Protein and caloric content of lodge pole pine needles

1968 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Boag ◽  
J. W. Kiceniuk
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
A Site

The level of crude protein and the caloric content of the needles of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) were investigated. Crude protein levels averaged 4.52 per cent of air-dry weight. No significant difference could be demonstrated in protein levels between samples taken,1) in May and November2) at 6,300 and 5,700 feet altitude, and3) from old and young trees growing on the same site.No evidence of changed protein levels was found in samples taken from trees growing on a site burned intensively 20 years previously. Caloric content of lodgepole pine needles averaged 4,973 calories per gram. Caloric values did not differ significantly between trees growing on the same and different sites.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Treated Greywater Reuse in Irrigation on Growth and Protein Content of Prosopis and Albizia

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Naji K. Al-Mefleh ◽  
Yahia A. Othman ◽  
Maher J. Tadros ◽  
Amani Al-Assaf ◽  
Samer Talozi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Albizia Lebbeck ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Significant Difference

This study investigated the influence of treated greywater on growth and protein content of multipurpose (forage and ornamental) transplants, Prosopis juliflora L., Prosopis tamarugo L., and Albizia lebbeck L. Transplants of tested species were irrigated with treated greywater, diluted greywater (grey + distilled water, 1:1/by volume), and distilled water (control) for seven months. Water quality analysis showed that the concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals found in the greywater were within the acceptable range compared with Jordan Institution for Standard and Metrology (JISM) and the World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds for safe use of greywater. Escherichia coli found in the greywater were lower compared to JISM and WHO guidelines for the safe use of greywater. Irrigation with treated greywater increased shoot fresh weight by 24–39% and dry weight by 34–40% compared to diluted greywater and control. No significant difference in crude protein was noticed between water treatments. Prosopis species (P. juliflora Albizia lebbeck L. and P. tamarugo Albizia lebbeck L.) had higher shoot fresh (35%) and dry weight the same species had lower crude protein (44%) when compared to Albizia lebbeck Albizia lebbeck L. The reuse of treated greywater for landscaping or forage production alleviates the demand for water resources and reduces the pressure on wastewater treatment plants. However, considering the controversial findings of previous studies on greywater quality (especially, long-term reuse), the reuse of treated greywater needs to be considered with caution and periodic quality analyses and economic assessments are required.

scholarly journals Early Height Growth and Site Index of Lodgepole Pine Under Wet and Dry Soil Moisture Regimes in British Columbia

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Gordon D. Nigh
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Indicator Variables ◽  
Soil Moisture Availability ◽  
A Site ◽  
Growth Intercept

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether the relationship between site index and early height growth of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) is the same on wet and dry sites. If the height growth/site index relationship is the same for different site types, then only one growth intercept model is required to estimate site index. Indicator variables in nonlinear regression were used to incorporate soil moisture availability into a growth intercept model. One set of parameters in a site index/early height growth model was adequate for both wet and dry sites. This result was supported graphically. Therefore, only one growth intercept model is necessary for the sites examined in this study. West. J. Appl. For. 12(1):5-8.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Dietary Protein Levels on Survival Rate and Growth Per-formance of Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181
Author(s):  
Abdalbast H. Fadel ◽  
Awad J. Lamin ◽  
Randa Rajab Ali ◽  
Karema A. Momen
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Guppy Fish ◽  
Density Rate

This study was carried out to evaluate the growth response of guppy Poecilia reticulata to different dietary protein levels. A total of 72 fry of guppy fish of an initial body weight 0.365± 0.01g were distributed randomly into 60 L aquaria at the density rate of 0.05 g/L. Fish were fed to satiation twice daily for eight weeks with diets containing different dietary protein levels (20%, 30%, or 40%.). The survival rate of guppy was unaffected by increasing dietary protein levels. At the end of the experiment, weight gains (g) ranging from 1.93 to 3.55 were obtained corresponding to 20% and 40% crude protein respectively. The growth performance and feeding efficiencies were significantly improved (P < 0.05) by increasing dietary protein levels. However, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in the specific growth rate of fish that were fed 20% and 30% dietary protein levels. The value of the condition factor was significantly high in fish fed at 40% dietary protein. It can be concluded that a 40% dietary protein level is recommended for guppy fish.

scholarly journals Bicultivo de cachama blanca Piaractus brachypomus y tilapia nilótica Oreochromis niloticus en biofloc alimentadas con dietas de origen vegetal

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Benicio Brú-Cordero ◽  
Vicente Pertúz-Buelvas ◽  
Julia Ayazo-Genes ◽  
Victor Julio Atencio-García ◽  
Sandra Pardo-Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Fish Meat ◽  
Tilapia Nilotica ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Proximal Analysis ◽  
Quality Production

