scholarly journals Damage and intensities in the magnitude 7.8 1929 Murchison, New Zealand, earthquake

1994 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Dowrick
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
The South ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
The Future ◽  
Seismically Induced Landslides ◽  
Intensity Map ◽  
Made In

This paper is the result of a study of the Ms= 7.8 Murchison earthquake which occurred in the South Island of New Zealand, on 16(UT) June 1929, a few years prior to the introduction of the first earthquake loadings code in New Zealand. It gives the first description of the damage to buildings in this event in modern earthquake engineering terms, and presents the first Modified Mercalli (MM) intensity map for the event determined from the original felt information. Some definitions of "well-built" pre-code buildings are proposed: these should help in dealing with safety and conservation issues raised when considering the future of such "earthquake risk" buildings. No evidence was found for MM10 intensities, although ground shaking of this strength probably occurred in the unpopulated mountainous countryside close to the fault rupture. Recommendations for improving the criteria for determining MM intensity are made in respect of (1) pre-code buildings and (2) seismically-induced landslides.

The Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 reconnaissance report

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiashun Yu ◽  
Philip Yong ◽  
Stuart Read ◽  
P. Brabhaharan ◽  
Meng Foon
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Engineered Structures ◽  
Irregular Buildings ◽  
Transportation Routes ◽  
Catastrophic Impact

On 12 May 2008 at 2.28 pm Beijing Time, an Ms 8.0 earthquake occurred in the Wenchuan County of Sichuan province, China. The associated fault ruptured over 240 km on the ground surface. The resulting damage was very severe and widespread, with casualties of almost 70,000, another 18,000 missing and 370,000 injured. The New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering reconnaissance team observed the effects and the recovery from this massive earthquake. The team studied the damages caused to the natural and the built environment due to fault rupture, seismic shaking, huge landslides and rockfalls. Maximum shaking intensity of MM XI significantly exceeded design intensity of MM VII for the area. Earthquake induced landslides had a major and catastrophic impact on development and infrastructure in this earthquake. Site selection was demonstrated to be critical. Brittle or non-ductile and irregular buildings performed very poorly especially in a seismic overload situation. Well engineered structures and dams performed well. Lifeline facilities were severely damaged, which resulted in interruptions to key transportation routes, inhibited rescue and recovery operations.

scholarly journals Life on the Wellington Fault: Managing Geological Collections and Earthquake Risk

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. e26230
Author(s):  
Delia Strong ◽  
Marianna Terezow
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Return Time ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Reference Collection

GNS Science is home to New Zealand’s national rock, mineral and fossil collections. The National Petrology Reference Collection (NPRC) is a ‘nationally significant’ collection of rocks and minerals from on- and off-shore New Zealand, Antarctica and the rest of the world. The National Paleontological Collection (NPC) is another nationally significant collection; of fossil material from New Zealand, the South West Pacific region and Antarctica, with some overseas additions. Their status as nationally significant collections mean that GNS Science is contracted by the New Zealand Government to provide long-term collection management. Collectively, the NPC and NPRC constitute more than 200,000 samples, dating from the earliest days of New Zealand geology exploration in the late 1800s. The collections continue to grow by hundreds to thousands of samples per year, and are loaned nationally and internationally for scientific research. They are by far the largest collections of fossils, rocks and minerals housed in New Zealand, and are important earth science archives for the entire Zealandian Southern Ocean region. The collections are housed on-site at GNS Science in Lower Hutt, a few hundred meters from the surface trace of the Wellington Fault and within striking distance of other active faults that could generate major earthquakes. Best estimates suggest that the Wellington Region has an average return time of about 150 years for very strong or extreme ground shaking. Such proximity to this significant, active hazard means that steps must be taken to ensure the long-term security and integrity of the collections in the event of earthquake shaking, as well as other natural and non-natural disasters. To that end, the collection managers have written and implemented disaster mitigation, preparedness and recovery plans for the National Petrology Reference Collection and National Paleontological Collection. Here we define the earthquake hazard posed by the Wellington Fault, assess the risk to the collections, and present steps taken to manage that risk.

