scholarly journals Comparison of the accuracy of three different electronic apex locators used in root canals enlarged in different apical diameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Hasan Öz ◽  
Özkan Adıgüzel ◽  
Sadullah Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Chi Square ◽  
Actual Length ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Electronic Measurement ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
Level Of Significance

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of three apex locators in enlarged teeth with different apical diameters using files that are compatible and incompatible with the apical diameters. Methodology: Sixty lower premolars were used in this study. The actual canal length was determined with a stereo microscope, and the teeth were divided into three different groups (G25, G40 and G50). The teeth in G25, G40 and G50 were enlarged in actual canal length with apical diameters of 0.25, 0.40 and 0.50 mm using hand files and Reciproc R25, R40, and R50, respectively. In the electronic measurements, a #15 hand file was used in each group, and #25, #40 and #50 hand files that were compatible with the apical diameters of the teeth in the groups were used. An alginate model was created with enlarged teeth. The electronic working length was determined for each tooth using Root ZX Mini, Raypex 6, and Propex Pixi electronic apex locators (EALs). Results: Electronic measurement results that were shorter by 0.50 mm or longer by 0.05 mm than the actual length were considered unsuccessful; otherwise, they were deemed successful. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the accuracy of the EALs with different files in the same apical diameter. For the different apical diameters, the chi-square exact test was used to evaluate the accuracy effect of using files that were incompatible with each apical diameter. The level of significance was p > 0.05. In all the groups, the measured lengths were closer to the actual canal length with the use of #25, #40 and #50 hand files that were compatible with the apical diameters. However, there was no significant difference between the measurements with the #15 hand file (p > 0.05). According to the electronic measurement results made with the #15 hand file in teeth with 0.25, 0.40 and 0.50 apical diameters, the use of a file that was incompatible with the apical diameter did not have a significant effect on accuracy (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The use of a file that is compatible with the apical diameter of the tooth in the determination of the working length with measurement of EALs close to the actual canal length. The accuracy of EALs is not affected by the file size in electronic measurements with file sizes smaller than the apical diameter in teeth with apical diameters up to 0.50 mm.   How to cite this article: Öz H, Adıgüzel Ö, Kaya S. Comparison of the accuracy of three different electronic apex locators used in root canals enlarged in different apical diameters. Int Dent Res 2021;11(Suppl.1):12-8. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.3   Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.  

Success Rate of Obturation of Root Canals by Different Techniques in Primary Molars: A Comparative Clinical Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
Satyawan G. Damle ◽  
Ritika Bansal ◽  
Dhanashree D. Sakhare
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Primary Molars ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Second Primary ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Comparative Clinical Study

Objective: To compare the success rate of different obturation procedures in primary mandibular second molars clinically and also by digital radiovisiography. Methods: A total of 40 children aged between 4-8 years with deeply carious mandibular second primary molars indicated for single session pulpectomy were selected. Canals were obturated with Metapex. The 3 study groups (Endodontic plugger, Handheld lentulospiral, Navi Tip syringe) were compared with the control group (reamer) both clinically and radiovisiographically. The data collected were statistically analyzed using Pearson’s Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test. Results: The use of Navi tip syringe led to the least number of voids followed by Endodontic plugger and Reamer and the highest number of voids was reported with Lentulospiral. Navitip presented maximum number of optimally filled cases followed by Endodontic plugger and Lentulospiral and least number of optimally filled cases with reamer. However, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in any of the groups with clinical (pain and tenderness to percussion) and radiographic parameters (presence or absence of voids and length of obturation). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, though the clinical outcome was statistically insignificant, Navitip syringe exhibited encouraging results and is a promising option for obturation in primary teeth.

scholarly journals The Antibacterial Efficacy of Biopure MTAD in Root Canal Contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blerim Kamberi ◽  
Donika Bajrami ◽  
Miranda Stavileci ◽  
Shuhreta Omeragiq ◽  
Fatmir Dragidella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Antibacterial Efficacy ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Level Of Significance

