NITROGEN MANAGEMENT – AN IMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

The aim of the paper is to identify changes in nitrogen management in individual agriculture and result assessment in the context of sustainable development. The paper showed the essential elements of nitrogen balancing on agricultural area. Research was conducted at a national as well as voivodship level, making it possible to determine the scale of diversity of regional nitrogen management in individual agriculture and verify the regional divergence process in this scope. Analysis was based on data collected during the Farm Structure Survey in 2007 and 2016 prepared by the Statistical Office in Olsztyn, for individual farms with at least 1 ha of UAA in GAEC. The period of research captured the trend of changes in nitrogen management on farms over a 10 year-period. Nitrogen gross balance was calculated on the basis of OECD and EUROSTAT methodology. The results indicated the need to improve nitrogen management to optimize it in relation to crop nutritional needs and local soil conditions. Not only environmental considerations but, above all, economic ones, are an important prerequisite for increasing farmer interest in such activities. Regional diversification of nitrogen economy is progressing, indicating an ongoing divergence (polarization) process. This process is the result of a number of different factors, including organizational and environmental ones.

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Full species-wide leaf and seed ionomic diversity of Arabidopsis thaliana

10.1101/2020.11.09.373282 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ana Carolina A. L. Campos ◽

William F.A. van Dijk ◽

Priya Ramakrishna ◽

Tom Giles ◽

Pamela Korte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

High Throughput ◽

Large Scale ◽

Natural Variation ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

List Type ◽

Digital Tool ◽

Entire Collection ◽

Nutritional Needs

SummarySoil is a heterogenous reservoir of essential elements needed for plant growth and development. Plants have evolved mechanisms to balance their nutritional needs based on availability of nutrients. This has led to genetically-based variation in the elemental composition ‘ionome’, of plants, both within and between species.We explore this natural variation using a panel of wild-collected, geographically widespread Arabidopsis thaliana accessions from the 1001 Genomes Project including over 1,135 accessions, and the 19 parental accessions of the Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) panel, all with full-genome sequences available.We present an experimental design pipeline for high-throughput ionomic screenings and analyses with improved normalisation procedures to account for errors and variability in conditions often encountered in large-scale, high-throughput data collection. We report quantification of the complete leaf and seed ionome of the entire collection using this pipeline and a digital tool-IonExplorer to interact with the dataset.We describe the pattern of natural ionomic variation across the A. thaliana species and identify several accessions with extreme ionomic profiles. It forms a valuable resource for exploratory QTL, GWA studies to identify genes underlying natural variation in leaf and seed ionome and genetic adaptation of plants to soil conditions.

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Morphological Characterization of Root System Architecture in Diverse Tomato Genotypes during Early Growth

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19123888 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (12) ◽

pp. 3888 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aurora Alaguero-Cordovilla ◽

Francisco Gran-Gómez ◽

Sergio Tormos-Moltó ◽

José Pérez-Pérez

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

System Architecture ◽

Lateral Root ◽

Morphological Plasticity ◽

Root System Architecture ◽

Morphological Characterization ◽

Early Growth ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Wild Tomato Species ◽

Local Soil

Plant roots exploit morphological plasticity to adapt and respond to different soil environments. We characterized the root system architecture of nine wild tomato species and four cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties during early growth in a controlled environment. Additionally, the root system architecture of six near-isogenic lines from the tomato ‘Micro-Tom’ mutant collection was also studied. These lines were affected in key genes of ethylene, abscisic acid, and anthocyanin pathways. We found extensive differences between the studied lines for a number of meaningful morphological traits, such as lateral root distribution, lateral root length or adventitious root development, which might represent adaptations to local soil conditions during speciation and subsequent domestication. Taken together, our results provide a general quantitative framework for comparing root system architecture in tomato seedlings and other related species.

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An experiment in the control of the ground water-level in a fen peat soil

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600058639 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 41 (1-2) ◽

pp. 149-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. H. Nicholson ◽

G. Alderman ◽

D. H. Firth

Keyword(s):

Ground Water ◽

Water Level ◽

Large Scale ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Peat Soil ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Ground Water Level ◽

Effective Control ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Local Soil

1. The methods of investigation of the effect of ground water-level on crop growth, together with tho field installations in use, are discussed.2. Direct field experiments are handicapped by the difficulties of achieving close control on a sufficiently large scale, due to considerable variations of surface level and depth of peat within individual fields and to rapid fluctuations in rainfall and evaporation. Many recorded experiments are associated with climatic conditions of substantial precipitation during the growing season.3. Seasonal fluctuations of ground water-level in Fen peat soils in England, in natural and agricultural conditions, are described.4. The local soil conditions are outlined and the implications of profile variations are discussed.5. The effective control of ground water-level on a field scale requires deep and commodious ditches and frequent large underdrains to ensure the movement of water underground with sufficient freedom to give rapid compensatory adjustment for marked disturbances of ground water-level following the incidence of heavy rain or excessive evaporation.6. A working installation for a field experiment in ordinary farming conditions is described and the measure of control attained is indicated.

