scholarly journals A Study of the Adsorptive and Oxidative Bleaching of Palm Oil Using Clay and Potassium Tetraoxomanganate V11 Materials

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
A. M. Ekwonu ◽  
E. O. Egolum
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Oxidative Process ◽  
First Order ◽  
Bleaching Procedure ◽  
Alkanoic Acids ◽  
Life Values ◽  
Fuller’S Earth ◽  
Clay Materials

Fats and oils undergo hydrolysis reaction. They hydrolyse to yield propane-1,2,3 triol and the corresponding alkanoic acids if it is acid hydrolysis. Alkaline hydrolysis yields sodium or potassium salt of the alkanoic acid and propane-1,2,3-triol. A common approach for bleaching palm oil has been the use of clay materials, particularly the commercially available fuller’s earth. In this study, the suitability of chemical bleaching of palm oil using acidified (0.1M H2SO4) and non-acidified 1.0M KMnO4 was examined. This is compared to the adsorptive procedure using clay materials. Average bleaching absorbance values of 0.017+0.005 and 0.115+0.004 for acidified and non-acidified KMnO4 were respectively obtained from the oxidative bleaching procedure. Those for fuller’s earth and its blend with sodium sesquicarbonate (trona, a locally obtained clay) gave absorbance values of 0.121+0.011 and 0.186+0.006 respectively; while that for trona/activated carbon blend was 0.234+0.007. These are in comparison to 0.881 for the unbleached palm oil. Thus, a relatively better bleaching was achieved with the oxidative process. A first order rate reaction with respect to the bleaching agents was obtained for both procedures. Rate constants of 0.079+014 (acidified) and 0.055+0.020min-1 (non-acidified) at 800C were recorded for the oxidative bleaching. These are compared to 0.034+0.009 obtained for the clay mixture. Half-life values of 10min for acidified oxidative process, and 28min for adsorptive clay mixture method, were obtained. Efficiency of 98% was obtained for the acidified oxidative compared to approximately 70% for the clay blend. A significance, p< 0.05, between the absorbance values for the acidified oxidative and each of the adsorptive clay bleaching procedures was obtained.These observations indicate the potentials of oxidizing agents especially the acidified KMnO4 in the bleaching of palm oil, and therefore, suggest its usage industrially for this purpose.

scholarly journals KINETICS OF PALM OIL TRANSESTERIFICATION IN METHANOL WITH POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE AS A CATALYST

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225
Author(s):  
Yoeswono Yoeswono ◽  
Triyono Triyono ◽  
Iqmal Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Pseudo First Order Reaction ◽  
Exponential Factor ◽  
Potassium Methoxide ◽  
First Order

A study on palm oil transesterification to evaluate the effect of some parameters in the reaction on the reaction kinetics has been carried out. Transesterification was started by preparing potassium methoxide from potassium hydroxide and methanol and then mixed it with the palm oil. An aliquot was taken at certain time interval during transesterification and poured into test tube filled with distilled water to stop the reaction immediately. The oil phase that separated from the glycerol phase by centrifugation was analyzed by 1H-NMR spectrometer to determine the percentage of methyl ester conversion. Temperature and catalyst concentration were varied in order to determine the reaction rate constants, activation energies, pre-exponential factors, and effective collisions. The results showed that palm oil transesterification in methanol with 0.5 and 1 % w/w KOH/palm oil catalyst concentration appeared to follow pseudo-first order reaction. The rate constants increase with temperature. After 13 min of reaction, More methyl esters were formed using KOH 1 % than using 0.5 % w/w KOH/palm oil catalyst concentration. The activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) for reaction using 1 % w/w KOH was lower than those using 0.5 % w/w KOH.   Keywords: palm oil, transesterification, catalyst, first order kinetics, activation energy, pre-exponential factor

scholarly journals International Demand for Palm Oil Estimated Within a Fats and Oils Demand System

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Achmad Suryana
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Almost Ideal Demand System ◽  
International Demand ◽  
Edible Tallow