Aim. The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of Biopure MTAD against E. faecalis in contaminated root canals. Materials and Methods. Forty-two single rooted extracted human teeth were inoculated with E. faecalis and incubated for four weeks. The samples were divided in two control and five experimental groups irrigated with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl); 3% NaOCl; BioPure MTAD; 1.5% NaOCl/17% EDTA; or 3% NaOCl/17% EDTA. After a one-week incubation, complete disinfection was confirmed by the absence of turbidity in the incubation media. Dentin shavings were taken from samples with no turbidity to verify whether E. faecalis was present in dentin tubules. Results were analyzed statistically using Fisher's exact test, with the level of significance set at . Results. Statistical analysis of the data obtained at Day 7 and after dentin shaving analysis showed that BioPure MTAD had significantly greater antibacterial activity than 1.5% NaOCl, 1.5% NaOCl/17% EDTA and 3% NaOCl/17% EDTA. No significant difference was detected between MTAD and 3% NaOCl. Conclusions. These findings suggest that BioPure MTAD possesses superior bactericidal activity compared with NaOCl and EDTA against E. faecalis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of postoperative pain after endodontic treatment with foraminal enlargement and obturation using two auxiliary chemical protocols

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelle Louise Sposito Bourreau ◽  
Adriana de Jesus Soares ◽  
Francisco José de Souza-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Postoperative Pain ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Randomized Clinical Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test

Aim This prospective randomized clinical study examined the influence of two different auxiliary chemical substances on postoperative pain in 301 single-visit endodontic treatments, with enlargement of the apical foramen and extrusion of cement into the periapical region. Material and method The two auxiliary chemicals used were 2% chlorhexidine (2% CHX gel; n = 145) and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (5.25% NaOCl; n = 156). The incidence of postoperative pain and discomfort was assessed at 24 hours and expressed as percentages. The Fisher exact test and the Chi-square test were used to compare variation in postoperative pain. The variables analyzed were previous pain, pulp status, age, and number of root canals. Result In teeth with previous pain instrumented with 2% CHX gel, the incidence of postoperative pain was 22.22% (6/27) versus 11.11% (3/22) in teeth instrumented with 5.25% NaOCl. In teeth without previous pain instrumented with 2% CHX gel, the incidence of postoperative pain was 8.5% (6/118) versus 2.33% (3/129) in teeth instrumented with 5.25% NaOCl, with no statistically significant difference between the groups. Results showed that previous pain had a significant influence on postoperative status (p < 0.001). After 24 hours postoperatively, 93.7% (282/301) of the teeth had no pain and 6.3% (19/301) had some level of pain, and used one or two doses of medication. Conclusion Based on the results, it can be concluded that the auxiliary chemical substances had no influence on postoperative pain.

The influence of varying maxillary central incisor vertical dimension on perceived smile aesthetics

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Elis Janaina Lira dos Santos ◽  
Alana Moura Xavier Dantas ◽  
Raíssa Marçal Vilela ◽  
Karina Jerônimo Rodrigues Santiago de Lima ◽  
Rejane Targino Soares Beltrão
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Central Incisor ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Maxillary Central Incisor ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test

Objective: To evaluate patient perception of the smile focused on analysis of the upper incisors. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry at Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil. Participants: The sample consisted of 135 individuals (73 women and 62 men). Methods: Images with different characteristics associated with the incisal edges were shown at random and analysed using a Likert scale. Data were analysed using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test with a statistically significant difference ( P < 0.05). Results: Smile I (difference of 1.5 mm in relation to the central incisor and lateral) was considered the most aesthetic, while Smile III (no difference in height between the central and lateral incisors) was the least aesthetic. A significant difference was found between perception of smile II (difference of 1 mm in relation to the central incisor and lateral) and age groups ( P < 0.005), with 31% (n = 13) of individuals aged 45–64 years considering smile II as not pleasant, 4.4% (n = 2) aged 15–24 years and 8.3% (n=4) aged 25–44 years and 4.4% (n = 2) aged 15–24 years considering the same. A significant difference was also found in relation to educational background of the assessor and smile perception, with smile III ( P = 0.0441) and smile IV ( P = 0.0053) considered the most aesthetic ( P = 0.0116). Conclusion: The smile considered most attractive among the sample was that with 1.5 mm steepness between the central and lateral incisors, while a flat smile arc was considered least attractive.

