scholarly journals Chemical restraint of jaguars Panthera onca Linnaeus, 1758 with allometrically scaled doses of tiletamine, zolazepam, detomidine, and atropine

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1595
Author(s):  
Marcos Vinícius De Souza ◽  
Liliane Rangel Nascimento ◽  
Liria Queiroz Luz Hirano ◽  
André Luiz Quagliatto Santos ◽  
José Ricardo Pachaly
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Panthera Onca ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Chemical Restraint ◽  
Righting Reflex

Chemical restraint of large felids is necessary for the handling, transportation, clinical assessment, and induction of anesthesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of chemical restraint using a combination of tiletamine, zolazepam, detomidine, and atropine with interspecific allometric scaling doses in captive Panthera onca. There were ten males (two melanistic ones) and five females weighing between 35 and 80 kg. The evaluation of the chemical restraint protocol was carried out during routine management of the animals for physical examination, collection of blood and bone marrow samples, dental evaluation, and other procedures. During pre-established intervals, rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, nociception of thoracic and pelvic limbs, muscle relaxation and loss of the righting reflex were monitored. Loss of the righting reflex occurred at 8 ± 1.89 minutes post-injection (MPI). Respiratory rate returned at 77.6 ± 8.18 MPI; return of consciousness occurred at 112.6 ± 12.28 MPI, and complete recovery at 153 ± 12.47 MPI. There were no statistical differences between heart and respiratory rate means and oxyhemoglobin saturation. For rectal temperature, there was a significant reduction. The protocol analyzed was efficient for the chemical restraint of jaguars, enabling the manipulation, transportation, physical examination, dental evaluation, blood and bone marrow sample collection, and other minor invasive procedures of medium duration in these animals.

scholarly journals A comparative study between using of Midazolam-Ketamine and Diazepam-Ketamine combinations as anaesthetic program in sheep

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
S. A. A. Al-Redah
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Anaesthetic Drug ◽  
Group D ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The present study was designed to compare the efficacy for using of the two anesthetics combinations (Midazolam-Ketamine and Diazepam-Ketamine). The effect of combinations on the length of surgical anesthesia, degree of flank analgesia, degree of muscle relaxation, respiratory rate, heart rate and rectal temperature were assayed in sheep.The experiment was conducted on ten apparently healthy adult sheep of either sex weighting (24-33kg). Sheep were divided in two equal groups, Diazepam (1mg/kg BW) +Ketamine (10mg/kg BW) group (D+K), Midazolam (1mg/kg BW) +Ketamine 10mg/kg BW group (M+K), was used by intramuscular injection, benzodiazepine derivative (diazepam or midazolam) injected first and then followed by ketamine 10minutes later.The following parameter were recorded at 3minutes before injection of drug and 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60 and 75 minutes (min.) respectively after administration of anaesthetic drug (Rectal Temperature , Respiratory Rate , Heart Rate , Degree of Analgesia , Degree of Muscle relaxation), the induction time, surgical anaesthesia and recovery time also were recorded.The experiment showed that the anaesthesia with Midazolam + Ketamine combination in sheep was suitable compared with Diazepam + Ketamine as it produced reliable surgical anaesthesia, good analgesia and muscle relaxation.

scholarly journals Potential use of dexmedetomidine for different levels of sedation, analgesia and anaesthesia in dogs

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amarpal ◽  
RA Ahmad ◽  
P. Kinjavdekar ◽  
HP Aithal ◽  
AM Pawde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Deep Sedation ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Righting Reflex ◽  
Sedation And Analgesia ◽  
Different Levels