<p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><br />Sistim permintaan untuk  minyak nabati dan hewani bagi tiga pasar internasional utama dan dua negara produsen diduga dengan model Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). Pembahasan dititik­ beratkan pada hasil pendugaan untuk sistem permintaan minyak nabati dan hewani bagi MEE karena kawasan ini merupakan pasar ekspor yang paling penting bagi minyak sawit Indonesia. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kecuali di Amerika Serikat, permintaan untuk minyak  sawit  di pasar  interna­ sional adalah inelastis.  Telaahan ini juga menunjukkan hubungan antara minyak-minyak nabati dan hewani tidak saja bersifat substitusi tetapi antara beberapa minyak tersebut terjadi juga hubungan yang komplementer. Negara-negara yang termasuk ke dalam analisis ini adalah MEE, Amerika Serikat, Jepang, Malaysia, dan Indonesia. Sebelas macam minyak nabati dan hewani yang termasuk ke dalam analisis ini adalah lard, edible  tallow, minyak-minyak  sawit,  kelapa,  kedelai,  biji  kapas,  biji  rape, biji bunga matahari, zaitun, jagung,  dan ikan.</p>

scholarly journals Degradation of the insecticides fipronil and cypermethrin in green onions (Allium fistulosum) and mustard greens (Brassica juncea)

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Dang Giang Chau Nguyen ◽  
◽  
Thi Lan Anh Tran ◽  
Thi Thanh Lam Tran ◽  
Thi My Duyen Ngo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Allium Fistulosum ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
First Order ◽  
Vegetable Samples ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Harvest Intervals ◽  
Maximum Residue Levels ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Life Values

Pesticide dissipation on foods like vegetables, fruits, and cereals is one of the most concerning aspects in pesticide toxicology as it involves risks to human health and food safety. In light if this, a laboratory-scale study was conducted for two separate systems, green onions (Allium fistulosum) and mustard greens (Brassica juncea),in order to identify the dissipation of fipronil and cypermethrin, two commonly used insecticides, under a tropical climate. After the pesticide application, vegetable samples from these microcosms were collected each day for 7 days to measure fipronil and cypermethrin (n=3) residues. The analytical method was validated and showed repeatability and trueness. The decay equations fit well to first-order kinetics with a correlation coefficient of R2>0.93 and p<0.0005. The calculated half-life values of fipronil were 2.9 d for green onions and 3.2 d for mustard greens while those of cypermethrin were, respectively, 4.5 d and 3.2 d. To meet the maximum residue levels (MRL) of fipronil (0.02 mg/kg) and cypermethrin (0.7 mg/kg) on vegetables, the estimated pre-harvest intervals should be updated to 23 d and 7.5 d, respectively.

scholarly journals Palm Oil Use in North Africa and West Asia

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Mohamed Amr Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Edible Fats ◽  
Excessive Consumption

Edible oils and fats are important sources of food energy in North Africa and West Asia. Because of the high cost of animal fats and increased awareness of potential harm from their excessive consumption, the rise of vegetable oils is increasing. Palm oil has recently been introduced in response to the shortfall in the local production of edible fats and oils, and it is predicted that it will gain increasing acceptance and use because of its versatility and safety.

UV Protectants for the Biopesticide Based on Photostabilization of Ecdysone

2011 ◽  
Vol 183-185 ◽  
pp. 401-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Nan Guan ◽  
De Fu Chi ◽  
Jia Yu
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Synthetic Compounds ◽  
First Order ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Life Values ◽  
Order Kinetic Equation

The ultraviolet protectant (UV protectant) properties of different natural and synthetic compounds were investigated for a biopesticide based on ecdysone. This study examined the photostabilization of ecdysone when exposed to ultraviolet light in the presence of some ultraviolet protectants. Ecdysone solutions with and without UV protectants in methanol were applied onto the surface of glass slides. At particular intervals, the remaining concentration of ecdysone was analyzed by HPLC. Using first-order kinetic equation, the dissipation half-life values (DT50) for the degradation of ecdysone under ultraviolet radiation were obtained. The larvicidal activity was evaluated against the larvae of Martianus dermestoides Chevrolat. It indicated that the addition of congo red, yeast, starch and arabia gum provided moderate degree of photostabilization of ecdysone and that addition of lignin provided the best photostabilization of ecdysone, among these UV protectants studied. Toxicity of the ecdysone with UV protectants was higher to the larvae of M. dermestoides Chevrolat compared to the ecdysone alone as indicated by the lower EC50 value. The dissipation half-life values of ecdysone after irradiation under ultraviolet light and the larvicidal activity suggested that the addition of lignin (in 1:l mol ratio) can provide better photostabilization of ecdysone molecule.

