scholarly journals The occurrence and biotic activity of Phomopsis diachenii Sacc.

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zofia Machowicz-Stefaniak
Keyword(s):  
Agar Medium ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Dual Cultures ◽  
Phyllosphere Fungi ◽  
Weak Competitor ◽  
Biotic Effects ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Individual

<i>Phomopsis diachenii</i> was isolated from caraway cultivars Konczewicki, firstly in 2006 and next in 2007. Single cultures were obtained from the roots and the stem base of eight six-week-old seedlings and from the stems of two plants with symptoms of necrosis, in the second year of planting. This fungus was isolated from the plant parts superficially disinfected on malt agar medium with an addition 0.01% of streptomycin. The identification of the species was made on PDA medium. The biotic interactions between <i>P. diachenii</i> and <i>S. carvi</i> and other species of phyllosphere fungi of caraway were studied. Interactions among the fungi, i.e. between <i>P. diachenii</i> and one of the fungi representing the studied community, were examined using the biotic series method. The biotic effects of the fungi in dual cultures were evaluated after 10 and 20 days of common growth and were expressed as the individual biotic effect (IBE). It was shown that <i>P. diachenii</i> is a weak competitor because its growth was limited by numerous species of phyllosphere fungi. The obtained results indicated the dominance of biotic activity of <i>P. diachenii</i> over that of <i>S. carvi</i>. It is possible that <i>P. diachenii</i> has a greater ability to survive in the phyllosphere fungal community than <i>S. carvi</i>, causing septoriosis of caraway.

Sources of morphological variation and organization within and among populations of Balsamorhiza sagittata

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Robson ◽  
R. K. Scagel ◽  
J. Maze
Keyword(s):  
Open Systems ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Balsamorhiza Sagittata ◽  
Two Populations

Comparisons of differences between morphological means of individual plant parts indicate that the greatest source of variation in two populations of Balsamorhiza sagittata is the individual plants within populations; within-population diversity is greater than among-population diversity. Variable covariance and correlations differ between individual plants and there are subgroups of interrelated variables that can be tied to developmental phenomena. The relationship between developmental phenomena and these groups of variables suggests a relationship between organizational, as reflected in variable interrelationships, and ontogenetic variation. These results are not adequately explained by neoDarwinian theory but are explained more comprehensively by a theory of evolution that views biological change over time as an intrinsically driven self-organization, accompanied by an increase in complexity (a manifestation of the "Second Law of Thermodynamics" as it applies to open systems).

scholarly journals One-Year Course of Paediatric Headache in Children and Adolescents Aged 8-15 Years

Cephalalgia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1154-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Gaßmann ◽  
L Morris ◽  
M Heinrich ◽  
B Kröner-Herwig
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Original Sample ◽  
Status Change ◽  
Headache Diagnosis ◽  
Parent Questionnaires ◽  
Second Year ◽  
German Children ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Individual

The aims of the present study were the assessment of headache (HA) prevalence in German children and adolescents in the second year of a 4-year longitudinal study and the analysis of headache status change from year 1 to year 2. The original sample consisted of 8800 households with a child aged 7-14 years. A total of 4159 households responded in both year 1 and year 2, yielding 3984 valid parent questionnaires. Data regarding various aspects of the child's HA history and general health were gathered via mailed questionnaires from the parents. Of the households returning valid parent questionnaires at survey 2, 48.9± reported their child to have experienced headaches during the previous 6 months (53± at survey 1). Weekly HA was reported for 6.5± of the children, monthly or less frequent HA for 16.5± and 25.9±, respectively. With regard to headache diagnosis, 55.0± of the children and adolescents with HA experienced tension-type HA (TTH) and 11.3± migraine with or without aura (M). For more than half of the children and adolescents with HA (57.0±) the frequency of head pain remained stable over the period of 1 year (i.e. same frequency category in years 1 and 2). Improved and worsened HA status regarding frequency of occurrence was found in 22.3± and 20.7± of the subjects, respectively. Thus, there was no definite trend towards an increase of HA episodes over the course of 1 year regarding the individual child or adolescent. The most stable type of HA was TTH.