scholarly journals CONDIÇÕES DE SAÚDE E ESTADO NUTRICIONAL DE AGENTES COMUNITÁRIOS DE SAÚDE NO INTERIOR DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-43
Author(s):  
Amanda Almeida Gomes Dantas ◽  
Nayara Priscila Dantas De Oliveira ◽  
Mercês de Fátima dos Santos Silva ◽  
Diego de Sousa Dantas
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Significant Difference

 Introdução: A saúde do trabalhador é um campo de relevância, mas que ainda está sendo consolidado no âmbito do sistema único de saúde (SUS). Partindo dessa compreensão, esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o estado nutricional e as condições de saúde dos agentes comunitários de saúde do município de Currais Novos-RN. Metodologia: Participaram da pesquisa 80 indivíduos de ambos os sexos. A coleta de dados envolveu um questionário padronizado elaborado especificamente para o referido trabalho, baseado na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, realizada por o IBGE, para analisar as condições de vida e de saúde. Além disso, foram realizadas aferição de medidas antropométricas como peso, estatura, circunferência abdominal e dobras cutâneas, para analisar o estado nutricional. A análise bivariada foi realizada por meio do teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fisher, sendo verificada a magnitude da associação através da razão de prevalência com intervalo de confiança de 95%, por meio do programa estatístico SPSS for Windows versão 22.0. Resultados: De acordo com os resultados, viu-se que 63,8% dos participantes encontram-se com Sobrepeso/Obesidade. Conclusão: Todos os dados antropométricos apresentaram diferença significativa na análise bivariada, demonstrando que essas variáveis exercem influência no estado nutricional desses.   Descritores: Agente Comunitário de Saúde; Saúde do Trabalhador; Condições de Saúde; Estado Nutricional.   ABSTRACTIntroduction:Workers' health is a field of relevance, but it is still being consolidated within the scope of the single health system (SUS). Based on this understanding, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status and health conditions of community health agents in the municipality of Currais Novos-RN. Methodology: Participated in the study 80 individuals of both sexes. The data collection involved a standardized questionnaire elaborated specifically for the aforementioned study, based on the National Health Survey, conducted by the IBGE, to analyze the living and health conditions. In addition, anthropometric measures such as weight, height, waist circumference, and skinfolds were performed to analyze the nutritional status.The bivariate analysis was performed using the Pearson's Chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test, and the magnitude of the association was verified through the prevalence ratio with a 95% confidence interval, using the statistical program SPSS for Windows version 22.0. Results: According to the results, it was found that 63.8% of the participants they are Overweight / Obesity. Conclusion: And all anthropometric data presented a significant difference in the bivariate analysis, demonstrating that these variables influence the nutritional status of these.  Descriptors: Community Health; Agent Worker’s Health; Health Conditions; Nutritional Status.

Comparing the Effect of Hand and Foot Reflexology Massages on the Severity of Nausea, Vomiting and Ileus in patients after Abdominal Surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1589-1593
Author(s):  
Elham Shahraki Moghadam ◽  
Zahrasadat Manzari ◽  
Hossein Rashki Ghalenow ◽  
Hajar Noori Sanchooli
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Surgery ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Abdominal Distension ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hands And Feet

