scholarly journals Immunological aging and clinical consequences

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 260-271
Author(s):  
Anna Tylutka ◽  
Agnieszka Zembroń-Łacny
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Immune Risk Profile ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Insufficient Response ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Exacerbation Of Symptoms

Immunosenescence is defined as the changes in the immune system associated with age. It is a progressive and irreversible process involving a decrease in the number of naïve T and B cells, NK cells cytotoxic and activity, and disruption of pro and anti-inflammatory balance by altering the production of IL-2, -4, -6, -10, -10, TNF-α, interferon γ and others. With age there is an increase in autoimmunity and generalized inflammation with simultaneous immunodeficiency, which results in greater susceptibility to infectious diseases, a decrease in reactivity to prophylactic vaccinations, the incidence of autoimmune diseases, and increased risk of infectious injury complications, exacerbation of symptoms of chronic diseases and an insufficient response to the presence of cells cancer. For years, based on the analysis of the frequency of viral and bacterial infections, immunological indicators and inflammation, attempts have been made to develop the immune risk profile (IRP) and effective methods of preventing disorders of the immune system and prolonging the functional capacity of the elderly.

scholarly journals Resistance training and immunosenescence of the innate immune system

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (Avance Online) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Bartholomeu-Neto ◽  
David Junger F Alves ◽  
Ciro José Brito ◽  
Aparecido Pimentel Ferreira ◽  
Otávio de Toledo Nóbrega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Phagocytic Capacity ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Phagocytic cells constitute the first defense line against the diversity of infectious agents. The effects of aging on the immune function – immunosenescence – affect the phagocytic capacity of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages and result in increased risk to cancer and other diseases. The aim of this review was to assess the functional aspects of the innate system cells in aging. Evidence brought about by this review suggests that resistance training is a useful therapy to mitigate the adverse effects of the innate immune system aging process. Resistance training is consistently recommended as assistent strategy for prevention of the inflamaging and associated chronic diseases, but establishing adequate program is still in demand. In addition, future studies are needed to improve our understanding of the resistance training-induced mechanisms underlying changes in phagocytic activity in the elderly. Resumen Las células fagocíticas constituyen la primera línea de defensa contra los agentes infecciosos. Los efectos del envejecimiento sobre la función inmune – inmunosenescencia – afectan la capacidad fagocítica de neutrófilos y monocitos/macrófagos y resultan en riesgo aumentado para el cáncer y otras enfermedades. El objetivo de esta revisión fue evaluar los aspectos funcionales de las células del sistema innato en el envejecimiento. Las evidencias revisadas sugieren que el entrenamiento de resistencia es una terapia útil para atenuar los efectos adversos del proceso de envejecimiento del sistema inmune innato. Se recomienda el entrenamiento de resistencia continuamente como estrategia complementaria para la prevención de la inflamación y de las enfermedades crónicas asociadas, pero hay que establecer el programa adecuado. Además, se necesitan más investigaciones para mejorar nuestra comprensión de los mecanismos modulados por el entrenamiento de resistencia que inducen a los cambios en la actividad fagocítica en las personas mayores. Resumo As células fagocitárias constituem a primeira linha de defesa contra agentes infecciosos. Os efeitos do envelhecimento sobre a função imune – imunossenescência – afetam a capacidade fagocítica de neutrófilos e monócitos/macrófagos e resultam em aumento do risco para câncer e outras doenças. O objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar os aspectos funcionais das células do sistema inato durante o envelhecimento. Os estudos revisados sugerem que o treinamento resistido é uma terapia útil para atenuar os efeitos adversos do processo de envelhecimento do sistema imune inato. Recomenda-se que o treinamento resistido seja aplicado continuamente como estratégia complementar para a prevenção da inflamação e doenças crônicas associadas, porém deve-se estabelecer o programa adequado. Ressalta-se ainda que, são necessários mais estudos para melhorar a compreensão sobre os mecanismos modulados pelo treinamento resistido que induzem a alterações na atividade fagocítica em idosos.