Effects of Focus of Attention on Performance by Second-Year Band Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-246
Author(s):  
Laura A. Stambaugh
Keyword(s):  
Music Teachers ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Individual Student ◽  
External Focus ◽  
Band Students ◽  
Brass Players ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sound Condition

This study tested the effect of the motor learning paradigm of internal and external focus of attention (FOA) with middle school band students. A total of 56 second-year band students (woodwinds n = 28; valved brass n = 18; trombones n = 10) practiced isochronous, alternating pitch patterns (e.g., eighth notes C–A–C–A–C–A–C) in three conditions: control (no FOA), internal (“think about your fingers”), and external (“think about your sound”). At retention testing approximately 24 hr later, students played each stimulus three times with no directed FOA. Performance trials were scored for the average duration of each pitch per trial, or evenness. No significant differences were found between conditions (control, internal, external) on Day 1 or Day 2 ( p > .05). Likewise, no significant differences were found within instrument groups from Day 1 to Day 2 ( p > .05). When evenness scores were examined at the level of the individual student, more woodwind and valved brass players benefited from the internal (fingers) FOA than from control or external conditions. Individual differences among trombone players were less pronounced, slightly favoring the external (sound) condition. Music teachers should consider implementing both internal and external FOAs with their beginning wind students.

scholarly journals In Vitro Interactions between Eutypella parasitica and Some Frequently Isolated Fungi from the Wood of the Dead Branches of Young Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1072
Author(s):  
Ana Brglez ◽  
Barbara Piškur ◽  
Nikica Ogris
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Dual Cultures ◽  
Weak Competitor ◽  
The Dead ◽  
In Vitro Interactions

The ten most frequently isolated fungi from the wood of the dead branches of Acer pseudoplatanus L. were tested in dual cultures to evaluate their in vitro antagonistic activity against Eutypella parasitica R.W. Davidson and R.C. Lorenz, the causative agent of a destructive disease of maples in Europe and North America. The tested fungi, treated also as challenge isolates, were Diaporthe sp., Eutypa sp., Eu. maura, E. parasitica, Fusarium avenaceum, Neocucurbitaria acerina, Neonectria sp., Peniophora incarnata, Petrakia irregularis, and Phomopsis pustulata. The antagonistic ability of each challenge isolate was evaluated by calculating an index of antagonism (AI) based on the interaction type in the dual cultures. The results of competition between the fungal isolates were quantified after re-isolations from the interaction zone (s). The dual cultures revealed two main types of competitive interactions: Deadlock, consisting of mutual inhibition after mycelial contact or at a distance, and replacement, reflecting in the inhibition of E. parasitica, followed by partial overgrowth by the replacing fungus. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in average AI and s of challenge isolates between different dual culture assays. Based on the results of the antagonism index, Eutypa sp., Eu. maura, Neonectria sp., and P. incarnata had the highest inhibitory effect on E. parasitica growth and were recognized as the most promising candidates for further biocontrol studies of E. parasitica. The mycelium of E. parasitica at the interaction zones remained mostly viable, except in dual cultures with Eutypa sp., F. avenaceum, and Neonectria sp., where re-isolations did not yield any colony of the E. parasitica isolate. Based on the results, we assume that E. parasitica is a weak competitor, which invests less energy in direct mycelial competition. We discuss the potential of the observed antagonists as a possible biocontrol of Eutypella canker of maple. Nevertheless, additional experiments should be performed for a solid conclusion about competitive ability of E. parasitica and usefulness of antagonists as biocontrol.

scholarly journals Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Pairing Success of Ovenbirds: Importance of Male Age and Floater Behavior

The Auk ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin M. Bayne ◽  
Keith A. Hobson
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Seiurus Aurocapillus ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Removal Experiments ◽  
Boreal Mixedwood Forest ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Individual

AbstractBetween 1996 and 1998, we compared pairing success of territorial male Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) in forest fragments created by forestry (n = 3) and agriculture (n = 10) to contiguous forest plots (n = 3) in the southern boreal mixedwood forest of central Saskatchewan. The percentage of Ovenbird males paired per site was lower in fragments created by agriculture (86 ± 3%) and forestry (87 ± 3%) than in contiguous forest (97 ± 3%). At the individual level, second-year males (82%) were less likely to be paired than after-second-year males (94%), whereas males closer to edges were less likely to be paired than those in forest interiors. Although pairing success differed among landscapes, those differences were smaller than reported in studies conducted in eastern North America. The high density of birds in our study area may have resulted in intense intraspecific competition, which could have prevented unpaired individuals from maintaining territories. Removal experiments in 1997 and 1998 demonstrated floaters occurred in contiguous forest, but rarely occurred in fragments created by agriculture. The presence of floaters in contiguous forest suggests the ratio of breeding to nonbreeding males in forest fragments and contiguous forest may be similar, but that the strategy (i.e. floater vs. territorial) used by unpaired birds may differ among landscapes.

