scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Crude Protein on Performance and Nitrogen Economy of Broilers

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malomo G. A. ◽  
Bolu S. A. ◽  
Olutade S. G.
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Nitrogen Economy ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Diets

<p>This study assessed the effects of dietary crude protein on performance and nitrogen economy of broilers. Chicks were allotted to 22, 20, 18 and 16% crude protein corn-soy diets in a completely randomized design for forty-two days. Several essential amino acids were observed to be deficient compared to recommendations for broiler chicks as the dietary crude protein level reduced. Feed intake, weight gain, feed to gain ratio, faecal nitrogen, nitrogen retention, anthropogenic potential and dressing percentage were influenced (P &lt; 0.05) by the dietary treatments. However, mortality was not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05). Feed intake, weight gain, nitrogen intake and output were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) depressed as the CP level reduced. However, the best (P &lt; 0.05) nitrogen retention and percentage faecal nitrogen was recorded for broilers fed 20% crude protein diet. Serum total protein, albumin, uric acid, creatinine and glucose were affected (P &lt; 0.05) across treatments. It was concluded that there is a limit to which dietary crude protein of broilers could be reduced without any detrimental effects on the performance and nitrogen economy of the birds, even when the requirements for methionine and lysine has been met, as several other amino acids could be limiting. Consequently, to achieve significant improvement in nitrogen economy and reduction in amount of faecal nitrogen, 20% crude protein diets could be fed to broilers. However, there may be need to further manipulate the amino acid profile of the diet so as to improve its performance to be at par with higher crude protein diets.</p>

scholarly journals The influence of phytase, pre-pellet cracked maize and dietary crude protein level on broiler performance via response surface methodology

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy F. Moss ◽  
Peter V. Chrystal ◽  
Yueming Dersjant-Li ◽  
Peter H. Selle ◽  
Sonia Yun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Crude Protein Level

Abstract Background The reduction of crude protein levels in diets for broiler chickens may generate economic, environmental and flock welfare and health benefits; however, performance is usually compromised. Whole grain feeding and phytase may improve the utilization of reduced crude protein diets. Results The effects of pre-pellet cracked maize (0, 15% and 30%) and phytase (0, 750 and 1500 FTU/kg) in iso-energetic maize-soy diets with three levels of crude protein (22%, 19.5% and 17%) were evaluated via a Box-Behnken response surface design. Each of 13 dietary treatments were offered to 6 replicate cages (6 birds/cage) of male Ross 308 broiler chicks from 7 to 28 d post-hatch. Model prediction and response surface plots were generated from experimental data via polynomial regression in R and only significant coefficients were included and discussed in the predicted models. Weight gain, feed intake and FCR were all influenced by pre-pellet cracked maize, phytase and crude protein level, where crude protein level had the greatest influence. Consequently, the reduction from 22% to 17% dietary crude protein in non-supplemented diets reduced weight gain, feed intake, relative gizzard weight, relative gizzard content and relative pancreas weight but improved FCR. However, the inclusion of 30% cracked maize to 17% crude protein diets restored gizzard weight and 1500 FTU phytase inclusion to 17% crude protein diets increased relative gizzard contents and pancreas weights. Cracked maize and phytase inclusion in tandem to 17% crude protein diets increased weight gain, feed intake and FCR; however, this FCR was still more efficient than broilers offered the non-supplemented 22% crude protein diet. Broilers offered the pre-pellet cracked maize and phytase inclusions reduced AME in 22% crude protein diets but improved AME by 2.92 MJ (14.16 versus 11.24 MJ; P < 0.001) in diets containing 17% crude protein. Ileal N digestibility was greater in broilers offered diets with 17% crude protein than those offered the 22% crude protein diet; irrespective of phytase and pre-pellet cracked maize. Conclusion Pre-pellet cracked maize and phytase inclusions will improve the performance of broilers offered reduced crude protein diets.