scholarly journals STING SNP R293Q Is Associated with a Decreased Risk of Aging-Related Diseases

Gerontology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Hamann ◽  
Juan S. Ruiz-Moreno ◽  
Malgorzata Szwed ◽  
Malgorzata Mossakowska ◽  
Linn Lundvall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Sting Pathway

Background: Aging is a multifactorial process driven by several conditions. Among them, inflamm-aging is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation driving aging-related diseases. The aged immune system is characterized by the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, resulting in the release of proinflammatory cytokines contributing to inflamm-aging. Another possible mechanism resulting in inflamm-aging could be the increased release of danger- associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by increased cell death in the elderly, leading to a chronic low-grade inflammatory response. Several pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system are involved in recognition of DAMPs. The DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway plays a pivotal role in combating viral and bacterial infections and recognizes DNA released by cell death during the process of aging, which in turn may result in increased inflamm-aging. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether a variation within the STING gene with known impaired function may be associated with protection from aging-related diseases by decreasing the process of inflamm-aging. Methods: STING (Tmem173) R293Q was genotyped in a cohort of 3,397 aged subjects (65–103 years). The distribution of the variant allele in healthy subjects and subjects suffering from aging-associated diseases was compared by logistic regression analysis. Results: We show here that STING 293Q allele carriers were protected from aging-associated diseases (OR = 0.823, p = 0.038). This effect was much stronger in the subgroup of subjects suffering from chronic lung diseases (OR = 0.730, p = 0.009). Conclusion: Our results indicate that decreased sensitivity of the innate immune receptors is associated with healthy aging, most likely due to a decreased process of inflamm-aging.

Interferon-γ Mediated Pathways And Mitogen Stimulated Proliferation During And After An Acute Infection

Pteridines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
Miriam Knoll ◽  
Dietmar Fuchs ◽  
Guenter Weiss ◽  
Rosa Bellmann-Weiler ◽  
Bojana Kovrlija ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Immune System Activation ◽  
System Activation ◽  
Acute Bacterial Infections

AbstractBackground: Interferon-γ (IFN- γ) regulates the degradation of tryptophan to kynurenine via induction of indoleamine- 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Local tryptophan depletion and accumulation of toxic metabolites might impair the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to assess the actual status of immune system activation of patients with bacterial infection in the acute phase and during convalescence in vivo and in vitro. Parameters of systemic immune system activation were evaluated for associations with proliferative responsiveness of immune cells, and compared with healthy controls. Methods: 24 patients with various acute bacterial infections were included in the group of acutely ill patients. Sixteen patients participated in a follow-up examination after convalescence. The control group consisted of 6 healthy people. To assess the status of immune system activation in vivo, inflammation parameters C-reactive protein and differential blood counts were determined. Neopterin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tryptophan and kynurenine measurements were performed with high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the patients’ blood and stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in vitro proliferation rates were evaluated by ³H-thymidine incorporation and neopterin production and tryptophan degradation were determined in supernatants of mitogen stimulated PBMCs. Results: Patients with acute bacterial infections showed reduced tryptophan and elevated neopterin concentrations, which did not normalize after convalescence period. Higher plasma neopterin values and increased IDO-activity were associated with reduced proliferative responses in vitro after stimulation with PHA. Associations were observed during acute infection as well as convalescence. Conclusions: Results of this study show that increased immune system activation in vivo is associated with impaired proliferative responsiveness of immune cells in vitro in acute bacterial infections as well as during convalescence.

scholarly journals Cytokines and Chemokines in Periodontitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (03) ◽  
pp. 483-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doaa Elsayed Ramadan ◽  
Ninuk Hariyani ◽  
Retno Indrawati ◽  
Rini Devijanti Ridwan ◽  
Indeswati Diyatri
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
Soft Tissue Inflammation