A combination of drugs may be preferred over the use of a single agent to induce deep sedation. A synergistic interaction between the drugs reduces the dose requirements of the drugs thereby minimising the unwanted side effects associated with each drug and improving recovery. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the suitability of dexmedetomidine and dexmedetomidine in combination with midazolam-fentanyl or midazolam-fentanyl-ketamine for different levels of sedation, analgesia and anaesthesia in dogs. In a prospective, blinded, randomised clinical trial, 12 mixed breed dogs were divided into three groups. Animals of Group I were injected with dexmedetomidine 20 μg/kg. Animals of Group II received 20 μg/kg dexmedetomidine + 0.2 mg/kg midazolam + 4 μg/kg fentanyl and animals of Group III were administered with 20 μg/kg dexmedetomidine + 0.2 mg/kg midazolam + 4 μg/kg fentanyl + 10 mg/kgketamine. All the drugs were given simultaneously via the intramuscular route. Jaw relaxation, palpebral reflex, pedal reflex and response to intubation were recorded and graded on a numerical scale. Values of heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and mean arterial pressure were recorded at baseline and then at predetermined intervals up to 120 min. Onset of sedation time, onset of recumbency time, time to return of righting reflex, standing recovery time and complete recovery time were recorded. Maximal muscle relaxation, sedation and analgesia were observed in animals of Group III, which was followed in decreasing order by Groups II and I. Heart rate decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after administration of drugs in Groups I and II but a significant (P < 0.05) increase was recorded in Group III. Respiratory rate decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in all the groups. Rectal temperature decreased non-significantly in all the groups. Mean arterial pressure initially increased significantly (P < 0.01) in Groups I and III followed by a decrease in Group I, but in Group III it remained above the base line. In Group II, MAP decreased throughout the study period. Onset of sedation time and onset of recumbency time were significantly (P < 0.05) shorter in Group III as compared to Group I. Time to return of righting reflex, standing recovery time and complete recovery time did not differ significantly between the groups. It is concluded that dexmedetomidine provides a reliable moderate sedation and analgesia. Addition of midazolam and fentanyl enhances sedation, analgesia and muscle relaxation induced by dexmedetomidine. Addition of ketamine produced deep sedation and complete anaesthesia with lesser cardiopulmonary depression. Thus, dexmedetomidine can be used safely in combination with midazolam, fentanyl and ketamine for different levels of sedation, analgesia and anaesthesia in dogs.  

scholarly journals Evaluation of Medetomidine-Ketamine for Immobilization of Feral Horses in Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ovidiu Roşu ◽  
Iulia Melega ◽  
Alina L. Evans ◽  
Jon M. Arnemo ◽  
Susanne Küker
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Feral Horses ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Wide Range

Feral horses are immobilized for a variety of reasons including population control via contraceptives. Although opioid combinations have been successfully used for immobilization of feral horses, there is a need for combinations using drugs that are more readily available and present less of a human health hazard. We evaluated the chemical immobilization with physiological measurements and blood gas analyses of 91 free-ranging feral horses (Equus ferus caballus) remotely immobilized with a combination of 30 mg medetomidine and 775 mg ketamine in a single disposable 6 ml dart. During immobilization, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, capillary refill time and peripheral oxygen hemoglobin saturation (SpO2) were evaluated. In eight horses, arterial blood samples were analyzed to evaluate the blood gases, acid-base status and hematologic variables. Targeted horses presented a wide range of age, size and body condition. Eighty-one horses had an uneventful mean induction of 7.2 min. Eighty-nine horses were immobilized in lateral recumbency with good muscle relaxation and a median recumbency time of 67 min. Ten horses required supplemental ketamine intravenously (x̄ = 434 mg) due to incomplete immobilization. In 58 horses the effects of medetomidine were antagonized with atipamezole intravenously. Increased respiratory rate (>20 breaths/min), increased heart rate (>45 beats/min) and decreased SpO2 < 90% were noted in more than half of the individuals, while increased rectal temperature (>39.0°C) was recorded in six animals. Blood parameters showed hypoxemia (<90 mmHg, n = 8), hypercapnia (>45 mmHg, n = 5), high glucose levels (>134 mmol/L, n = 3), increased blood lactate (>1.5 mmol/L), total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate and base excess which further increased in the second sample, whereas SpO2 and calcium values decreased. Recoveries were smooth, with one (n = 86) or more (n = 5) attempts of standing. Eighty-nine recoveries were uneventful, besides one male that showed signs of monoparesis of the left front leg and one mare with signs consistent with exertional myopathy. In conclusion, medetomidine-ketamine provided a reliable immobilization in feral horses over a wide range of body mass and age. However, based on the observed hypoxemia during immobilization, oxygen supplementation is strongly recommended for this protocol.