A Calorimetric Study of Ammonium, Rubidium, and Potassium Hexafluophosphate

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. K. Staveley ◽  
N. R. Grey ◽  
M. J. Layzell
Keyword(s):  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Entropy Change ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Calorimetric Study ◽  
First Order ◽  
Rubidium Salt ◽  
First Order Transition

Measurements have been made of the heat capacities of ammonium, rubidium, and potassium hexafluophosphate from ∼ 20°K to ∼ 300°K. The heat capacity curve of the ammonium salt shows two anomalous regions, and an order-disorder change also occurs in the rubidium salt. The potassium salt, however, undergoes a first-order transition with a large entropy change. The heat capacity of the ammonium and rubidium salts in the neighbourhood of room temperature (but not that of the potassium salt) is altered by cooling to low temperatures. In certain ranges of temperature it was unusually difficult with the rubidium salt to obtain reproducible heat capacity values. The results show that the rotation of the ammonium ion is not completely free, but they are consistent with almost free rotation in one degree of freedom and partially restricted rotation in the other two. The possible significance of the entropy changes of the various transitions is briefly discussed.

Metribuzin Persistence in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.E. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Mississippi River ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Microbiological Activity ◽  
First Order ◽  
Residue Detection ◽  
Chromatographic Techniques ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Alluvial Floodplain ◽  
Life Values

The persistence of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)-one] in several soils from the lower alluvial floodplain of the Mississippi River was studied in the greenhouse and laboratory using bioassay and gas chromatographic methods of residue detection. Bioassay results indicated that metribuzin phytotoxicity was lost in several soil types within a few weeks of application. Longevity of phytotoxicity depended upon soil type. However soil type had little effect on the rate of metribuzin degradation measured chemically. Gas chromatographic techniques indicated that metribuzin degradation followed first-order kinetics with half-life values ranging from 17 to 28 days in six soils under greenhouse conditions. Incubation studies indicated that metribuzin was degraded more rapidly in nonautoclaved field soil and in soil enriched with glucose than in soil that had been air dry for 1 yr or had been autoclaved. Degradation was more rapid at 30 C than at 20 C. Microbiological activity apparently is important in the degradation of metribuzin in soil.

Palm Oil and the World Fats and Oils Economy

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
T. E. Elam ◽  
O. E. Uko
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
The World

The chemistry of N,N′-dimethylformamidine. I. Formation from potassium methylamide and its thermal stability

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 1455-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Halliday ◽  
E. Allan Symons ◽  
J. Douglas Bonnett
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
First Order ◽  
Pseudo First Order ◽  
Hydride Elimination ◽  
Rate Limiting

The thermal decomposition of methylamine solutions of potassium methylamide (PMA) to form the potassium salt (PDMFA) of N,N′-dimethylformamidine (DMFA) has been studied as a function of PMA concentration at 60 °C. Although concentrated solutions yield normal pseudo-first-order plots (analysis by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry), dilute solutions (< 0.05 mol L−1 PMA) show an increase to a new rate after about 20 h reaction.The mechanism for this novel amidine salt synthesis is discussed in terms of rate-limiting β-hydride elimination from the PMA ion pair. The relatively sharp rate increase with time for the low concentration runs may arise from a slow build up of one or more intermediates. The resulting inverse dependence of kobs on PMA concentration is probably related to ion pair–dimer association phenomena.Pure DMFA has been produced by this reaction, and its thermal stability examined. DMFA decomposes above 100 °C to form bis-N-(N′-methylmethylenimine)methylamine and methylamine; the series of equilibria involved have been shown to be reversible.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document