Economic consequences of increased bioenergy demand

2014 ◽  
Vol 90 (05) ◽  
pp. 636-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig M.T. Johnston ◽  
G. Cornelis van Kooten
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
The Impact

Although wind, hydro and solar are the most discussed sources of renewable energy, countries will need to rely much more on biomass if they are to meet renewable energy targets. In this study, a global forest trade model is used to examine the global effects of expanded demand for wood pellets fired with coal in power plants. Positive mathematical programming is used to calibrate the model to 2011 bilateral trade flows. To assess the impact of increased demand for wood pellets on global forest products, we consider a scenario where demand for wood pellets doubles. Findings indicate that production of lumber and plywood is likely to increase in most of the 20 model regions, but outputs of fibreboard, particleboard and pulp will decline as these products must compete with wood pellets for residual fibre. Ultimately, policies promoting aggressive renewable energy targets cause wood pellet prices to more than double in our scenarios, which could increase the cost of generating electricity to such an extent that, in some regions, electricity producers will continue to use fossil fuels as their primary fuel, while some others might find it worthwhile to rely more on nuclear energy for base load power.

Economic analysis of a softwood lumber quota regime and a policy to subsidize biomass generation of electricity.

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-109
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Mokhtarzadeh ◽  
G. Cornelis van Kooten
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Welfare Impacts ◽  
Softwood Lumber ◽  
The World ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
Spatial Price ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The REPA spatial price equilibrium model developed in Chapter 4 is used to investigate the regional welfare impacts of a quota on exports of Canadian softwood lumber to the U.S. In the model, Canada is divided into seven regions and the U.S. into five regions, with the rest of the world constituting a 13th region; the model is calibrated to the bilateral trade flows that existed in 2016 when there was free trade in lumber. Various quota levels are examined in terms of their impact on producers and consumers in both countries. Canadian producers are found to be better off with a hard quota compared with free trade, although the quota leads to a reduction in market share while driving a wedge between Canadian and U.S. prices, both of which are aggravated with harder quotas. Overall, the loss of export sales to the U.S. is not recouped with sales to the rest of the world. The REPA model is also used to examine the impact of EU demand for wood pellets to generate electricity. Results indicate that pellet prices will approximately double.

THE IMPACT OF LONG-TERM THREATS OF CLIMATE WARMING AND A PANDEMIC ON THE GLOBAL OIL MARKET

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 93-105
Author(s):  
O. V. EVSEEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Oil Market ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
The Impact

The global oil market is currently being heavily impacted by the build-up of renewable energy power plants due to the threat of a warming climate. Many countries have decided to restructure the energy sector to minimize the burning of fossil fuels. This decision reduces the demand for oil and forces a revision of long-term oil market forecasts. The virulent COVID-2019 virus, which emerged in late 19, has caused a massive pandemic. The pandemic has markedly reduced human activity in all countries and, in the absence of effective drugs to deal with this virus and its many strains, poses additional long-term threats to both the global econ-omy and the oil market. This is confirmed by the forecasts of oil companies and think tanks discussed in this article.

REGIONAL ANALYISIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PARKS IN ROMANIA. A SOWCASE OF WEST DEVELOPMENT REGION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Dumitrașcu ◽  
Alexandra Vrînceanu ◽  
Irena Mocanu ◽  
Paul Șerban ◽  
Ines Grigorescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Natura 2000 ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Development Region ◽  
West Development ◽  
The Impact

Electricity production has the greatest impact on socio-economic development in Romania. However, it is also responsible for the cumulative (often negative) environmental effects. In order to meet the energy demand, while achieving the Energy and Climate Change goals, Renewable Energy has become an important alternative, especially during 2010-2013 period when substantial funding has been allocated. Renewable energy sources available in Romania (hydro, solar, geothermal, wind and biomass) have the capacity to reduce greenhouse gases and improve population health by producing energy without using fossil fuels. The current study focuses on the examination of environmental and socio-economic impact of photovoltaic (PV) energy in the West Development Region (WDR). The area is located in the western part of Romania, covering 32,028 km2 (13.4% of the country's surface) and gathering 1,828 million inhabitants (9.4% of the country's population). It includes four counties: Timiș, Arad, Caraş-Severin and Hunedoara. For the current study, 35 photovoltaic parks were identified, mapped and analysed, based on which several indicators were computed in order to highlight the environmental and socio-economic consequences: share of PV parks/land use category/main soil type; distance to forests, waters, Natura 2000; no. of jobs created during the construction/operation of the PV parks; the value of PV parks investment; the impact on the local budget. The total analyzed area covers 177.76 ha.

scholarly journals Examining the Role of Disruptive Innovation in Renewable Energy Businesses from a Cross National Perspective

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4447
Author(s):  
Hokey Min ◽  
Yohannes Haile
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Disruptive Innovation ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Sustainable Value ◽  
National Perspective ◽  
The Impact

With a growing demand for safe, clean, and affordable energy, countries across the world are now seeking to create and rapidly develop renewable energy (RE) businesses. The success of these businesses often hinges on their ability to translate RE into sustainable value for energy consumers and the multiple stakeholders in the energy industry. Such value includes low production costs due to an abundance of natural resources (e.g., wind, water, sunlight), and public health benefits from reduced environmental pollution. Despite the potential for value creation, many RE businesses have struggled to create affordable energy as abundant as that which is produced by traditional fossil fuels. The rationale being that traditional RE sources emanating from natural resources tend to rely on unpredictable weather conditions. Therefore, to help RE businesses deliver sustainable value, we should leverage disruptive innovation that is less dependent on natural resources. This paper is one of the first attempts to assess the impact of disruptive innovation on RE business performances based on the survey data obtained from multiple countries representing both emerging and developed economies.