scholarly journals Applied study for general inhalation anaesthesia in sheep

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Mohannad S. A. ◽  
Nabih M. A. ◽  
Ayad A. J.
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
General Anaesthesia ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Atropine Sulfate ◽  
Inhalation Anaesthesia ◽  
Applied Study ◽  
Ruminal Contractions

General inhalation anaesthesia has been evaluated in twelve local sheep, which were divided in two equal groups. First group anaesthtized by induction with intravenous injection of ( Atropine sulfate 0.4 mg/kg B.W) and after 10 to minuts ( xylazine 0.02 mg/kg . B.W.) and ( Ketamine 10 mg/kg . B.W.). While the second group has been inducted with ( xylazine 0.02 and pentobarbiton sodium 15 mg /kg B.W) with intravenons injection premidirated with (Atropine sulfate 0.4 mg/kg B.W).  The general anaesthesia has been maintained in both groups with inhalation of halothane and oxygen 1-2% concentration by (( To and Fro)) inhalation closed system. The changes in the parameters of pulse rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and ruminal contractions has been considered from time 0 to 60 minutes to evalute the general anaesthesia .xylazine and ketamine induction followed with halothane show effective and safe gerenal anaesthesia with excellent muscle relaxation , analgesia and ensured rapid and safe recovery with minium cardio-pulmonary depression .

Evaluation of alfaxalone and dexmedetomidine for intramuscular restraint in European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 185 (5) ◽  
pp. 145-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Bellini ◽  
Gaia Pagani ◽  
Antonio Mollo ◽  
Barbara Contiero ◽  
Enrico Loretti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
External Source ◽  
Health Checks ◽  
Chemical Restraint ◽  
Effective Combination ◽  
Righting Reflex ◽  
End Tidal

The European hedgehogs may require the use of chemical restraint for clinical examination because of their tendency to roll up as a defensive behaviour. This study evaluated the effects of alfaxalone combined with dexmedetomidine for restraint of hedgehogs undergoing pre-release health checks and atipamezole for recovery.Twenty hedgehogs received alfaxalone 2 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 0.05 mg/kg intramuscularly in the quadriceps. If the righting reflex was still present, both drugs were administered at half of the initial doses. A semiquantitative scale scored sedation; clinical variables evaluated included pulse rate, respiratory rate, arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation, end-tidal CO2 and body temperature.The righting reflex disappeared between 141 and 880 seconds. Overweight animals required one additional injection to achieve adequate relaxation. Pulse rate decreased during the procedure and increased after atipamezole administration. Respiratory rate and end-tidal CO2 did not change statistically throughout the procedure but one hedgehog showed haemoglobin oxygen saturation lower than 90%. Recovery after atipamezole was smooth and complete. Body temperature decreased over time.The sedation protocol may represent an effective combination to restrain European hedgehogs and atipamezole provides a rapid antagonism. Additional sedatives administration may be required in overweight animals and an external source of oxygen should be available.

scholarly journals Effects of tramadol with tiletamine/zolazepam-xylazine as anaesthesia in cats

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-223
Author(s):  
Lin Li ◽  
Jing Dong ◽  
Dezhang Lu ◽  
Sheng Jiang ◽  
Dongqi Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Anaesthetic Technique ◽  
Anaesthetic Induction ◽  
Physiological Indicators

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the combination of tiletamine/zolazepam-xylazine-tramadol (TZXT) in cats and to compare its efficacy as an anaesthetic technique with tiletamine/zolazepam-xylazine (TZX). Fourteen healthy thirteen-month-old cats of both sexes were immobilized by TZXT or TZX on two different occasions. The cats’ scores for immobilization, analgesia and baseline physiological indicators, heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature, were recorded before and 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min after administration of TZXT or TZX. Animals in both groups became laterally recumbent within 3 min and physiological indicators changed after administration. These changes were within biologically acceptable limits; these measurements did not differ between the treatments. Induction and recovery quality in animals was better with TZXT than with TZX. Sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxation and posture scores was higher in TZXT group. During recovery, cats in TZXT group were more conscious than cats in TZX group. This study showed that in cats, addition of tramadol (T) to TZX improved the quality of anaesthetic induction and increased the analgesic effect without adversely affecting the physiological indicators. Thus tiletamine/zolazepam-xylazine-tramadol shows to be more suitable for cat anaesthesia.