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Earthquake Design Formula Considering Local Soil Conditions

Journal of the Structural Division ◽

10.1061/jsdeag.0003002 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 97 (9) ◽

pp. 2383-2405

Author(s):

Semih S. Tezcan

Keyword(s):

Soil Conditions ◽

Design Formula ◽

Local Soil ◽

Earthquake Design ◽

Local Soil Conditions

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Investigating the influence of topographic irregularities and two-dimensional effects on surface ground motion intensity with one- and two-dimensional analyses

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-14-1773-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 1773-1788 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. Ç. İnce ◽

L. Yılmazoğlu

Keyword(s):

Ground Motion ◽

Site Response ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Response Analysis ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Ground Acceleration ◽

Equivalent Linear ◽

Local Soil ◽

Different Depths ◽

Earthquake Response Analysis

Abstract. In this work, the surface ground motion that occurs during an earthquake in ground sections having different topographic forms has been examined with one and two dynamic site response analyses. One-dimensional analyses were undertaken using the Equivalent-Linear Earthquake Response Analysis (EERA) program based on the equivalent linear analysis principle and the Deepsoil program which is able to make both equivalent linear and nonlinear analyses and two-dimensional analyses using the Plaxis 8.2 software. The viscous damping parameters used in the dynamic site response analyses undertaken with the Plaxis 8.2 software were obtained using the DeepSoil program. In the dynamic site response analyses, the synthetic acceleration over a 475-year return period representing the earthquakes in Istanbul was used as the basis of the bedrock ground motion. The peak ground acceleration obtained different depths of soils and acceleration spectrum values have been compared. The surface topography and layer boundaries in the 5-5' cross section which cuts across the study area west to east were selected in order to examine the effect of the land topography and layer boundaries on the analysis results, and were flattened and compared with the actual status. The analysis results showed that the characteristics of the surface ground motion change in relation to the varying local soil conditions and land topography.

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Realistic modelling of observed seismic motion in compIex sedimentary basins

Annals of Geophysics ◽

10.4401/ag-4141 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 37 (6) ◽

Author(s):

D. Fah ◽

G. F. Panza

Keyword(s):

Ground Motion ◽

Mexico City ◽

Sedimentary Basin ◽

Numerical Technique ◽

Sedimentary Basins ◽

Space Distribution ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Macroseismic Data ◽

Resonance Effects ◽

Local Soil

Three applications of a numerical technique are illustrated to model realistically the seismic ground motion for complex two-dimensional structures. First we consider a sedimentary basin in the Friuli region, and we model strong motion records from an aftershock of the 1976 earthquake. Then we simulate the ground motion caused in Rome by the 1915, Fucino (Italy) earthquake, and we compare our modelling with the damage distribution observed in the town. Finally we deal with the interpretation of ground motion recorded in Mexico City, as a consequence of earthquakes in the Mexican subduction zone. The synthetic signals explain the major characteristics (relative amplitudes, spectral amplification, frequency content) of the considered seismograms, and the space distribution of the available macroseismic data. For the sedimentary basin in the Friuli area, parametric studies demonstrate the relevant sensitivity of the computed ground motion to small changes in the subsurface topography of the sedimentary basin, and in the velocity and quality factor of the sediments. The relative Arias Intensity, determined from our numerical simulation in Rome, is in very good agreoment with the distribution of damage observed during the Fucino earthquake. For epicentral distances in the range 50 km-100 km, the source location and not only the local soil conditions control the local effects. For Mexico City, the observed ground motion can be explained as resonance effects and as excitation of local surface waves, and the theoretical and the observed maximum spectral amplifications are very similar. In general, our numerical simulations estimate the maximum and average spectral amplification for specific sites, i.e. they are a very powerful tool for accurate micro-zonation

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Modification of seismograph records for effects of local soil conditions

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America ◽

10.1785/bssa0620061649 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 62 (6) ◽

pp. 1649-1664 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P. Schnabel ◽

H. Bolton Seed ◽

J. Lysmer

Keyword(s):

San Francisco ◽

Ground Surface ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Local Soil ◽

Geological Conditions ◽

Soil Deposits ◽

Time Histories ◽

Seismic Records ◽

Local Soil Conditions ◽

Good Agreement

abstract A procedure for modifying the time histories of seismic records for the effect of local soil conditions is presented. The method is based on a conventional one-dimensional wave-propagation approach with equivalent linear soil properties, extended to practical use for transient motions through the Fast Fourier technique. The validity of the approach is tested against the motions recorded at four soil sites and one rock site during the 1957 San Francisco earthquake. The good agreement between the computed and recorded values indicates that rock motions can be computed from motions recorded on soil deposits, and that the computed rock motions in turn can be used to predict the motion that would have been recorded under different soil and geological conditions. The method is also used to evaluate the probable rock motions in the vicinity of El Centro in the earthquake of 1940 and the ground surface motions that could have been developed on various soil conditions in the same general area.