The 2014 South Napa earthquake and its relevance for New Zealand

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Galloway ◽  
Jason M. Ingham
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Seismic Retrofitting ◽  
The South ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Loma Prieta Earthquake ◽  
The City

The South Napa earthquake occurred on Sunday, 24 August 2014 at 3.20 am local time at a depth of 10.7 km, having MW 6.0 and causing significant damage to unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings in the City of Napa and generating strong ground shaking in a region well known for its wine production. Parallels exist between the damage in past New Zealand earthquakes, particularly to unreinforced masonry buildings, and the disruption in the Marlborough region following the recent 2013 MW 6.5 Seddon earthquake. Furthermore, the event was the largest to have occurred in Northern California since the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake 25 years earlier, and hence was an important event for the local community of earthquake researchers and professionals regarding the use of a physical and virtual clearinghouse for data archiving of damage observations. Because numerous URM buildings in the City of Napa had been retrofitted, there was significant interest regarding the observed performance of different retrofitting methods. Following a brief overview of the earthquake affected area and previous earthquakes to have caused damage in the Napa Valley region, details are provided regarding the characteristics of the 2014 South Napa earthquake, the response to the earthquake including placarding procedures and barricading, and more specific details of observed building and non-structural damage. Aspects of business continuity following the South Napa earthquake are also considered. One conclusion is that in general the seismic retrofitting of URM buildings in the Napa region proved to be very successful, and provides an important benchmark as New Zealand begins to more actively undertake seismic assessment and retrofitting of its earthquake prone building stock. It is also concluded that there are sufficient similarities between New Zealand and California, and a rich network of contacts that has developed following the hosting of many US visitors to New Zealand in conjunction with the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes, that it is sensible for the New Zealand earthquake engineering community to maintain a close focus on ongoing earthquake preparedness and mitigation methods used and being developed in USA, and particularly in California.

scholarly journals Geotechnical aspects of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake on the South Island of New Zealand

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Stringer ◽  
Sarah Bastin ◽  
Christopher R. McGann ◽  
Claudio Cappellaro ◽  
Maya El Kortbawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Lateral Spreading ◽  
The South ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Lateral Displacements ◽  
Oxidation Ponds ◽  
Kaikoura Earthquake ◽  
The Impact

The magnitude Mw7.8 ‘Kaikōura’ earthquake occurred shortly after midnight on 14 November 2016. This paper presents an overview of the geotechnical impacts on the South Island of New Zealand recorded during the post-event reconnaissance. Despite the large moment magnitude of this earthquake, relatively little liquefaction was observed across the South Island, with the only severe manifestation occurring in the young, loose alluvial deposits in the floodplains of the Wairau and Opaoa Rivers near Blenheim. The spatial extent and volume of liquefaction ejecta across South Island is significantly less than that observed in Christchurch during the 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence, and the impact of its occurrence to the built environment was largely negligible on account of the severe manifestations occurring away from the areas of major development. Large localised lateral displacements occurred in Kaikōura around Lyell Creek. The soft fine-grained material in the upper portions of the soil profile and the free face at the creek channel were responsible for the accumulation of displacement during the ground shaking. These movements had severely impacted the houses which were built close (within the zone of large displacement) to Lyell Creek. The wastewater treatment facility located just north of Kaikōura also suffered tears in the liners of the oxidation ponds and distortions in the aeration system due to ground movements. Ground failures on the Amuri and Emu Plains (within the Waiau Valley) were small considering the large peak accelerations (in excess of 1g) experienced in the area. Minor to moderate lateral spreading and ejecta was observed at some bridge crossings in the area. However, most of the structural damage sustained by the bridges was a result of the inertial loading, and the damage resulting from geotechnical issues were secondary.

scholarly journals Maintaining genetic variation in breeding populations of Radiata pine in New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
C.J.A Shelbourne
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Stochastic Simulation ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Family Selection ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
The Future ◽  
Made In