The productive performance of cachama and nile tilapia reared in biofloc and fed diets of vegetal origin was evaluated. In 1000L tanks with permanent aeration, were placed80 fish/m3, in a ratio 1:1 (cachama : tilapia); fish were fed with three levels of crude protein (CP): 16% (T16), 24% (T24) and 32% (T32) for 120 days. Parameters of growth, yield, water quality, production costs and proximal analysis of the flocs were estimated. Dissolved oxygen showed saturation above 100% and nitrogen compounds (NO2 = 0.4-0.5 mg/l, NO3 = 0.4-0.5 mg/l, NH3 = 0.2-0.3 mg/l, TAN = 2.2-2.4 mg/l)showed no statistical difference between treatments (P > 0.05). The final weight of the cachama (173.5-196.2 g) were between two and four times those obtained by tilapia(43.0-87.9 g). The tilapia recorded a better daily gain of weight in T24 (0.7 g/day); while the cachama ranged between 1.2-1.3 g/day, with no significant difference between these values (P > 0.05). The best bi-culture yield was obtained in T24 diet (11.4 ± 1.3 kg/m3), which also recorded the lowest FCA (0.9 ± 0.3). To produce one kilogram of fish cost between COP$3.148 (T24) and COP$4.445 (T32); of which the food represented between 49.2% (T16) and 63.3% (T32) and energy between 10.3% (T32) and 14.2%(T16) of total costs. Proximal analysis of the flocs recorded crude protein levels suitable(29-36% PB) for cachama and tilapia; but with low lipid levels (< 1.0%). The productive performance and the production costs allow to suggest the viability of the biofloc system for the production of fish meat with 24% CP diet of vegetal origin.

scholarly journals Sowing Season and Nitrogen Fertilization Rates in Two Oats Cultivars Grown Under Greenhouse Conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Luis Aurelio Sanches ◽  
Leandro Coelho de Araujo ◽  
Sabrina Novaes dos Santos-Araujo ◽  
Aline Tais de Carvalho de Oliveira ◽  
Antonio Clementino dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oat Cultivars ◽  
Sowing Season ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

Two experiments were carried out in the experimental field of the Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP in Ilha Solteira, São Paulo state, Brazil, in a greenhouse from April to July 2015. This study aimed at evaluating the best sowing season and response to nitrogen doses for the cultivars of yellow oat São Carlos and black IAPAR 61. The experiments were conducted in randomized blocks designs in a factorial scheme with three replicates. The sowing seasons were April 23, May 08, and May 5 and the nitrogen doses were 0; 12.5; 25; 35.5 and 50 kg ha-1 cycle. Harvests at 30 and 60 days were conducted in order to estimate of the production of dry weight (DW), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). For a productivity of DW, there was interaction between sowing season and oat cultivars and significant differences for CP in the second harvesting. For NDF, a significant difference was observed between harvesting. The most suitable time for sowing of both yellow oats and black oats is early May. Dry weight yield and the CP content of yellow oats increased linearly with increasing nitrogen rates while for black oats a maximum DM yield were obtained with the application of 43.5 kg ha-1 of N.

Hard pine stem rusts on lodgepole pine at a site-preparation study in sub-boreal British Columbia: effects over 24 years

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Reich ◽  
Jean L. Heineman ◽  
Amanda F. Linnell Nemec ◽  
Lorne Bedford ◽  
Jacob O. Boateng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Volume Loss ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Stem Infection ◽  
Endocronartium Harknessii ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Relationship

Site preparation can improve lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) survival and growth; however, we lack information regarding possible interactions between treatment effects and the impacts of western gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hirats.) and comandra blister rust (Cronartium comandrae Peck). Mechanical and burning techniques examined over 24 years at a sub-boreal British Columbia site did not significantly increase rust infection rates or characteristics relative to an untreated control. Most infection occurred before age 10 years and at heights <2 m. By age 24 years, 22% and 10% of pine had sustained at least one western gall rust or comandra blister rust stem infection, respectively, but only 4% of western gall rust infected trees were dead, compared with 60% of comandra blister rust infected trees. Exploratory regression analysis of the relationship between tree volume and percent stem encirclement and infection height suggested that volume of 24-year-old pine infected with western gall rust averaged 8% less than the corresponding volume of uninfected trees. Over 24 years, estimated stand-level, rust-related volume loss was 8.4%, with the majority due to mortality from comandra blister rust. One-fifth of estimated volume loss was provisionally attributed to growth reductions among live western gall rust infected pine.

scholarly journals Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1631-1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley G. Page ◽  
Michael J. Jenkins ◽  
Justin B. Runyon
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Fuel Moisture ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
A Site ◽  
Far Eastern