Pancytopenia: A Challenging Problem for Treating Physician

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Md. Rezaul Karim Chowdhury ◽  
Amina Begum ◽  
Md. Haroon Ur Rashid ◽  
Md. Kamrul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Blood Smear ◽  
Peripheral Blood Smear ◽  
Bone Marrow Examination ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Trephine Biopsy ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Underlying Pathology ◽  
Careful History

Pancytopenia is an important clinico-haematological entity and striking feature of many serious and life-threatening illnesses. Many haematological and non-haematological diseases involve the bone marrow primarily or secondarily and cause pancytopenia. Decrease in haemopoietic cell production, ineffective haemopoiesis and peripheral sequestration or destruction of the cells are the main pathophysiology of pancytopenia. The cause of pancytopenia thus may be lying in the bone marrow or in the periphery or both. Careful history, physical examination, simple blood work, review of the peripheral blood smear, sometimes bone marrow examination and trephine biopsy are required for diagnosis. Treatment and prognosis depend on the severity of pancytopenia and underlying pathology.

scholarly journals Energy Supplementation during the Last Third of Gestation Improves Mother–Young Bonding in Goats

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Juan M. Vázquez-García ◽  
Gregorio Álvarez-Fuentes ◽  
Héctor O. Orozco-Gregorio ◽  
Juan C. García-López ◽  
Milagros González-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Labor Duration ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Energy Supplementation ◽  
Birth Body Weight ◽  
Birth Type

We tested whether maternal energy supplementation during the last third of gestation improves birth weight, neonatal wellbeing, and mother–young bonding. Thirty-six pregnant French Alpine goats were randomly allocated among three nutritional treatments for the last third of pregnancy: (i) Control, fed alfalfa (T-0; n = 12); (ii) alfalfa + 150 g/head daily energy concentrate (T-150; n = 12); (iii) alfalfa + 300 g/head daily energy concentrate (T-300; n = 12). At birth, we collected progeny data on birth weight, birth type, sex, rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, time to standing, time to udder connection, and time to first feeding. For the dams, we collected data on the duration of labor, time to clean the progeny, and time to allow first suckling. At birth, body weight, rectal temperature, heart rate, and the respiratory rate did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05). In the dams, labor duration was not affected by the treatments (p > 0.05). The T-150 dams were faster to clean the newborn and allow first suckling (p < 0.05). The T-150 progeny were faster to stand and the T-300 progeny were faster to connect to the udder (p < 0.05). We conclude that energy supplementation of the dam during the last third of gestation does not affect the birth weight of the progeny, but enhances the mother–young bonding.

scholarly journals Liver Injury and the Macrophage Issue: Molecular and Mechanistic Facts and Their Clinical Relevance

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7249
Author(s):  
Siyer Roohani ◽  
Frank Tacke
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Hepatocellular Cancer ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Hepatic Macrophages ◽  
Liver Injuries ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
Injured Liver

The liver is an essential immunological organ due to its gatekeeper position to bypassing antigens from the intestinal blood flow and microbial products from the intestinal commensals. The tissue-resident liver macrophages, termed Kupffer cells, represent key phagocytes that closely interact with local parenchymal, interstitial and other immunological cells in the liver to maintain homeostasis and tolerance against harmless antigens. Upon liver injury, the pool of hepatic macrophages expands dramatically by infiltrating bone marrow-/monocyte-derived macrophages. The interplay of the injured microenvironment and altered macrophage pool skews the subsequent course of liver injuries. It may range from complete recovery to chronic inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular cancer. This review summarizes current knowledge on the classification and role of hepatic macrophages in the healthy and injured liver.

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