scholarly journals The Risk Factors of Premature Myocardial Infarction: A Case Control Study in Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Ehtesham ◽  
Ali Akbar Haghdoost ◽  
Seyed Vahid Ahmadi Tabatabaei ◽  
Hooman Bakhshandeh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Family History ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
History Of ◽  
Premature Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cardio Vascular ◽  
Control Study

<p><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Although, our knowledge about the factors of cardio vascular diseases (CVD) is relatively acceptable, we have few publications about the risk factors of premature CVD particularly from developing countries such as Iran.</p><p><strong>OBJECTIVES:</strong> The present study is aimed to assess the risk of the modifiable risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the first cardiac attack of patients classified by age to check which risk factors might have a more significant impact to increase the risk of premature myocardial infarction (MI).</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong> In a case control study, 122 and 266 cases and controls were recruited from one of the main referral centres in Tehran. Cases were those who were hospitalized because of their first myocardial infarction before the ages of 50 and 55 years in males and females respectively, and compared their risk factor profiles with those experienced first MI in higher age. Main independent variables in this study were: the demographic variables, distress, lipid profile, diabetes, smoking, family history of cardio vascular diseases, and physical activity.</p><p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The results showed that distress (OR= 3.95), minorities (compare to Fars race) (OR= 3.30), higher education (OR= 1.30), family history of hyperlipidaemia (OR=1.89) significantly increased the risk of premature MI. We also found that family history of hypertension (OR=1.35), current smoking versus no smoking (OR=1.60), fast-food consumption (OR=1.48), non-alcoholic beverages (OR= 1.12) had also association with the risk of premature MI but only in crude model. We also found that regular physical activity (OR=0.42), ex-smoker versus current smoking (OR=0.27) and regular consumption of milk (OR=0.73) was protective against premature MI.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Our findings demonstrate that the effect of most of risk factors were mostly related to their life-style (distress, smoking, physical inactivity and dietary pattern); while family history of diseases was also important.</p>

The Malaysian Acute Vascular Events Risk (MAVERIK) study: a resource to study genetic and other determinants of first-ever myocardial infarction in Malaysia (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv Chowdhury ◽  
Mohd Fairulnizal Bin Md Noh ◽  
Sophia Rasheeqa Ismail ◽  
Kim Robin van Daalen ◽  
Puteri Sofia Nadira Megat Kamaruddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Family History ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Vascular Events ◽  
Public Health Action ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

UNSTRUCTURED Introduction: Although the burden of premature myocardial infarction (MI) is high in Malaysia, direct evidence on the determinants of MI in this multi-ethnic population remains sparse. The Malaysian Acute Vascular Events Risk (MAVERIK) study is a retrospective case-control study established to enable investigation of genomic, lipid-related and other determinants of acute MI in Malaysia. To our knowledge, it represents the largest case-control study of MI and related traits in Malaysia. In this paper, we report the study’s design and initial results. Methods: By June 2019, MAVERIK had enrolled about 2500 patients with first-ever MI and 2500 controls without cardiovascular disease (CVD), frequency-matched by age, sex and ethnicity, from 17 hospitals in Malaysia. For each participant, serum and whole blood have been collected and stored. Clinical, demographic and behavioural information has been obtained using a 200-item questionnaire. Results: Tobacco consumption, history of diabetes, hypertension, markers of visceral adiposity, indicators of lower socioeconomic status, and family history of coronary disease were more prevalent in cases than controls. Crude and adjusted (age, sex) logistic regression models for traditional risk factors indicated that current smoking, previous smoking, history of high blood pressure, history of diabetes mellitus, family history of CHD and obesity (BMI>30) were associated with MI in age- and sex-adjusted models. Conclusion: The MAVERIK study can serve as a useful platform to investigate genetic and other risk factors for MI in an under-studied South-East Asian population. It should help to hasten discovery of disease-causing pathways and to inform regionally appropriate strategies that optimise public health action.

