its own conventions. A sustained counter argument is presented, which suggests that the design of the performance has enough new elements, fresh codes and reinvented conventions to address the political/racial theme of the story, and that any misogyny inherently lies not in the creator’s intentions, but rather in the Shakespearean text itself. The Magic Hour, on the other hand, negotiates the misogyny in the Shakespearean text more directly and, by choosing not to kill Desdemona, transforms the murder sequence into a scene of liberation, of moksham.

Using Data Glasses inside a modern BIM approach for the Planning, Construction and Maintenance of Structures

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Kraus ◽  
Thomas Braml ◽  
Michael Breitenberger
Keyword(s):  
Planning Process ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
The Other ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Building Components ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One

<p>The planning methods of Building Information Modeling (BIM) are already used as standard for the planning of buildings and bridges. 3-D models of the structures are created. From these 3-D models, 2-D drawings are derived and made available to the construction site for construction. This derivation of 2-D drawings takes a lot of work and questions the continuous digital planning process. New ways have to be developed how the information is brought from the office to the construction site and how this information is made available digitally to the workers. On the other hand, in-situ collection and post-processing of data is a highly topical issue. The techniques of Virtual and Augmented Reality look promising for that purpose. This article on the one hand shows the potentials of data glasses inside a modern BIM approach for the whole civil engineering context and on the other hand presents concepts as well as first experiences with the use of data glasses for the construction of building components within a BIM work flow. It can be shown, that data glasses are very well suited and promising for the use of transferring planning information to the construction site and vice versa.</p>

A Study of Imperative Usage in Biblical Hebrew and English

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-446
Author(s):  
John Myhill
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Biblical Hebrew ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Interactive Factors

This paper reports the results of a detailed text-based study of the use of Imperative constructions in Biblical Hebrew and English, and shows that the two languages differ significantly in this regard. The use of the English Imperative in the database is conditioned largely by social and interactive factors, e.g. the relationship between the speaker and the listener, their relative social status, the sensitivity of the action of giving the command, the setting of the interaction, who will benefit from the action, etc.; on the other hand, the usage of the Imperative in the Hebrew database is mainly determined by semantic and structural factors, e.g. the point in time when the commanded action is to take place, the linguistic form of the preceding clause, whether the command is the first in a conversation, etc. The clear differences here show that there cannot be any uniform explanation about why Imperatives in general are used, as have been proposed in speech act theory (e.g. Searle 1975); on the other hand, these differences are sufficiently complex that they also cannot be accounted for with simple statements regarding cultural differences (e.g. Blum-Kulka 1991). The results of this study suggest that theories about speech acts should be based not upon philosophical speculations using data from a single language, or upon limited linguistic and cultural data carefully selected to support a particular theory, but upon extensive, detailed, and exhaustive linguistic analysis which will clearly establish the descriptive facts of speech act usage in a variety of languages.

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