Self-employment in Poland — definitional problems, the availability of data and their interpretation

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogusław Lasocki ◽  
Małgorzata Skrzek-Lubasińska
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Fourth Quarter ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Definition Of

The article gives an overview of the definitions of „self-employment” and „self-employed” used both by the Polish and international institutions. Authors present a great ambiguity of the terms used. Due to the growing role of self-employment in the national economy authors postulate a modification of the classification of groups of self-employed and unification of concepts defining this category of work. A proposal for definition of self-employment was submitted for the purposes of Polish official statistics. The authors present the scale of self-employment in Poland in the fourth quarter of 2014 resulting from Polish labour force survey.

scholarly journals Self-employment as a stepping stone to better labor market matching: a comparison between immigrants and natives

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-501
Author(s):  
Magdalena Ulceluse
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Barriers To Employment ◽  
Labor Market Matching ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe paper investigates the relation between overeducation and self-employment, in a comparative analysis between immigrants and natives. Using the EU Labour Force Survey for the year 2012 and controlling for a list of demographic characteristics and general characteristics of 30 destination countries, it finds that the likelihood of being overeducated decreases for self-employed immigrants, with inconclusive results for self-employed natives. The results shed light on the extent to which immigrants adjust to labor market imperfections and barriers to employment and might help explain the higher incidence of self-employment that immigrants exhibit, when compared to natives. This is the first study to systematically study the nexus between overeducation and self-employment in a comparative framework. Moreover, the paper tests the robustness of the results by employing two different measures of overeducation, contributing to the literature of the measurement of overeducation.

Using metaphors to get rid of a speech defect by Roman Jacobsen: توظيف الاستعارة في التخلص من العيب النطقي عند رومان جاكوبسن

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huda Salah Rashid, Hatem Kareem Huseen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Defect ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Medical Office ◽  
Roman Jakobson ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

Praise be to Allah the Lord of the Worlds, prayer and peace be upon Ashraf senders and his family and his family companions either after: Vtad studies linguistics and one of the science of language that has developed a fast in a period of short, entered most of the fields of science and life different, and addressed various phenomena of language and non - language, has had to Ross's role significantly in the development and continuation of this field of scientific their researches and symposia and institutions of different, and these scientists Roman Jakobson, who has the role of a great in the development and discovery of theories and issues of linguistic differences, as well as for diseases of language, and the issues of technical and other, and the issues that dealt with Roman Jakobson with regard to diseases of words is aphasia verbal and treatment employing metaphor to get rid of these defects articulatory, and based also on the development of scientific The medical office in America used it to serve and treat verbal aphasia, as well as its classification of verbal confinement. The stated research entitled (employment of metaphor in the disposal of the defect Alntqa when Roman Jakobson), was a plan research dealt with the definition of abbreviated Proman Jacobson, then the definition of imprisonment verbal and types, definition Borrowing and types when Roman Jakobson, followed by methods of treatment for by metaphor, and a the conclusion that summarizes the most important what reached the search of results

scholarly journals Have British Jews fully assimilated in the UK Labour Market?

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Nabil Khattab
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Occupational Attainment ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
The Uk

<p class="pagecontents"><span lang="EN-GB">This paper analyses the patterns of occupational attainment and earnings among the Jewish community in Britain using UK Labour Force Survey data (2002-2010). The findings suggest that although British-Jews cannot be distinguished from the majority main stream population of British-White in terms of their overall occupational attainment and earnings, it seems that they have managed to integrate through patterns of self-employment and concentration in the service sector economy, particularly in banking and financial services. It is argued that this self-employment profile is a Jewish strategy used to minimise dependency on majority group employers and by doing so to helping to escape any religious penalties.</span></p>

scholarly journals Classification of entrepreneurial risks in order to define business-processes of the business owner

E-Management ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
A. S. Kuksov ◽  
K. L. Neopulo
Keyword(s):  
Business Processes ◽  
Business Management ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Business Owner ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Ownership Control

Owned business management inevitably implies the availability of tools for its implementation. The set of tools for such management is effective, when it can be integrated into the overall system of business processes. The problem lies in the selection of those managerial business processes, where the participation of the owner is necessary. Justification of the definition of such business processes is possible on the basis of systematization and identification of the risks, that must be assumed by the business owner. In theory and practice of management, the focus is on the management of the organization, which is implemented by hired specialists-managers. The role of business owners is rarely seen as an independent activity. Meanwhile, the goals and the role of business owners are far from adequate to the goals and roles of managers. This circumstance makes the problem of ownership business management urgent. Currently, the terms “owner contro”l and “ownership management” are used in literary sources. These terms do not coincide in their meaning. Ownership management includes ownership control and occurs when the owner solves the problems of strategic development. If strategic development goals are not set for any reason, the owner remains to develop a system of ownership control over the current state of the business. Ownership business management should be built on the development and control of the organization's business processes. The owner can not physically control all business processes, and this is not necessary. There is a need to highlight those business processes, that he must control necessarily. In our opinion, the solution of this problem can be built on the basis of an appropriate classification of entrepreneurial risks. 

scholarly journals Self-Employment and Labour Market Transitions in New Zealand

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyi Shao ◽  
Mallika Kelkar
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Labour Market Transitions ◽  
Household Labour ◽  
Market Transitions

Self-employment in New Zealand has been trending up in the past two years, following subdued growth between 2000 and 2010. Self-employed people made up 11.3% of total employed in the year to March 2012 (251,800 workers), compared with 10.1% in the year to March 2010. Self-employment is defined in this paper as those people operating their own business without employees. The paper explores time series trends in self-employment, in particular across three post-recession periods. Characteristics of self-employed workers are also identified. This paper also investigates movements in and out of self-employment in order to understand the recent growth in this type of employment. The analysis uses longitudinal Household Labour Force Survey (HLFS) data. The HLFS provides official measures of a range of labour market indicators, including the number of people employed, unemployed and not in the labour force.

