The influence of gender threat on social distance toward minority groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Karolina Konopka ◽  
Marta Chrustowicz
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Psychological Gender ◽  
Gender Threat

Gender threat triggers compensatory mechanisms and motivation to restore and reaffirm gender identity. The aim of the present research is to verify whether gender threat will influence social distance toward homosexual people, refugees, and disabled people. It was predicted that men in gender threat conditions would manifest higher social distance toward groups when compared with the control condition. Due to the exploratory nature of the study, no hypotheses were formulated for women. Sixty-six individuals (30 men and 36 women) aged from 18 to 24 participated in the experiment. After completing the Masculinity and Femininity Scale, participants in the gender threat condition found out that they possess high levels of feminine attributes (men) or high levels of masculine traits (women). Participants in the control group did not receive feedback about the levels of their femininity and masculinity.The analyses showed that both men and women, after receiving the information that their psychological gender was incompatible with their biological sex, declared stronger social distance and colder feelings toward the majority of the groups, including people with disabilities. At the same time, women, regardless of the research condition, declared warmer feelings toward these groups than men. The results of the study indicate that gender threat may be a potential mechanism which explains prejudices toward other groups. However, the results obtained among females require replication in future studies.

Eye-Movement Patterns of Readers With Down Syndrome During Sentence-Processing: An Exploratory Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Frenck-Mestre ◽  
Nathalie Zardan ◽  
Annie Colas ◽  
Alain Ghio
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Reading Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Simple Sentences

Abstract Eye movements were examined to determine how readers with Down syndrome process sentences online. Participants were 9 individuals with Down syndrome ranging in reading level from Grades 1 to 3 and a reading-level-matched control group. For syntactically simple sentences, the pattern of reading times was similar for the two groups, with longer reading times found at sentence end. This “wrap-up” effect was also found in the first reading of more complex sentences for the control group, whereas it only emerged later for the readers with Down syndrome. Our results provide evidence that eye movements can be used to investigate reading in individuals with Down syndrome and underline the need for future studies.

scholarly journals Acupuncture for Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Potential Mechanism from an Anti-Inflammatory Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Wen-Yan Yu ◽  
Liang-Xiao Ma ◽  
Zhou Zhang ◽  
Jie-Dan Mu ◽  
Tian-Yi Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Primary Dysmenorrhea ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Proinflammatory Factors

The low adverse effects of acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhea (PD), known as one of the most commonly reported gynecological debilitating conditions affecting women’s overall health, have been thus far confirmed. Moreover, it has been increasingly recognized that inflammation is involved in such menstrual cramps, and recent studies have further shown that the anti-inflammatory effects of acupuncture are helpful in its control. This review portrays the role of inflammation in PD pathophysiology, provides evidence from clinical and animal studies on acupuncture for inflammation-induced visceral pain, and reflects on acupuncture-related therapies for dysmenorrhea with regard to their anti-inflammatory characteristics. Further research accordingly needs to be carried out to clarify the effects of acupuncture on proinflammatory factors in PD, particularly chemokines and leukocytes. Future studies on this condition from an anti-inflammatory perspective should be also performed in line with the notion of emphasizing stimulation modes to optimize the clinical modalities of acupuncture. Additionally, the effects and mechanism of more convenient self-healing approaches such as TENS/TEAS for PD should be investigated.

Effects of a Curriculum-Integrated Dance Program on Children’s Physical Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1179-1183
Author(s):  
Geeta Sharma ◽  
Tom Stewart ◽  
Scott Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Intervention Effects ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
School Time ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Children’S Physical Activity

Background: Curriculum-integrated dance programs are a promising but relatively under-researched strategy for increasing children’s physical activity (PA). The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a curriculum-integrated dance program on children’s PA. Methods: A total of 134 primary children aged 7–9 years from 4 New Zealand schools were assigned to either a dance group (n = 78) or a control group (n = 56). The dance group participated in a 6-week curriculum-integrated dance program during school time. Although the dance program focused on curricular learning, fitness and coordination were embedded in the dance sessions. Intensity of PA varied according to the focus of each dance session. PA was measured at baseline and postintervention using a waist-mounted ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer for 8 consecutive days. Results: There were no significant intervention effects on PA levels between the dance and control groups postintervention. Conclusion: Dance-embedded learning did not increase overall levels of PA in this study. Future studies may consider assessing longer term effects of a dance-based intervention, or programs that place more focus on PA promotion.

Race and attitudes toward police: the mediating effect of social distance

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joongyeup Lee ◽  
Jennifer C. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Community Policing ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Consistent Finding ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Attitudes Toward The Police

Purpose – Given the consistent finding in the literature that members of minority groups hold less favorable views of the police than white citizens, social distance may be an important, yet untested, mediator. The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating effect of social distance net of other established correlates. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of students attending a university in the northeastern USA completed an online survey in 2013. The survey was about their contact with the police, attitudes toward the police, and lifestyles, among others. Findings – Race, along with other predictors, significantly influenced confidence in police. However, race is the only factor that turns nonsignificant when social distance is included in the model. Mediation tests confirmed that social distance mediates the relationship between race and confidence in the police. Research limitations/implications – To maximize confidence in the police, administrators should focus on closing the social distance between the public and the police through initiatives like community policing. Originality/value – While there is extensive research on public attitudes toward the police, social distance has been neglected as a determinant, despite movements like community policing that promote citizens’ relational closeness to the police – that is, to decrease the social distance between police and the public. The current study would be an exploratory study and reference for future studies.

scholarly journals Human hydatidosis: an under discussed occupational zoonosis in India