The growth of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) under spaced plant and sward conditions

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Knight
Keyword(s):  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Mediterranean Plants ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
The Individual

The cumulative growth of nine clones of Dactylis glomerata was compared under two conditions of spacing. The first spacing was chosen to provide conditions similar to those of a breeding nursery, the second, conditions met with in swards. Data were obtained for two growing seasons, the individual plant and its parts being considered at each harvest. Of the nine clones seven were developed from plants obtained from the Mediterranean region and two from Great Britain. There was a poor correlation between plants under the two spacing conditions, particularly as later in the life of the swards clones reacted differently to competition. Competition did not lead to a uniformity of top weight for the clones in the swards. These results are discussed in relation to the conflicting results of similar studies and the reaction of genotypes to factors of the environment affecting growth. It is suggested that plants in the vegetative phase are affected by competition differently from plants in the reproductive phase. Some clones were found to regenerate after summer dormancy more rapidly than others, but initial advantages were not maintained. The relative development of parts of the plants differed between clones, some having high proportions of their total weight below ground. At the time of reproduction, despite very large differences in total weight between plants of a clone under the two spacing conditions, the percentages of plant parts were very similar. A high mortality was shown during the summer by the two clones from northern European plants, but only a negligible mortality by the Mediterranean plants.

scholarly journals The Ecology of Plant Interactions: A Giant with Feet of Clay

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro Cabal ◽  
Ricardo Martínez-García ◽  
Fernando Valladares
Keyword(s):  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Species Interaction ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Biophysical Processes ◽  
Individual Scale ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Ecologists use the net biotic interactions among plants as a major factor to predict other ecosystem features, such as species diversity, community structure, or plant atmospheric carbon uptake. By adopting this approach, ecologists have built a giant body of theory founded on observational evidence. However, growing evidence points out that this may not be the right approach. The literature addressing the biophysical mechanisms underlying the plant interactions is much scarcer. A rising number of scientists claim the need for a mechanistic understanding of plant interactions due to the limitations that a phenomenological approach raises both in empirical and theoretical studies. Scattered studies have recently taken such a mechanistic approach, but we still lack a general theoretical framework to study mechanistically plant interactions. In this review, we first recapitulate the elementary units of plant interactions, i.e., all the known biophysical processes affected by the presence of an influencing plant and the possible phenotypic responses of plants influenced by those processes. Second, we discuss how a net interaction between two plants emerges from the simultaneous effect of these elementary units. Third, we touch upon the spatial and temporal variability of the net interaction and discuss the links between this variability and the underlying biophysical processes. We conclude by discussing how to integrate these processes into a mechanistic framework for plant interactions that must necessarily focus on the individual scale and explicitly incorporate the spatial structure of the community and environmental factors: the plant interaction models (PIM). A PIM incorporates a pair or few plants interacting with their physical environment so that the biotic interaction is not imposed but emerges from the model. This type of model can provide concise, mechanistic hypotheses to be tested empirically. This review calls for a paradigm shift in the ecology of plant interactions, from the classic species interaction study towards a more mechanistic individual-level approach. It also presents a comprehensive foundation for studying the mechanisms underpinning the net interaction between two plants.

scholarly journals Faktor Penentu Penyesuaian Diri pada Mahasiswa Baru Emerging Adulthood Tahun Pertama dan Tahun Kedua

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Patricia Febriani Oetomo ◽  
Listyo Yuwanto ◽  
Soerjantini Rahaju
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
First Year ◽  
Academic Anxiety ◽  
Psychological Barriers ◽  
New Students ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