scholarly journals 346. Factors Associated with Hypertension in Young Adults with Perinatally-Acquired HIV Infection: a Case–Control Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S184-S184
Author(s):  
Patrick O’Neil ◽  
Patrick Ryscavage ◽  
Kristen A Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Family History ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Early Management ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background The incidence of systemic hypertension (HTN) among perinatally-HIV-infected (PHIV) patients appears to increase as they enter adulthood. Among non-perinatally HIV-infected adults both traditional and HIV-associated risk factors have been found to contribute to HTN. Whether these same factors contribute to HTN in PHIV is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the socio-demographic, clinical, virologic, and immunologic factors associated with HTN among a cohort of PHIV adolescents and young adults, aged ≥18 years. Methods We conducted a case–control study among a population of 160 PHIV adults with and without HTN who were receiving care at the University of Maryland and aged 18–35 years as of December 31, 2017. Covariates assessed included traditional risk factors such as age, family history of HTN, and smoking, as well as HIV- and antiretroviral-associated covariates. Results We identified 49 HTN cases (30.6%) and 111 (69.4%) controls. There were no significant differences in the odds of most traditional (age, gender, race, family history of HTN, tobacco, alcohol, and/or other drug use) or HIV-associated (CD4 nadir <100 cells/mm3, individual ART exposure, ART interruption) risk factors among PHIV adults with HTN compared with those with no diagnosis of HTN. Cases had lower odds of a history of treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r). Cases had 3.7 (95% CI 1.11, 12.56) times the odds of a prior diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared with controls after controlling for CD4 nadir and ARV treatment history. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that most traditional and HIV-related risk factors do not appear to increase the odds of having HTN in this PHIV cohort. However, HTN among PHIV may be driven in part by CKD, and a focus on the prevention and early management of CKD in this group may be necessary to prevent the development of HTN. Additionally, there may be as yet unidentified risk factors for HTN among PHIV which require further exploration. Given the large and growing population of PHIV entering adulthood worldwide, it is imperative to explore risk factors for and effects of HTN in large, diverse PHIV populations. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Shared Medical and Environmental Risk Factors in Dry Eye Syndrome, Sjogren’s Syndrome, and B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Case-Control Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadas Ben-Eli ◽  
Doron J. Aframian ◽  
Eldad Ben-Chetrit ◽  
Dror Mevorach ◽  
Geffen Kleinstern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Objectives. To assess whether there are shared exposures associated with Sjogren’s syndrome (SS), dry eye syndrome (DES), and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), in order to determine whether they are etiologically related. Methods. In a clinic-based case-control study, 702 participants (91 SS, 120 DES, 211 (age and sex frequency-matched) controls, and 280 B-NHL cases) were recruited and interviewed regarding exposures, medical history, and family history. Results. Female predominance was noted in SS (ratio 9.2 : 1). Eye dryness was severest in SS compared to DES and controls (P<0.001). Compared to controls, alcohol consumption was inversely associated with NHL, DES, and SS (odds ratio OR=0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31-0.71; OR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.33-0.88; and OR=0.26, 95% CI: 0.14-0.49, respectively), while a previous history of infection requiring hospitalization was positively associated with all three conditions: NHL (OR=1.92; 95% CI: 1.23-2.99), DES (OR=3.29; 95% CI: 1.97-5.47), and SS (OR=4.74; 95% CI: 2.66-8.44). NHL patients were more likely to report first-degree relatives with hematologic cancer, while having first-degree relatives with an autoimmune disease (AID) was associated with SS (OR=5.25; 95% CI: 2.59-10.63) and DES (OR=3.55; 95% CI: 1.83-6.91) compared to controls. Conclusions. Some exposures are associated with all three conditions (such as an inverse association with alcohol consumption and a positive association with serious past infection), while a family history of AID appears to be shared by DES and SS, but not NHL subjects. Shared risk factors for all three conditions indicate possible mutual etiological pathways.

scholarly journals Association of Depression and Stress in Acute Myocardial Infarction: a case-control study