Background: Common clinical problems after surgery include nausea, vomiting and ileus that many patients complain of after their surgery. These complications can delay the patient's discharge from hospital. Nowadays, to reduce drug side effects, the use of complementary medicine, including reflexology, has received a great deal of attention. Aim: To compare the effect of hand and foot reflexology massages on the severity of nausea, vomiting and ileus in patients after abdominal surgery. Methods: This is a clinical trial study that was conducted between 2013 and 2015 in the emergency surgical departments of Imam Reza (AS) and Ghaem (AS) hospitals in Mashhad. The samples of this study included 90 women with cholecystitis and appendicitis who met the inclusion criteria. In this study, patients were randomly divided into 3 groups of hand reflexology massage, foot reflexology massage and control. To check the digestive status, gastrointestinal sounds were checked every hour using a clinical stethoscope. Also, information on gas and feces elimination was collected and recorded every hour. The intervention was performed 1 and 12 hours after the surgery. In both groups of hands and foot reflexology massages, after general massage of the hands and feet, the areas related to the abdominal distension and removal of the ileus were pressed. It should be noted that, the duration of massage for each person was 10 minutes (20 minutes in total). Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, two-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the mean score of severity of nausea before the intervention between the three groups (p = 0.90), but after the intervention a significant difference was observed in the mean score of severity of nausea between the three groups (p=0.002). Also, the result of ANOVA test with repeated measure showed a statistically significant difference in the mean score of nausea by group and stage (p<0.001). There was also no statistically significant difference in the frequency of vomiting severity between the three groups after the intervention. However, at 4 and 24 hours after the intervention, a statistically significant difference was observed between the three groups in that regard. Conclusion: The results showed that both types of hand and foot reflexology massage has positive effects on nausea and return of gastrointestinal movements, so nurses can use reflexology as a non-pharmacological and complementary method to reduce the severity of nausea and return gastrointestinal movements in postoperative patients. Since the reflexology had little or no effect on the severity of vomiting and the acceleration of gastrointestinal movements in patients, further studies in this area are recommended. Keywords: Reflexology, Pain, Nausea and vomiting, Ileus, Surgery

scholarly journals Efficacy Of Two NI-TI Retreatment Systems and Hand Files in Removing Gutta-Percha and Sealer From Root Canals Filled With Three Different Types of Sealers

2015 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 071-079
Author(s):  
Rajender Singh ◽  
Ashu Gupta ◽  
Vishal Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Operating Time ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Gutta Percha ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hand Instrumentation ◽  
Difference Test

Abstract Objectives: This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of two rotary nickel titanium instruments and hand instrumentation in removing gutta-percha and sealer from root canals. Study design: – 63 extracted human single rooted premolars were instrumented with K-files and filled using lateral compaction of gutta-percha (GP) and three different sealers. The teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups of 21 specimens each. Removal of gutta-percha was performed with R-Endo retreatment files, Mtwo retreatment files and Hedstrom files. Time to reach working length and to eliminate filling material was also recorded. The specimens were sectioned for evaluation of the area of the remaining gutta-percha/sealer under stereomicroscope at 6X magnification. Photographs were taken for further analysis using computer image analysis program. The results were statistically analyzed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s honestly significant difference test. Results: The R-Endo retreatment system resulted in a smaller percentage of canal area covered by residual GP/sealer than in other groups, a significant difference was found between R-Endo and Mtwo group and between Hedstrom groups (P < 0.001). The Mean operating time was minimum with R-Endo group while it was found to be maximum with hand files. Conclusion: It was concluded that all test techniques left gutta-percha/sealer remnants within the root canal. The R-Endo retreatment files and Mtwo retreatment files system proved to be an efficient method for removing gutta-percha and sealer from single rooted premolars.

scholarly journals Comparison of Complications between Total and Subtotal Thyroidectomy in Simple Multinodular Goitre

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Nadim Ahmed ◽  
Sami Ahmad ◽  
Farhad Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Anwar Hossain ◽  
Krishna Pada Saha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Thyroidectomy ◽  
Subtotal Thyroidectomy ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Multinodular Goitre ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Nodular Goitre ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Postoperative Haemorrhage ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Multinodular goitre is one of the most common endocrine surgical problems. Because controversy still continues to surround the use of total thyroidectomy for management of simple nodular goitre, the present study was conducted to compare the complications between total and subtotal thyroidectomy for management of simple multinodular goitre.Materials & methods: The experimental study was conducted in the department of Surgery and ENT, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital over a period of 2 years from July 2011 to June 2013. Of the total 83 simple multinodular goitre patients – 38 were assigned to total and 45 to subtotal thyroidectomy groups. Student’s t-test was done to analyze the means of quantitative variables & Chi-square (X2) and Fisher Exact test was applied to analyze categorical variables.Results: Most (88.9%) of patients in subtotal thyroidectomy (STT) group and 86.8% in total thyroidectomy (TT) group did not receive any blood transfusion during operation. Only 1(2.2%) patient in STT group experienced significant intraoperative haemorrhage. All patients were successfully operated. However, few patients of either group experienced some complications. Tetany was developed in 7.89% patients of TT and 4.44% patients of STT group. The other complication was recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy (5.3% in TT and 2.2% in STT groups). No case of postoperative haemorrhage (haematoma) or wound infection was occured in either group. In TT group 5 (13.16%) patients and in STT group 4 (8.89%) patients developed different complications with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.533). The mean postoperative hospital stay was higher in TT group than In STT group (6.21 ± 0.99 vs. 5.96 ± 0.79 days), though the difference is not statistically significant (p= 0.206).Conclusions: The study shows that total thyroidectomy can be performed without increasing risk of complications and is a better alternative to subtotal thyroidectomy for the treatment of simple multinodular goitre.J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, December 2017, Vol.9(2); 55-59