Abstract Advanced generation selection (AS) for the future breeding population (BP), becam a focus of tree breeders‘ thinking in the mid 1970s., particularly with Pinus radiata in New Zealand (NZ). Multitrait selection among families was generally recommen­ded, but this reduced genetic variation in the future breeding population. From Shaw and Hood‘s (1985) stochastic simulation, later confirmed by Rosvall, Lindgren and Mullin‘s (1998) stochastic simulation on Norway spruce, it was realised that selecting within families rather than among families of a new breeding population avoided any reduction of genetic variation in the BP. Heritabilities were low for seedling within-family selection but clonal replication within families should strongly increase heritabilities. Gains from cloned versus seedling populations of equal numbers of plants were also deterministically simulated (Shelbourne et al. 2007), and balanced (within-family) selec­tion gains from the cloned populations were all higher than seedling equivalents at heritabilities of 0.5 and under. The late P.A. Jefferson‘s (2016) Breeding Management Plan (which will be soon superceded) contains a re description of New Zealand (NZ) radiata pine breeding. Selections were made in crosses from the earlier program and OP see and scion mate­rial were collected from all 360 selections. OP family tests of selections have been planted at 11 sites in NZ and 7 in New South Wales and Tasmania, and scions of their female parents have all been grafted at an archive. Crosses made in the archive are being cloned and the programme was committed to within-family selection to retain genetic variance for the future closed breeding population. Clonally-replicated testing paired with within-family selection is the solution for balancing long-term gain and diversity in BP and PP.

scholarly journals Regaining Authority: Setting the Agenda in Maori Heritage through the Control and Shaping of Data

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard O'Regan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Common Theme ◽  
The South ◽  
The Future ◽  
And Control ◽  
Associated Data

Conflict or a reconciliation of it is a common theme in discussions on indigenous peoples’ heritage. Whereas conflict is often expressed in claims of ownership and control, sometimes legally contested, this article suggests that the pragmatic issue of possessing and shaping the associated data is equally important to indigenous peoples’ attempt to reclaim their treasures. This idea is explored through case studies of the experience of the Ngai Tahu tribe of the South Island of New Zealand regarding the future of ancestral human remains and their rock art heritage.

scholarly journals Transport infrastructure performance and management in the South Island of New Zealand, during the first 100 days following the 2016 Mw 7.8 “Kaikōura” earthquake

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair J. Davies ◽  
Vinod Sadashiva ◽  
Mohammad Aghababaei ◽  
Danielle Barnhill ◽  
Seosamh B. Costello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The South ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
Regional Transport ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Civil Defence

At 00:02 on 14th November 2016, a Mw 7.8 earthquake occurred in and offshore of the northeast of the South Island of New Zealand. Fault rupture, ground shaking, liquefaction, and co-seismic landslides caused severe damage to distributed infrastructure, and particularly transportation networks; large segments of the country’s main highway, State Highway 1 (SH1), and the Main North Line (MNL) railway line, were damaged between Picton and Christchurch. The damage caused direct local impacts, including isolation of communities, and wider regional impacts, including disruption of supply chains. Adaptive measures have ensured immediate continued regional transport of goods and people. Air and sea transport increased quickly, both for emergency response and to ensure routine transport of goods. Road diversions have also allowed critical connections to remain operable. This effective response to regional transport challenges allowed Civil Defence Emergency Management to quickly prioritise access to isolated settlements, all of which had road access 23 days after the earthquake. However, 100 days after the earthquake, critical segments of SH1 and the MNL remain closed and their ongoing repairs are a serious national strategic, as well as local, concern. This paper presents the impacts on South Island transport infrastructure, and subsequent management through the emergency response and early recovery phases, during the first 100 days following the initial earthquake, and highlights lessons for transportation system resilience.

scholarly journals Landslides caused by the Mw7.8 Kaikōura earthquake and the immediate response

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Dellow ◽  
Chris Massey ◽  
Simon Cox ◽  
Garth Archibald ◽  
John Begg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Surface ◽  
Landslide Dam ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
The South ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Landslide Dams ◽  
Kaikoura Earthquake ◽  
First Time