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia RM Goldfeld ◽  
Luciana S. Soares ◽  
Waldomiro C. Manfroi
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Family History ◽  
Sudden Death ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
Cardiac Symptoms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Psychosocial factors have been reported to be independently associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the stress variable is still sub detailed and there are few studies that used coronary angiography (CA) to assess CAD.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To compare levels of depression, stress and stressful life events in three groups of individuals: post-MI (Myocardial Infarction) patients; patients presenting symptoms and no previous MI, who underwent cardiac catheterization and had non-significant obstructive CAD and individuals with no symptoms of cardiac disease or others diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> We conducted a case-control study, with two cases groups and one control group. The study included 105 patients with recent Myocardial Infarction (MI group), 101 patients with cardiac symptoms and normal CA (CS group), and 100 patients without symptoms of disease (NS group). Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess, stress and vital events, with an Odds Ratio of 95% confidence interval (CI), controlling for age, sex, education level, income, social support group, Body Mass Index (BMI), sedentary lifestyle and family history of MI or sudden death.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MI patients group showed depression with an OR= 4.47(95% CI, 2:36 to 8:46, p&lt;.001), and stress OR= 5.37(95%CI, 2.94-9.78, p &lt;.001) whereas CS group showed depression: OR= 6.95(95%CI, 3.64-13.28, p &lt;.001) and stress: OR = 9.18 (95%CI, 4.73-17.82, p &lt;.001) compared to patients without symptoms. After adjusting for risk factors: age, sex, education, income, social support, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history of MI or sudden death, the OR showed the following variation: in the MI group, depression OR= 2.51 (95%CI, 1:05 to 5:98, p = .038), stress, OR= 8.76(95%CI, 3:48 to 22:01, p &lt;.001), and CS group, depression OR= 3.25(95%CI, 1.40-7.55,p &lt;01) and stress OR= 12.24 (95%,      CI, 4.81-31.14, p &lt;.001). The raised effect of variable stress after adjustment was promoted by the age, sex and physical inactivity variables, and did not affect the significance level (p &lt;.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study has demonstrated that subjects with cardiac symptoms without overt CAD, present similar depression and/or stress levels than post-MI patients. And also, post-MI patients and CS patients have more stress and depression than controls, even when adjusted for age, sex, education level, family income, social support, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and family history of MI and / or sudden death.</p>

Risk Factors for Clinically Diagnosed Alzheimer's Disease: A Case-Control Study of a Greek Population

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Tsolaki ◽  
Konstantinos Fountoulakis ◽  
Elen Chantzi ◽  
Aristides Kazis
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Family History ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Many efforts have been made to trace the causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are, however, many points of controversy among reports from the same country as well as among reports from different countries. The current study is a case-control study to determine the risk factors in the development of AD in Greece. Sixty-five patients with AD and 69 age-matched controls were examined. All patients with AD fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for AD and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for probable AD. Demographic characteristics such as gender, current marital status, who he/she is living with, education, main place of residence in childhood, adulthood, and late life, occupational hazards, patient's medical history (history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension), life habits like alcohol consumption and smoking, and a history of head trauma, heart attack, stroke, parkinsonism, or depression were collected from the subject or from an informant. A family history of selected diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dementia, Parkinson's disease, Down's syndrome, stroke) was also elicited. Ages of father and mother at birth were also recorded. Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance, cluster analysis, and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. The results (chi-square test) showed a statistically significant difference between patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and controls as far as marital status (p = .04), the subject's history of major depressive episode (p = .02), and family history of dementia (p = .002) were concerned. Logistic regression analysis results produced a complex model of family aggregation of dementia, with patients with a history of depression and family history of dementia having an up to seven times higher risk of developing AD. These findings, especially a family history of dementia, are consistent with most of the literature.

Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Italian Women: A Multicentric Case-Control Study

1986 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Toti ◽  
Silvio Agugiaro ◽  
Dino Amadori ◽  
Gianfranco Buzzi ◽  
Paolo Bruzzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Female Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

To evaluate the importance of several risk factors for breast cancer in the Italian female population, a large multicentric case-control study was conducted in 10 breast clinics in Italy. The study included 1,556 women affected by breast cancer, histologically and/or cytologically confirmed. Controls were 1,505 women admitted to a hospital in the same town, matched with cases for residence and with the same age distribution of the Italian female population. The risk factors considered in this study were family history of breast cancer, reproductive history, height and weight, use of oral contraceptives, other hormonal therapies and smoking history. The results of this study confirm the significant role of a positive family history of breast cancer (RR = 2.37); the relative risk was even higher when a first-degree relative was affected or the breast cancer was bilateral. The analysis of the reproductive history showed a significant trend of increasing risk with increasing age at first birth and, although less evident, with increasing number of children. Quetelet's index (kg/m–2) was positively correlated with breast cancer risk, mostly in postmenopausal women. Among other studied factors, only late age at menopause confirmed an increased risk for breast cancer, whereas age at menarche, use of oral contraceptives and smoking histories did not show any significant correlation with breast cancer risk. These results are in substantial agreement with other international studies, but represent an interesting contribution to studies about the Italian female population.