AbstractPeriodontitis is a common inflammatory periodontal disease affecting a wide range of population all over the world. The causing bacteria releases chemicals which activate the innate immune system to release proinflammatory cytokines contributing to more progression. This activates the acquired immune system leading to more progression of periodontitis. As the immune response goes on, released cytokines and chemokines can damage the periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone. There are many types of cytokines and chemokines in periodontitis. Cytokines are peptide mediators who are responsible for cell signaling and communication. Chemokines are a large subfamily of cytokines having the ability to coordinate leukocyte recruitment and activation. This paper is a narrative review of the literature.This review ensures that inflammatory mediators in the case of periodontitis can cause a noticeable damage in the whole apparatus of the periodontium. It causes soft tissue inflammation and bone damage affected by the mediators of both innate and acquired immune system.The inflammatory process is accompanied by large network of cytokines and chemokines. There is high expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and regulatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-1(RA) receptor antagonist, IL-10, and induced protein (IP)-10. There is also increased production of cytokines IL-10, IL-12, interferon-γ, IP-10, IL-1RA, and IL-4. Cytokines IL-17, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and prostaglandin E2 trigger the osteoclast activity causing bone resorption.

scholarly journals Influence of fish oil supplementation and strength training on some functional aspects of immune cells in healthy elderly women

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cintia de Lourdes Nahhas Rodacki ◽  
André Luiz Felix Rodacki ◽  
Isabela Coelho ◽  
Daniele Pequito ◽  
Maressa Krause ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Superoxide Anion ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ

Immune function changes with ageing and is influenced by physical activity (strength training, ST) and diet (fish oil, FO). The present study investigated the effect of FO and ST on the immune system of elderly women. Forty-five women (64 (sd 1·4) years) were assigned to ST for 90 d (ST; n 15), ST plus 2 g/d FO for 90 d (ST90; n 15) or 2 g/d FO for 60 d followed by ST plus FO for 90 d (ST150; n 15). Training was performed three times per week, for 12 weeks. A number of innate (zymosan phagocytosis, lysosomal volume, superoxide anion, peroxide of hydrogen) and adaptive (cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), CD8, TNF-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 produced by lymphocytes) immune parameters were assessed before supplementation (base), before (pre-) and after (post-) training. ST induced no immune changes. FO supplementation caused increased phagocytosis (48 %), lysosomal volume (100 %) and the production of superoxide anion (32 %) and H2O2 (70 %) in the ST90. Additional FO supplementation (ST150) caused no additive influence on the immune system, as ST150 and ST90 did not differ, but caused greater changes when compared to the ST (P< 0·05). FO increased CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in the ST150, which remained unchanged when training was introduced. The combination of ST and FO reduced TNF-α in the ST150 from base to post-test. FO supplementation (ST150, base–pre) when combined with exercise (ST150, pre–post) increased IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 production. The immune parameters improved in response to FO supplementation; however, ST alone did not enhance the immune system.

Assessment of the Therapeutic Effect of Physiotherapy on Minimizing Imbalances of Geriatric Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-91
Author(s):  
Justyna Pawlak ◽  
Małgorzata Dudkiewicz ◽  
Łukasz Kikowski
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Risk Of Falling ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Climbing Stairs ◽  
Tinetti Test