Tens of thousands of landslides were generated over 10,000 km2 of North Canterbury and Marlborough as a consequence of the 14 November 2016, Mw7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake. The most intense landslide damage was concentrated in 3500 km2 around the areas of fault rupture. Given the sparsely populated area affected by landslides, only a few homes were impacted and there were no recorded deaths due to landslides. Landslides caused major disruption with all road and rail links with Kaikōura being severed. The landslides affecting State Highway 1 (the main road link in the South Island of New Zealand) and the South Island main trunk railway extended from Ward in Marlborough all the way to the south of Oaro in North Canterbury. The majority of landslides occurred in two geological and geotechnically distinct materials reflective of the dominant rock types in the affected area. In the Neogene sedimentary rocks (sandstones, limestones and siltstones) of the Hurunui District, North Canterbury and around Cape Campbell in Marlborough, first-time and reactivated rock-slides and rock-block slides were the dominant landslide type. These rocks also tend to have rock material strength values in the range of 5-20 MPa. In the Torlesse ‘basement’ rocks (greywacke sandstones and argillite) of the Kaikōura Ranges, first-time rock and debris avalanches were the dominant landslide type. These rocks tend to have material strength values in the range of 20-50 MPa. A feature of this earthquake is the large number (more than 200) of valley blocking landslides it generated. This was partly due to the steep and confined slopes in the area and the widely distributed strong ground shaking. The largest landslide dam has an approximate volume of 12(±2) M m3 and the debris from this travelled about 2.7 km2 downslope where it formed a dam blocking the Hapuku River. The long-term stability of cracked slopes and landslide dams from future strong earthquakes and large rainstorms are an ongoing concern to central and local government agencies responsible for rebuilding homes and infrastructure. A particular concern is the potential for debris floods to affect downstream assets and infrastructure should some of the landslide dams breach catastrophically. At least twenty-one faults ruptured to the ground surface or sea floor, with these surface ruptures extending from the Emu Plain in North Canterbury to offshore of Cape Campbell in Marlborough. The mapped landslide distribution reflects the complexity of the earthquake rupture. Landslides are distributed across a broad area of intense ground shaking reflective of the elongate area affected by fault rupture, and are not clustered around the earthquake epicentre. The largest landslides triggered by the earthquake are located either on or adjacent to faults that ruptured to the ground surface. Surface faults may provide a plane of weakness or hydrological discontinuity and adversely oriented surface faults may be indicative of the location of future large landslides. Their location appears to have a strong structural geological control. Initial results from our landslide investigations suggest predictive models relying only on ground-shaking estimates underestimate the number and size of the largest landslides that occurred.

scholarly journals A Passive Rotary System for Seismic Risk Mitigation of Steel Structures

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricky Chan ◽  
Peter Wong
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Earthquake Excitation ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Floor Slabs ◽  
Seismic Risk Mitigation ◽  
Displacement Based ◽  
Bracing System

This paper presents a novel bracing system designed for earthquake risk mitigation for steel structures. It involves a rotary system which a Chebyshev linkage connected to the ground and the building frame. Upon earthquake excitation, movement of structure floor slabs causes a rotational motion in the disc. Displacement-based dampers are installed between the rotary system and the ground which damp the structural vibrations. The system amplifies the travel of the dampers and efficiency is enhanced. In addition, the cross-brace members are always in tension, permitting the use of very slender sections. The paper first reviews the governing equations of the system, followed by a physical model demonstration. A 3-degree-of-system model with the proposed rotary system was subjected to simulated ground shaking. Acceleration on top floor was measured. Results demonstrated that proposed system effectively supresses the vibrational characteristics of the structure, and represents a viable and inexpensive solution to mitigate seismic risks.Keywords: Earthquake engineering, passive energy dissipation

scholarly journals Damage and intensities in the magnitude 7.8 1931 Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, earthquake

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Dowrick
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Major Event ◽  
Rupture Surface ◽  
The North ◽  
Intensity Map

This paper is the result of a study of the shallow Mw = 7.8 Hawke's Bay earthquake which occurred in the North Island of New Zealand, 2 February 1931 (UT), and which was the final spur to the production of the first earthquake loadings code in New Zealand issued in 1935. This earthquake was a direct hit on two provincial towns (Napier and Hastings) and was the most damaging in New Zealand's history, causing the most casualties, major fires, and much damage to the built and natural environments. It gives the first overall description of the damage (to the buildings and lifelines) in this major event in modem earthquake engineering terms, and presents the first intensity map for the event determined directly in the Modified Mercalli (MM) scale. The zone which experienced the highest intensity (MM10) was confined to a modest area of onshore land (about 300 km2) above the centre of the rupture surface.

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