scholarly journals Nutritional and environmental risk factors for breast cancer: a case-control study

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 28723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Azevedo Queiroz ◽  
Iasmin Matias de Sousa ◽  
Fernanda Rafaella de Melo Silva ◽  
Clelia de Oliveira Lyra ◽  
Ana Paula Trussardi Fayh
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study ◽  
History Of Cancer ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

AIMS: To investigate the associations between breast cancer diagnosis and nutritional and environmental factors in women from Northeast Brazil.METHODS: A case-control study included women evaluated in two hospitals specialized in cancer treatment. The case group was composed by women with breast cancer whose data were obtained during the hospitalization period for surgical treatment of the disease. The control group was selected in the same hospitals excluding the oncology ward. The following risk factors were investigated: household environmental sanitation, breastfeeding history, social class, smoking exposition, alcohol consumption and family history of cancer. A food frequency questionnaire was completed by the subjects and an evaluation of anthropometric nutritional status was made. Comparison for quantitative variables was performed using independent t-test or Mann-Whitney test. Chi-square or Fisher's exact test were used to compare categorical variables. The estimated risk associated with consumption of nutrients and food groups was assessed by OR, with a 95% confidence interval. In order to assess the effect of possible confounding factors such as excess weight or excessive caloric intake, a multivariate analysis was performed with the variables with p<0.15 in the food consumption analysis. The significance level for all analyses was set at p<0.05.RESULTS: The total sample consisted of 118 women, 59 in each group. Of all environmental risk factors investigated, poor sanitation (OR [odds ratio]=3.2, 95%CI 1.43-7.11) and family history for cancer (OR=3.11, 95%CI 1.42-6.78) were significantly associated with the diagnosis of breast cancer. Regarding anthropometric assessments, overweight or obesity and waist circumference >88cm were more prevalent in the case group (OR=2.70, 95%CI 1.28-5.70 and OR=3.10, 95%CI 1.46-6.56, respectively). Regular consumption of ultra-processed foods was identified as a risk factor for breast cancer (adjusted OR=2.35, 95%CI 1.08-5.12).CONCLUSIONS: Higher consumption of ultra-processed food, presence of overweight or obesity, waist circumference ≥88 cm, poor sanitation, and family history of cancer were risk factors for breast cancer in this sample of women living in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil.

scholarly journals A matched case-control study of risk factors associated with multiple sclerosis in Kuwait

BMC Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadeel El-Muzaini ◽  
Saeed Akhtar ◽  
Raed Alroughani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Family History ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
History Of ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Genetic and environmental factors seem to have etiologic roles in multiple sclerosis (MS). Kuwait is regarded as medium to high risk country for MS. However, there is a paucity of published data on the risk factors for MS in Kuwait. Therefore, this matched case-control study examined the association between various factors including family history, stressful life events, exposure to tobacco smoke, vaccination history, comorbidities and MS risk in Kuwait. Methods Confirmed 110 MS cases and age (± 5 years), gender and nationality matched controls (1:1) were enrolled. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect the data through face-to-face interviews both from cases and controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results Among both cases and controls, majority were Kuwaiti (82.7%), and female (76.4%). Multivariable model showed that cases compared to controls were significantly more likely to have had a family history of MS (adjusted matched odds ratio (mORadj) = 5.1; 95% CI: 2.1–12.4; p < 0.001) or less likely to have been vaccinated against influenza A and B viruses before MS onset (mORadj = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2–0.8; p = 0.010). None of the other variables considered were significantly related to MS status in this study. Conclusions Family history of MS had significantly direct, whereas, vaccination against influenza A and B viruses had inverse associations with MS status. Future studies may contemplate to verify the observed results.

scholarly journals Predictors of postconcussion syndrome after sports-related concussion in young athletes: a matched case-control study

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton D. Morgan ◽  
Scott L. Zuckerman ◽  
Young M. Lee ◽  
Lauren King ◽  
Susan Beaird ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Control Study