scholarly journals Incidence of periodontal compromise in teeth indicated for undergoing endodontic treatment: A clinical study

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 334-337
Author(s):  
Ricardo Machado ◽  
Monique Muniz da Cunha ◽  
Daniel Comparin ◽  
Leopoldo Cosme-Silva ◽  
Eduardo Donato Eing Engelke Back ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Endodontic Treatment ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Periodontal Status ◽  
Probing Depth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Level Of Significance

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status of teeth indicated for undergoing endodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and nine teeth were evaluated using probing depth tests at three vestibular and three palatine/lingual sites before the patients underwent treatment. Teeth that presented up to 3-mm probing depth were considered as healthy. Those that presented at least one site with probing depth >3 mm were considered periodontally compromised. The data were statistically analyzed by means of applying the Chi-square test, with a level of significance of 5%. Results: Of the total of 209 teeth evaluated, 40 (19.10%) presented periodontal compromise. There was statistically significant difference related to the compromised teeth of patients of the female gender (22.80%) compared with teeth of patients of the male gender (12.30%) (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Fewer than 20% of the teeth evaluated presented a periodontal compromise. Patients of the female gender presented a higher number of periodontally compromised teeth than patients of the male gender.

Incidence of adverse drug reactions induced by N-acetylcysteine in patients with acetaminophen overdose

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sa'ed H Zyoud ◽  
Rahmat Awang ◽  
Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman ◽  
Waleed M Sweileh ◽  
Samah W Al-jabi
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Acetaminophen Overdose ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Student’S T

Background: Intravenous N-acetylcysteine (IV-NAC) is widely recognized as the antidote of choice for acetaminophen overdose. However, its use is not without adverse drug reactions (ADR) that might affect therapeutic outcome or lead to treatment delay. Objective: the aim of this study was to investigate the type and incidence of ADR induced by IV-NAC in patients treated for acetaminophen overdose. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients admitted to the hospital for acute acetaminophen overdose over a period of 4 years (1 January 2005 to 31 December 2008). The primary outcome of interest in this study was the occurrence of ADR during NAC administration. Pearson chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, student’s t test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used in univariate analysis. SPSS 15 was used for data analysis. Results: Two hundred and fifty five patients were studied. Different types of ADR were observed in 119 (46.7%) cases. Of those patients, 83 (69.7%) had been treated with IV-NAC versus 36 (30.3%) who had not (p < .001). The following ADR were significantly associated with IV-NAC administration: vomiting (p = .001), flushing (p < .001), rash (p < .001), pruritus (p < .001), chest pain (p = .001), bronchospasm (p = .03), coughing (p = .01), headache (p = .001), dizziness (p < .001), convulsion (p = .03), and hypotension (p = .001). ADR were mild in 54 (43.2%), moderate in 17 (13.6%), and severe in 12 (9.6%) patients. There were no ADR in 42 (33.6%) patients. Comparative results of the characteristics of patients who reacted to IV-NAC and nonreactors showed that patients with ADR had no significant difference in age, gender, ethnicity, amount ingested, latency time, and acetaminophen level than nonreactors. Conclusion: ADR to IV-NAC were common among patients with acetaminophen overdose, but mostly minor and all reported adverse reactions were easily managed.

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