Problems that faced by the new college students both in the first year and second year in adjusting to college are friendship issues, lack of confidence, communication with others, anxious during exams and presentations, and more. The existence of various problems faced makes the individual experiencing barriers to adjust to the new environment. Therefore, this research is conducted to find out the determinants of adjustment for new students, especially for new students in the first year and second year in the development stage of emerging adulthood. The sample of this study amounted to 197 students who are new students in the first year and second year at the University of Surabaya by using sampling technique proportional stratified incidentally. The data collection method was using questionnaire of self-adjustment determinants and a self-adjustment questionnaire from Baker and Siryk (1986). The results showed of the 36 factors that formulated based on elicitation theory and interview with respondents finally forms 5 new factors. The new factors that determine the adjustment of new students are academic anxiety, competence and motivation, physical and psychological barriers, friendship, and openness and confidence. Dominant factors that can predict the ability of individuals to adjust themselves are physical and psychological barriers. This factor can affect the individual in solving the problems they face and become a barrier of themselves to adjust to the new environment.

Design Methodology of a Toy to Improve Manual Abilities on Medicine Students

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Daniela Vega Bello ◽  
Yesica Escalera Matamoros ◽  
Arturo Treviño Arizmendi ◽  
Daniel Haro Mendoza ◽  
Vicente Borja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Execution Time ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Measured Variable ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Manual Skills ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Precision Test

Abstract Theoretical knowledge is important in all disciplines, but practical knowledge is of utmost importance in many of them, such is the case in engineering, medicine, and architecture. In most of these majors’ instructors focus more on the theoretical area and set aside the practical one. That is why it is important to develop educational tools to improve students’ practice. Medical students at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México were our case of study since we noticed a lack of practical knowledge during their second year at University. In this paper, we present a design methodology of a toy for the students of medicine to exercise and improve their manual precise movements and motor sequencing skills, in order to improve their practical abilities by using it. This methodology emphasizes the importance of specific movements that surgeons do while they perform basic surgical procedures, intending to imitate them when they use the toy. Therefore, procedures like cutting, suturing, exposure, among others were performed by a surgeon, recorded, and analyzed. As a result, it was observed that some movements were repeated in most of the procedures. Based on this, a device was designed so that the user may be able to repeat the movements following a series of audiovisual instructions as a game. To validate its efficiency manual precision tests were used to compare the individual students’ improvement before and after using it. Once the device was built as a toy, 12 second-year medical students took the precision tests, the measured variable was the time they used to complete both tests. Furthermore, they practiced with the toy for 10 days, 6 minutes per day. On the last day, after using it, each student performed the precision tests once again to obtain a quantitative value of their improvement. The time spent by each student to perform the first precision tests were compared to the last after using the toy. The results showed that the execution time was reduced by an average of 53.75 seconds in the first precision test and 45 seconds in the second. This indicates that the use of the toy allows students to improve their manual precision skills, affecting the execution time of tasks that require accurate manual precision. Also, it was observed that the methodology developed could be applied and extrapolated to other disciplines such as engineering, in order to develop similar toys or devices that could enhance manual skills.

Colony Interaction and Secondary Metabolite Production of Cheese-Related Fungi in Dual Culture

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1023-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIANNE S. NIELSEN ◽  
JENS C. FRISVAD ◽  
PER V. NIELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Agar Medium ◽  
Starter Culture ◽  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Geotrichum Candidum ◽  
Starter Cultures ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Dual Cultures ◽  
Chaetoglobosin A ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Fungal Contaminants

Interactions between fungi used as starter cultures (Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium camemberti, Penicillium nalgiovense,and Geotrichum candidum) and fungal contaminants associated with cheese were investigated on agar medium at two temperatures, 18 and 25°C. Mutual inhibition on contact was the most common interaction observed. The only other interaction observed was inhibition of the contaminant, while the starter continued to grow, especially in dual cultures involving G. candidum as the starter culture. Dual cultures involving G. candidum showed inhibition of production of the mycotoxins mycophenolic acid, roquefortin C, chaetoglobosin A, and cyclopiazonic acid produced by the contaminants. An unknown metabolite was detected in considerably larger quantity in dual cultures involving G. candidum compared to detection in single cultures. There was no correlation between detection of this metabolite and the observed interactions. The results show that G. candidum plays a major role in interactions between fungi on cheese.

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