scholarly journals The nitrogen requirement of the weanling kitten

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Smalley ◽  
Quinton R. Rogers ◽  
James G. Morris ◽  
Loren L. Eslinger
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Requirement ◽  
Four Levels

1. The nitrogen requirement of the weanling kitten was determined in a series of three experiments. In each experiment, diets were formulated to provide the growing kitten with the essential amino acids at or above the level of requirement. Expt 1 utilized a 4 x 4 balanced Latin square design with two groups of kittens (four male and four female). The crystalline L-amino acid diets were presented at four levels of dietary crude protein (N x 6.25) of 140, 160, 180 and 200 g/kg diet. The design for Expts 2 and 3 was a 6 x 6 balanced Latin square. For each of these experiments, groups of six male and six female kittens were assigned to diets. The six levels of dietary crude protein were 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 and 220 g/kg diet; dietary N was supplied by crystalline L-amino acids for Expt 2 and casein plus a supplementary amino acid mix for Expt 3. Food intake, weight gain and N retention were determined in each experiment.2. A sigmoidal model y =P1+ P2/[1 +e(p2+p4. x)] was fitted to the response of weight gain and N retention to dietary N. The calculated requirement (95% of the upper asymptote, P1 + P2) for these experiments varied from 170 to 230 g protein/kg diet with the majority of these values falling between 180 and 200 g protein/kg.3. On the basis of these three experiments, the kitten's requirement for dietary crude protein is between 180 and 200 g/kg diet (28.8–32.0 gN/kg) for purified diets which provide a calculated 21 MJ metabolizable energ//kg diet.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Supplementation to Reduce Environmental Impacts of Broiler and Pig Production: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léa Cappelaere ◽  
Josselin Le Cour Grandmaison ◽  
Nicolas Martin ◽  
William Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Poultry and swine farming are large contributors to environmental impacts, such as climate change, eutrophication, acidification, and air and water pollution. Feed production and manure management are identified as the main sources of these impacts. Reducing dietary crude protein levels is a nutritional strategy recognized to both decrease the use of high-impact feed ingredients and alter manure composition, reducing emissions of harmful components. For a successful implementation of this technique, feed-grade amino acid supplementation is crucial to maintaining animal performance. Reducing crude protein lowers nitrogen excretion, especially excess nitrogen excreted in urea or uric acid form, improving nitrogen efficiency. At the feed-gate, low–crude protein diets can reduce the carbon footprint of feed production through changes in raw material inclusion. The magnitude of this reduction mainly depends on the climate change impact of soybean meal and its land-use change on the feed-grade amino acids used. Reducing dietary crude protein also lowers the environmental impact of manure management in housing, storage, and at spreading: nitrogen emissions from manure (ammonia, nitrates, nitrous oxide) are reduced through reduction of nitrogen excretion. Moreover, synergetic effects exist with nitrogen form, water excretion, and manure pH, further reducing emissions. Volatilization of nitrogen is more reduced in poultry than in pigs, but emissions are more studied and better understood for pig slurry than poultry litter. Ammonia emissions are also more documented than other N-compounds. Low–crude protein diets supplemented with amino acids is a strategy reducing environmental impact at different stages of animal production, making life cycle assessment the best-suited tool to quantify reduction of environmental impacts. Recent studies report an efficient reduction of environmental impacts with low–crude protein diets. However, more standardization of limits and methods used is necessary to compare results. This review summarizes the current knowledge on mitigation of environmental impacts with low–crude protein diets supplemented with amino acids in poultry and swine, its quantification, and the biological mechanisms involved. A comparison between pigs and poultry is also included. It provides concrete information based on quantified research for decision making for the livestock industry and policy makers.

scholarly journals Evaluation of dietary crude protein concentrations, fishmeal, and sorghum inclusions in broiler chickens offered wheat-based diet via Box-Behnken response surface design