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Etiology and Pathogenesis

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary S. Firestein ◽  
Anna-Karin H. Ekwall
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Cartilage Damage ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
American College Of Rheumatology ◽  
European League Against Rheumatism ◽  
Citrullinated Proteins ◽  
Definition Of

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is among the most common forms of chronic inflammatory arthritis. It affects approximately 1% of adults and is two to three times more prevalent in women than in men. There are no specific laboratory tests for RA; diagnosis depends on a constellation of signs and symptoms that can be supported by serology and radiographs. The disease evolves over many years as a consequence of repeated environmental stress causing inflammation and immune activation followed by a breakdown of tolerance in individuals with a specific genetic background. This review describes the definition of RA; its etiology, including genetics, infections, the role of smoking and citrullination of proteins, and epigenetic mechanisms; and its pathogenesis, including synovial histopathology, bone and cartilage damage, adaptive and innate immunity, and the role of cytokines and intracellular signaling. Tables include the 1987 American Rheumatism Association criteria for the classification of RA and the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification for RA. Figures show citrullinated proteins in airway cells, a section of a proliferative synovium from a patient with a classic RA, and scalloped regions of erosion at the junction between a proliferative inflamed rheumatoid synovium and the bone. This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 71 references.

From Simple Substance to Chemical Element

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-52
Author(s):  
Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Periodic System ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Simple Substance ◽  
System P ◽  
Conceptual Distinction ◽  
Definition Of

The introduction of the modern concept of chemical element has often been credited to Lavoisier. I will argue that despite the significant impact of the definition of elements as non-decompound bodies in Lavoisier’s “Elements of Chemistry,” this claim is misleading for at least three reasons. First, elements were already defined as residues of analysis prior to Lavoisier. Second, Lavoisier did not totally give up the traditional view of elements as constituents of all bodies. Third, the modern definition of chemical element implies a clear distinction between simple bodies and elements that was later introduced by Dmitri Mendeleev. I will outline the role of this conceptual distinction in Mendeleev’s process of classification of elements and symmetrically emphasize how the periodic system contributed to stabilize his notion of element as an individual defined by its position in the system. Thus the concept of element appears as both a precondition and a product of the construction of the periodic system.

scholarly journals Quantile contours and allometric modelling for risk classification of abnormal ratios with an application to asymmetric growth-restriction in preterm infants

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1769-1786
Author(s):  
Marco Geraci ◽  
Nansi S Boghossian ◽  
Alessio Farcomeni ◽  
Jeffrey D Horbar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Risk Classification ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Maternal Hypertension ◽  
Asymmetric Growth ◽  
Definition Of

We develop an approach to risk classification based on quantile contours and allometric modelling of multivariate anthropometric measurements. We propose the definition of allometric direction tangent to the directional quantile envelope, which divides ratios of measurements into half-spaces. This in turn provides an operational definition of directional quantile that can be used as cutoff for risk assessment. We show the application of the proposed approach using a large dataset from the Vermont Oxford Network containing observations of birthweight (BW) and head circumference (HC) for more than 150,000 preterm infants. Our analysis suggests that disproportionately growth-restricted infants with a larger HC-to-BW ratio are at increased mortality risk as compared to proportionately growth-restricted infants. The role of maternal hypertension is also investigated.

Does peer tutoring in kindergarten exist? Thinking around the tutoring concept.

2019 ◽  
Vol X (4 (29)) ◽  
pp. 63-84
Author(s):  
Aneta Babiuk-Massalska
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Preschool Child ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Student Relationship ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article reviews the definitions of the tutoring concept in preschoolers relationships. Can we qualify the relationships of preschool children in learning situations as tutoring? Or maybe a different name would be more suitable for them? Preschoolers are used to learning in a different way than adults and older children. They prefer learning mimicking or playing. They obtain knowldge occasionally an unintentionally. In turn, definitions of tutoring quite precisely contain formulated fortifications that a little child is not able to meet yet. Immaturity of the nervous system limit the level and length of attention span of little child and relatively small, compared to school children and adults number of social experiences can seriously hamper the classification of situations in which children learn from each other as tutoring. While the generally understood master-student relationship, associated with tutoring, is quite often noticeable during childhood collaboration and play in which one child can do more than the other, the more detailed assumptions of tutoring are not as accessible to the observer. For example, it is difficult to talk about the regularity or planned nature of children's relationships. The definition of tutoring also sets specific expectations regarding the teacher's skills, among which are: high interpersonal competences, commitment to the relationship with the mentee, professionalism and responsibility. From a preschool child who would play the role of a teacher, it is difficult to demand fluent speech, not to mention professionalism and regularity. A preschool child, who just start to learn numbers, is often unable to orient himself in time, which makes it difficult or even impossible to plan and systematize his activities. Little child needs adult help in this area.

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