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Singh ◽  
G. Singh ◽  
R. Sharma ◽  
J. Sharma ◽  
R. Aulakh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Groups ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Group Population ◽  
And Control

AbstractHuman hydatidosis is an important public health issue in India and many other developing countries. There is lack of data related to occurrence of this disease in certain risk groups. The present study was therefore designed to assess the seroprevalence of human hydatidosis among occupational risk groups in Punjab (India). One hundred and forty nine human serum samples from dog handlers, veterinarians/para veterinarians, dairy farmers, patients with liver disorders, HIV positives and control group (visiting hospital for other problems) were collected and analyzed using a commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results revealed that 23 (15.43 %) subjects were seropositive for human hydatidosis. High seropositivity were recorded in dog handlers (30 %), followed by the other risk group populations. Relative risk of being infected was found to be 4.80 times high in dog handlers when compared to control group population. Future studies must be planned to determine the significance of these findings and the status of human hydatidosis in India.

scholarly journals Dysphagia after antireflux fundoplication: endoscopic, radiological and manometric evaluation

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drausio Jeferson MORAIS ◽  
Luiz Roberto LOPES ◽  
Nelson Adami ANDREOLLO
Keyword(s):  
Medical History ◽  
Esophageal Manometry ◽  
Nissen Fundoplication ◽  
Motility Disorder ◽  
Radiographic Examination ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Residual Pressure ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Diffuse Spasm ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

BACKGROUND: The transient dysphagia after fundoplication is common and most often disappears until six weeks postoperatively. AIM: Analyze a group of patients who presented late and persistent dysphagia postoperatively. METHODS: Forty-one patients after Nissen fundoplication, 14 male and 27 female, mean age 48 year, were evaluated based on medical history, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, contrast radiographic examination and esophageal manometry. The results were compared with another 19 asymptomatic individuals. RESULTS: Contrast radiographic examination of the esophagus revealed in six cases delayed emptying, characterizing that four patients had achalasia and two diffuse spasm of the esophagus. Esophageal manometry showed that maximal expiratory pressure of the lower sphincter ranged from 10 to 38 mmHg and mean respiratory pressure from 14 to 47 mmHg, values similar to controls. Residual pressure ranged from 5 to 31 mmHg, and 17 patients had the same values as the control group. CONCLUSION: The residual pressure of the lower sphincter was higher and statistically significant in patients with dysphagia compared with those operated without dysphagia. Future studies individualizing and categorizing each motility disorder, employing other techniques of manometry, and the analysis of the residual pressure may contribute to understand of persistent dysphagia in the postoperative fundoplication.

Intravital Microscopy on a Closed Cranial Window in Mice: A Model to Study Trigeminovascular Mechanisms Involved in Migraine

Cephalalgia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1294-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Gupta ◽  
S Akerman ◽  
AMJM van den Maagdenberg ◽  
PR Saxena ◽  
PJ Goadsby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Intravital Microscopy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Trigeminovascular System ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cranial Window ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Trigeminal Nerves ◽  
Baseline Diameter

The purpose of the study was to develop a mouse model to study trigeminovascular mechanisms using intravital microscopy on a closed cranial window. In addition, we studied exogenous and endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-mediated vasodilation in dural arteries. Arteries in C57BL/6Jico mice were constricted with endothelin-1, which reduced the baseline diameter by 65-75%. Subsequently, vasodilation was induced by α-CGRP, capsaicin or transcranial electrical stimulation of perivascular trigeminal nerves in the absence or presence of different concentrations of BIBN4096BS or sumatriptan. Both α-CGRP and capsaicin induced vasodilation in preconstricted arteries. Transcranial electrical stimulation also induced current-dependent relaxation of dural arteries with 100 μA producing maximal dilation in the control group. BIBN4096BS blocked the responses evoked by ä-CGRP and capsaicin, as well as electrical stimulation, whereas sumatriptan attenuated only vasodilation induced by electrical stimulation. This model is likely to prove useful in dissecting elements of the trigeminovascular system and for exploring pathophysiological aspects of migraine, especially in future studies using transgenic mice with mutations relevant to those observed in patients with migraine.

scholarly journals Identity dimensions versus proactive coping in late adolescence while taking into account biological sex and psychological gender

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Kalka ◽  
Bartosz Karcz
Keyword(s):  
Identity Development ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Proactive Coping ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Psychological Gender ◽  
Support Seeking ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Significant Moderator

Abstract The aim of study was to investigate the relationship between proactive coping strategies and the dimensions of identity formation, along with the role of biological sex and psychological gender as moderators for this relationship. We conducted analyses aimed at showing differences in terms of identity dimensions levels and proactive coping strategies used by a group of individuals with different biological sex and psychological gender. A group of 101 students from upper secondary schools (47 females, 54 males) from Pomeranian Voivodeship took part in the study. We used in our research The Dimensions of Identity Development Scale; The Psychological Gender Inventory and The Proactive Coping Inventory for Adolescents. We found, among others, that in the case of a proactive strategy, biological sex turned out to be a significant moderator in the relationship between this variable and identity dimensions: ruminative exploration, commitment-making and identification with commitment. In the case of instrumental support seeking, psychological gender turned out to be a significant moderator for the relationship between these variables and a part of identity dimensions. The obtained results show that, regardless of whether young people, in terms of characteristics that are stereotypically associated with biological sex, are described as aschematic (undifferentiated individuals) or schematic (sex-typed) when entering adulthood and attempting to constitute themselves, more often cope in a task-oriented manner by trying to create a set of information useful in difficult situations and aspire to obtain informational support from individuals in one’s own social network, who are regarded as safe people.

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