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260285
Author(s):  
Shemil P. Macelline ◽  
Peter V. Chrystal ◽  
Shiva Greenhalgh ◽  
Mehdi Toghyani ◽  
Peter H. Selle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Surface Design ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of dietary crude protein (CP), fishmeal and sorghum on nutrient utilisation, digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates of starch and protein, amino acid concentrations in systemic plasma and their relevance to growth performance of broiler chickens using the Box-Behnken response surface design. The design consisted of three factors at three levels including dietary CP (190, 210, 230 g/kg), fishmeal (0, 50, 100 g/kg), and sorghum (0, 150, 300 g/kg). A total of 390 male, off-sex Ross 308 chicks were offered experimental diets from 14 to 35 days post-hatch. Growth performance, nutrient utilisation, starch and protein digestibilities and plasma free amino acids were determined. Dietary CP had a negative linear impact on weight gain where the transition from 230 to 190 g/kg CP increased weight gain by 9.43% (1835 versus 2008 g/bird, P = 0.006). Moreover, dietary CP linearly depressed feed intake (r = -0.486. P < 0.001). Fishmeal inclusions had negative linear impacts on weight gain (r = -0.751, P < 0.001) and feed intake (r = -0.495, P < 0.001). There was an interaction between dietary CP and fishmeal for FCR. However, growth performance was not influenced by dietary inclusions of sorghum. Total plasma amino acid concentrations were negatively related to weight gain (r = -0.519, P < 0.0001). The dietary transition from 0 to 100 g/kg fishmeal increased total amino acid concentrations in systemic plasma by 35% (771 versus 1037 μg/mL, P < 0.001). It may be deduced that optimal weight gain (2157 g/bird), optimal feed intake (3330 g/bird) and minimal FCR (1.544) were found in birds offered 190 g/kg CP diets without fishmeal inclusion, irrespective of sorghum inclusions. Both fishmeal and sorghum inclusions did not alter protein and starch digestion rate in broiler chickens; however, moderate reductions in dietary CP could advantage broiler growth performance.

The effect of low crude protein diets supplemented with DL-methionine and L-lysine hydrochloride on male broiler performance

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 165-165
Author(s):  
N. Eila ◽  
H. R. Semnani
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Crude Protein Level

Crude protein is an expensive nutrient in broiler diets and the supply of essential amino acids is more important than crude protein. Therefore it’s possible to reduce crude protein level by supplementing diets with methionine and lysine as limiting amino acids. The object of this study was assaying low protein diets supplemented with DL-methionine and L-lysine hydrochloride on male broiler chicks.

scholarly journals Synthetic and Crystalline Amino Acids: Alternatives to Soybean Meal in Chicken-Meat Production

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Selle ◽  
Juliano Cesar de Paula Dorigam ◽  
Andreas Lemme ◽  
Peter V. Chrystal ◽  
Sonia Y. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein ◽  
Crystalline Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Diets

: This review explores the premise that non-bound (synthetic and crystalline) amino acids are alternatives to soybean meal, the dominant source of protein, in diets for broiler chickens. Non-bound essential and non-essential amino acids can partially replace soybean meal so that requirements are still met but dietary crude protein levels are reduced. This review considers the production of non-bound amino acids, soybeans, and soybean meal and discusses the concept of reduced-crude protein diets. There is a focus on specific amino acids, including glycine, serine, threonine, and branched-chain amino acids, because they may be pivotal to the successful development of reduced-crude protein diets. Presently, moderate dietary crude protein reductions of approximately 30 g/kg are feasible, but more radical reductions compromise broiler performance. In theory, an ‘ideal’ amino acid profile would prevent this, but this is not necessarily the case in practice. The dependence of the chicken-meat industry on soybean meal will be halved if crude protein reductions in the order of 50 g/kg are attained without compromising the growth performance of broiler chickens. In this event, synthetic and crystalline, or non-bound, amino acids will become viable alternatives to soybean meal in chicken-meat production.

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