During periods with epidemic mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) populations in lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) forests, large amounts of tree foliage are thought to undergo changes in moisture content and chemistry brought about by tree decline and death. However, many of the presumed changes have yet to be quantified. In this study, we quantified and compared fuel moisture, chemistry, and resulting flammability of bark beetle affected foliage in terms of ignitability, combustibility, consumability, and sustainability at a site in far eastern Idaho, USA. Results revealed substantial decreases in moisture content, the proportion of starches and sugars, and crude fat and increases in the proportions of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in foliage of trees attacked in the previous year (yellow foliage) or more than two years previously (red foliage). Increases in emission rates of several terpenes that were correlated with flammability were also detected in yellow foliage. The flammability of fresh yellow and red foliage increased with regard to ignitability and sustainability, with shorter times to ignition, lower temperatures at ignition, and higher heat yields when compared with unattacked green foliage. Our results confirm the overwhelming importance of fuel moisture on flammability and suggest that fuel chemical composition also has significant effects on lodgepole pine foliage flammability.

scholarly journals Dynamics of some limnological characteristics in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) culture tanks as function of handling

1999 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. SIPAÚBA-TAVARES ◽  
M. A. G. de MORAES ◽  
F. M . de S. BRAGA
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Water Residence Time ◽  
Piaractus Mesopotamicus ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fish Tanks

In order to study the water quality in fish tanks, a 166-day (January to July 1992) experiment was realized using the indigenous species "pacu" (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Two different protein levels were tested in the diet (16% and 34% crude protein) and three stocking densities (0.25, 0.50 and 0.77 fish/m²). From the results, it was observed that the interactions between stocking density and experiment length affected the characteristics bicarbonate and alkalinity, as well as the interaction between stocking density and protein levels affected concentrations of free and total CO2, conductivity and pH (P < 0.05). The water temperature in tanks changed significantly during the period of study (P < 0.05),decreasing gradually from summer to winter. There was no significant difference in water residence time in the tanks (P < 0.05) during the experiment. The other limnological characteristics were not affected by treatments during study period.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition of Common Seaweeds from the Kenya Coast

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heltan M. Mwalugha ◽  
Joseph G. Wakibia ◽  
Glaston M. Kenji ◽  
Mwanjala A. Mwasaru
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Nutritional Profile ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Major Chemical

The gross nutritional profile of 34 seaweed species from three sites (Mkomani, Kibuyuni and Mtwapa) in coastal Kenya were studied. The crude fat, crude protein, crude fibre and crude ash were determined by the standard AOAC methods while the nitrogen-free extract (NFE) was calculated by weight difference of the chemical components. The chemical constituents of the seaweeds varied significantly among the algal divisions, species, months and sites (<em>p</em>&lt;0.05). The major chemical components was the NFE with a mean value of 42.09 ± 0.83% dry weight (DW) followed by crude ash (31.94 ± 0.78% DW), crude fibre (14.08 ± 0.26% DW), crude protein (10.09 ± 0.26% DW), whereas the least component was crude fat with a mean value of 1.81 ± 0.04% DW (<em>p</em>&lt;0.05). The crude protein levels were positively correlated with nitrogen content and in crude fibre and negatively with NFE, crude fat and crude ash (<em>p</em>&lt;0.05). The findings on the gross nutritional profile of the seaweeds in this study could be used as a basis for more advanced research on nutritional information guideline and as potential resources for seaweed-based products for improved human and animal nutrition.

scholarly journals Effects of hot and cold smoking processes on organoleptic properties, yield and composition of matrinxa fillet

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luiza Rodrigues de Souza Franco ◽  
Elisabete Maria Macedo Viegas ◽  
Sérgio Nascimento Kronka ◽  
Rose Meire Vidotti ◽  
Marcelo Assano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fillet Yield

The effects of hot (45-90ºC/5 hours) and cold (27-45ºC/10 hours) smoking processes on the organoleptic properties, yield and composition of matrinxa (Brycon cephalus) fillets are evaluated. No significant differences were observed for fillet yield in both non-smoked and smoked fillets. Smoking process losses were significantly higher for hot smoked (19.37%) when compared to cold smoked (17.08%). Smoking process reduced moisture (in natura = 72.91%, for hot = 58.51% and cold = 59.68%) and increased crude protein, lipid and ash contents. However, there was a significant difference only for protein level between hot smoked (28.07%) and cold smoked (27.14%). Cold smoked process resulted in better fillet appearance and color, while hot smoked presented superior flavor, salt content and general acceptance. Aroma and texture did not differ significantly among processes. Therefore, hot smoking process shows the best results for organoleptic properties and protein levels.

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