OBJECT Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a major public health problem. Approximately 90% of SRCs in high school athletes are transient; symptoms recover to baseline within 1 week. However, a small percentage of patients remain symptomatic several months after injury, with a condition known as postconcussion syndrome (PCS). The authors aimed to identify risk factors for PCS development in a cohort of exclusively young athletes (9–18 years of age) who sustained SRCs while playing a sport. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective case-control study by using the Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Clinic database. They identified 40 patients with PCS and matched them by age at injury and sex to SRC control patients (1 PCS to 2 control). PCS patients were those experiencing persistent symptoms at 3 months after an SRC. Control patients were those with documented resolution of symptoms within 3 weeks of an SRC. Data were collected in 4 categories: 1) demographic variables; 2) key medical, psychiatric, and family history; 3) acute-phase postinjury symptoms (at 0–24 hours); and 4) subacute-phase postinjury features (at 0–3 weeks). The chi-square Fisher exact test was used to assess categorical variables, and the Mann-Whitney U-test was used to evaluate continuous variables. Forward stepwise regression models (Pin = 0.05, Pout = 0.10) were used to identify variables associated with PCS. RESULTS PCS patients were more likely than control patients to have a concussion history (p = 0.010), premorbid mood disorders (p = 0.002), other psychiatric illness (p = 0.039), or significant life stressors (p = 0.036). Other factors that increased the likelihood of PCS development were a family history of mood disorders, other psychiatric illness, and migraine. Development of PCS was not predicted by race, insurance status, body mass index, sport, helmet use, medication use, and type of symptom endorsement. A final logistic regression analysis of candidate variables showed PCS to be predicted by a history of concussion (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.8, p = 0.016), preinjury mood disorders (OR 17.9, 95% CI 2.9–113.0, p = 0.002), family history of mood disorders (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1–8.5, p = 0.026), and delayed symptom onset (OR 20.7, 95% CI 3.2–132.0, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this age- and sex-matched case-control study of risk factors for PCS among youth with SRC, risk for development of PCS was higher in those with a personal and/or family history of mood disorders, other psychiatric illness, and migraine. These findings highlight the unique nature of SRC in youth. For this population, providers must recognize the value of establishing the baseline health and psychiatric status of children and their primary caregivers with regard to symptom reporting and recovery expectations. In addition, delayed symptom onset was an unexpected but strong risk factor for PCS in this cohort. Delayed symptoms could potentially result in late removal from play, rest, and care by qualified health care professionals. Taken together, these results may help practitioners identify young athletes with concussion who are at a greater danger for PCS and inform larger prospective studies for validation of risk factors from this cohort.

scholarly journals Environmental and Familial Risk Factors of Parkinsons Disease: Case-Control Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaya Sanyal ◽  
D. P. Chakraborty ◽  
Biswanath Sarkar ◽  
Tapas Kumar Banerjee ◽  
Subhash Chandra Mukherjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Family History ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Water Drinking ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Background:While the cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown, evidence suggests certain environmental factors, such as well water drinking, herbicides, pesticides exposure and neurotoxins, may trigger the chain of oxidative reactions culminating in the death of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra to cause Parkinsonism. To investigate the possible impact of environmental risk factors for idiopathic PD, a case-control study was performed in the Eastern India.Methods:During the period from January 1st, 2006 and December 10th, 2009, 175 PD patients (140 men, 35 women) and 350 non-Parkinson age-sex matched controls were included in the study. Subjects were given a structured neurological examination and completed an administered questionnaire which elicited detailed information on demographic data, pesticides, herbicides family history, occupation, dietary and smoking habits.Results:The multivariate analysis revealed that family history of PD, pesticide exposure, exposure to toxins other than pesticides and herbicides, rural living and previous history of depression were associated with increased risk of PD, whereas, smoking appeared to be a protective factor. Well water drinking for at least five years, though a significant risk factor on univariate analysis (OR=4.5, 95% CI=2.1-9.9), could not be proved significant in multivariate analysis. Head trauma, vegetarian dietary habit, occupation involving physical exertion and exposure to domestic pets were not as significant risk factors.Conclusion:Results of our study support the hypothesis of multifactorial etiology of PD with environmental factors acting on a genetically susceptible host.

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