Kazakhstan: Assessment of Renewable Energy Support and a Green Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 631
Author(s):  
Sergey BESPALYY
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
The State ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The growth of renewable energy sources (RES) shows the desire of the government of Kazakhstan to meet challenges that affect the welfare and development of the state. National targets, government programs, policies influence renewable energy strategies. In the future, renewable energy technologies will act as sources of a green economy and sustainable economic growth. The state policy in the field of energy in Kazakhstan is aimed at improving the conditions for the development and support of renewable energy sources, amendments are being made to provide for the holding of auctions for new RES projects, which replaces the previously existing system of fixed tariffs. It is expected that the costs of traditional power plants for the purchase of renewable energy will skyrocket, provided that the goals in the field of renewable generation are achieved. This article provides an assessment of international experience in supporting renewable energy sources, as well as analyzes the current situation in the development of renewable energy in Kazakhstan and the impact on sustainable development and popularization of the «green» economy. The study shows that by supporting the development of renewable energy sources, economic growth is possible, which is achieved in an environmentally sustainable way.

An Exclusive Country Club: The Effects of the GATT on Trade, 1950–94

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Gowa ◽  
Soo Yeon Kim
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
World War ◽  
Trade Blocs ◽  
Country Club ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Exchange Control ◽  
The Impact

Using data on bilateral trade flows from both before and after World War II, this article examines the impact of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade on trade between its members and on the system of interwar trade blocs. It shows that the distribution of the benefits produced by the GATT was much more highly skewed than conventional wisdom assumes. The article also shows that the gold, Commonwealth, Reichsmark, and exchange-control blocs exerted positive and significant effects on trade after 1945. The authors attribute these effects to the bargaining protocol that governed successive rounds of GATT negotiations, the signature element of the postwar trade regime.

Softwood lumber trade and trade restrictions: gravity model.

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-173
Author(s):  
Xin-tong Li ◽  
Fatemeh Mokhtarzadeh ◽  
G. Cornelisvan Kooten
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Softwood Lumber ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
Pseudo Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Gravity Trade Model

Abstract A gravity trade model can be used to determine the effects of policy on bilateral trade flows. The gravity model is initially explained and then used to determine the effect that U.S. tariffs have on softwood lumber (SWL) imports from Canada, using information from the 2006 Softwood Lumber Agreement. Quarterly data for seven Canadian and three U.S. regions for the period 2007-2017 are used to estimate a gravity model of SWL trade. The model is subsequently expanded to include Japan and China as separate regions, and then as a combined China-Japan region. The model is estimated using OLS and a Poisson Pseudo-Maximum-Likelihood method for trade quantity and value. Findings indicate that: (1) the imposition of a countervailing and/or anti-dumping duty usually has a negative effect on Canada's physical exports, but not in all cases; (2) the value of softwood lumber trade decreases by 26% on average under a tax/tariff compared with no duties; (3) the tax/tariff has a smaller but still significant impact on Canadian exports when China and Japan are included, as SWL exports are diverted from the U.S.; and, not surprisingly, (4) duties affect the value of lumber exports to a much greater extent than quantity.

Modeling bilateral forest products trade.

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-82
Author(s):  
Craig M. T. Johnston ◽  
Brad Stennes ◽  
G. Cornelisvan Kooten
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Programming Models ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Price Equilibrium ◽  
Softwood Lumber ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
Spatial Price

Abstract The focus in this chapter is on the development of mathematical programming models used to model bilateral forest products trade. Theoretical outlines are provided of a multi-region, single product trade model and of an integrated, multi-region, multi-product trade model. The objective function and constraints are described mathematically, while the analysis takes into account horizontal and vertical chains and the need to calibrate the model using observed trade flows. Data sources are discussed, and the GAMS code is provided for the uncalibrated and calibrated versions of the model. The Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute is the raison d'être for much applied work in modeling forest products trade, especially on Canada's side. In this chapter, we examine several spatial price equilibrium (SPE) trade models that are currently used to investigate the implications of trade barriers imposed on Canadian exports of softwood lumber to the United States. The reason we consider bilateral trade is so that we can determine the impacts of trade restrictions on various regions in North America. We begin in the next section by specifying a general but vertically integrated SPE trade model.

scholarly journals Transient Impact Analysis of High Renewable Energy Sources Penetration According to the Future Korean Power Grid Scenario

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungchan Oh ◽  
Heewon Shin ◽  
Hwanhee Cho ◽  
Byongjun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power System ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Transient Stability ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Power System ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The Impact

Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions constitute a worldwide trend. According to this trend, there are many plans in place for the replacement of conventional electric power plants operating using fossil fuels with renewable energy sources (RESs). Owing to current needs to expand the RES penetration in accordance to a new National power system plan, the importance of RESs is increasing. The RES penetration imposes various impacts on the power system, including transient stability. Furthermore, the fact that they are distributed at multiple locations in the power system is also a factor which makes the transient impact analysis of RESs difficult. In this study, the transient impacts attributed to the penetration of RESs are analyzed and compared with the conventional Korean electric power system. To confirm the impact of the penetration of RESs on transient stability, the effect was analyzed based on a single machine equivalent (SIME) configuration. Simulations were conducted in accordance to the Korean power system by considering the anticipated RES penetration in 2030. The impact of RES on transient stability was provided by a change in CCT by increasing of the RES penetration.

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