Introduction: The progressing aging process and comorbidities worsen the efficiency of the balance system in the elderly, which leads to a weakening of stability and, as a consequence, to falls and injuries. The first ones lead to: worsening of functioning, reduced mobility, an increased risk of disease and mortality, therefore systematic physical activity and shaping the balance using physiotherapy, which can prevent dangerous falls is very important. Aim: Assessment of the therapeutic effect of physiotherapy on minimizing imbalances in geriatric patients. M aterial and Methods: The study group consisted of 46 people, including 32 women (69.6%) and 14 men (30.4%); average age of respondents – 72.5 years. They were patients of the Department of Rehabilitation of Poddębice Health Center, Ltd. The researchers used a self-made questionnaire, body mass to height index (BMI) and the Tinetti Test. Results: Patients with an elevated BMI (89.1%), as well as those taking more than 4 medication (78.3%), have had more falls over the past year (respectively 91.4% and 81.4%). After the use of comprehensive therapy, none of the patients achieved a worse result than before the physiotherapy while 91.3% of the respondents had an increase in the number of points scored in the Tinetti Test. The percentage of patients at high risk of falling reduced from 67.4% to 37%. There was also a decrease in the fear of walking (in 58.7%), falling (in 57.7%) and climbing stairs (in 47.9%). According to 78.3% of respondents, physiotherapy positively affected their independence and quality of life. Conclusions: The use of comprehensive physiotherapy reduces the fear of walking, climbing stairs and falling, which can be a good predictor of prevention. Both polypragmasia and an elevated body mass index (BMI) increase the risk of falling. Comprehensive physiotherapy of geriatric patients helps to improve balance and gait stereotype. Physiotherapy for the elderly helps improve the quality of life, independence, minimize imbalances, and thus reduce the risk of falls. Balance exercises play an important role in preventing falls.

scholarly journals Exploring Local Initiatives to Improve the Work Environment: A Qualitative Survey in Swedish Home Care Practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 108482232098693
Author(s):  
Christofer Rydenfält ◽  
Roger Persson ◽  
Inger Arvidsson ◽  
Charlotte Holgersson ◽  
Gerd Johansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Home Care ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Change Initiatives ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Local Initiatives

Home care for the elderly constitutes a large and growing part of the social welfare system. Though, home care work is associated with a number of work environment-related challenges, including an increased risk for injuries, musculoskeletal disorders, high levels of sick leave and staff turnover, as well as stress and high workload, research is sparse. The present study explores local initiatives to improve the work environment initiated by the home care organizations themselves, and asks whether or not these initiatives affected gender equality. A qualitative web survey was sent to Swedish home care organizations, with open questions about change initiatives intended to have a positive effect on the work environment. There is an impressive amount of local work environment-related change initiatives going on. 80 categories of change initiatives were identified in answers from 178 units. However, these change initiatives were seldom evaluated or made accessible to stakeholders outside the organization. Main themes were concerned with work organization, digitalization, and planning, which largely follows trends in society (ie, digitalization, teamwork), rather than the actual needs identified by research (eg, musculoskeletal disorders). Despite apparent gender-related challenges, little of the work was associated with gender equality. The results indicates that there is a huge learning potential as the identified initiatives can serve as inspiration for others. However, to fully take advantage of these type of initiatives, more systematic evaluations are required.

scholarly journals Age is just a number: Is frailty being ignored in vascular access planning for dialysis?

2021 ◽  
pp. 112972982198990
Author(s):  
Kulli Kuningas ◽  
Nicholas Inston
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Vascular Access ◽  
Clinical Condition ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Dialysis Access ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
First Choice

Current international guidelines advocate fistula creation as first choice for vascular access in haemodialysis patients, however, there have been suggestions that in certain groups of patients, in particular the elderly, a more tailored approach is needed. The prevalence of more senior individuals receiving renal replacement therapy has increased in recent years and therefore including patient age in decision making regarding choice of vascular access for dialysis has gained more relevance. However, it seems that age is being used as a surrogate for overall clinical condition and it can be proposed that frailty may be a better basis to considering when advising and counselling patients with regard to vascular access for dialysis. Frailty is a clinical condition in which the person is in a vulnerable state with reduced functional capacity and has a higher risk of adverse health outcomes when exposed to stress inducing events. Prevalence of frailty increases with age and has been associated with an increased risk of mortality, hospitalisation, disability and falls. Chronic kidney disease is associated with premature ageing and therefore patients with kidney disease are prone to be frailer irrespective of age and the risk increases further with declining kidney function. Limited data exists on the relationship between frailty and vascular access, but it appears that frailty may have an association with poorer outcomes from vascular access. However, further research is warranted. Due to complexity in decision making in dialysis access, frailty assessment could be a key element in providing patient-centred approach in planning and maintaining vascular access for dialysis.

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