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Permafrost Thaw with Thermokarst Wetland-Lake and Societal-Health Risks: Dependence on Local Soil Conditions under Large-Scale Warming

Water ◽

10.3390/w11030574 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 574 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jan-Olof Selroos ◽

Hua Cheng ◽

Patrik Vidstrand ◽

Georgia Destouni

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Lake Ecosystems ◽

Surface Warming ◽

Permafrost Thaw ◽

Rock Formations ◽

Local Soil ◽

Local Soil Conditions ◽

Mineral Soils

A key question for the evolution of thermokarst wetlands and lakes in Arctic and sub-Arctic permafrost regions is how large-scale warming interacts with local landscape conditions in driving permafrost thaw and its spatial variability. To answer this question, which also relates to risks for ecology, society, and health, we perform systematic model simulations of various soil-permafrost cases combined with different surface-warming trends. Results show that both the prevalence and the thaw of permafrost depended strongly on local soil conditions and varied greatly with these for the same temperature conditions at the surface. Greater ice contents and depth extents, but also greater subsurface volumes thawing at depth under warming, are found for peat soils than other studied soil/rock formations. As such, more thaw-driven regime shifts in wetland/lake ecosystems, and associated releases of previously frozen carbon and pathogens, may be expected under the same surface warming for peatlands than other soil conditions. Such risks may also increase in fast permafrost thaw in mineral soils, with only small thaw-protection effects indicated in the present simulations for possible desertification enhancement of mineral soil covers.

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Analysis of Earthing System Cabinet of Telekom Malaysia

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.1249 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 799-800 ◽

pp. 1249-1256

Author(s):

David Caulker ◽

Mohd Annuar Ramli

Keyword(s):

Computer Simulation ◽

Simulation Software ◽

Current Injection ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Soil Resistivity ◽

Specific Location ◽

Local Soil ◽

Local Soil Conditions ◽

Earthing Systems ◽

The Impact

This paper investigated the impact on the earthing systems of cabinets of Telekom Malaysia (TM) when subjected to dangerous voltages due to current injection from remote sources. TM have received numerous cases regarding the failures of their cabinets due to power related issues (PRI) as well as lightning. These failures may have occurred partly due to the existing earthing systems installations. This research aims to determine earthing impedance of 5 ohms or less of TM cabinets with respect to local soil conditions. Low impedance earthing is not easy to realize mainly due to the local soil resistivity, layering and structures. To achieve a low impedance of below 5 ohms as per Telekom Malaysia's requirement, three types of earthing electrodes were modelled and simulated using CDEGS computer simulation software. Results have demonstrated that the existing earthing system of 3 rods practice by TM is sufficient for areas of resistivity less than 500ٹ-m. Combination of rectangular and vertical rods for resistivity of 500ٹ-m above is the preferred choice of earthing. Analysis and discussions presented in this study can be used as a guide for TM for their cabinet installations. Results also highlighted that achieving less than 5ٹ does not constitute a safe earthing system. Other parameters have to be taken into account before ascertain which type of earthing to be used in a specific location of a TM installation.

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Detection and quantification of soil compaction in a post-mining landscape by geophysical methods

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-3271 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lutz Weihermüller ◽

Jessica Schmäck ◽

Mario Mertens ◽

Manuel Endenich ◽

Jan van der Kruk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Compaction ◽

Arable Land ◽

Geophysical Methods ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Mining Company ◽

Mining Areas ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Local Soil ◽

Electrical Conductivities ◽

Opencast Mines

Rhenish opencast mines located in the central west of Germany have used about 330 km2 of land so far. Of this, some 230 km2 have been recultivated, including 125 km2 of arable land. After recultivation, the land is cultivated for at least seven years by the mining company before let to the farmers. Where new farmland is envisaged, the stackers spread pure loess mixed with soil material of the original Luvisols (loess loam) at the top of the refilled mining areas. After a certain settling time, this layer must be at least two meters thick. In a next step, the loess is levelled in a soil-sparing fashion using caterpillars with extra-wide rawler tracks. Even if care is taken that the loess layer will not be heavily compacted during levelling, local soil compaction is one of the major problems, as leveling often is performed during unfavorable moist soil conditions. These local compactions lead to reduced crop growth during either wet or dry growing seasons and result in yield losses over periods of many years. Localizing and evaluating such compacted field zones would enable the mining company to perform a physical soil melioration before handing over the land to a farmer.To identify local soil compaction, a field study was performed in 2019 on a selected field with known variability in crop performance within the recultivated area of the Garzweiler mine in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Over the course of 5 months, the field was intensively investigated using geophysical methods such as electromagnetic induction (EMI) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Additionally, soil samples were taken to determine soil water contents, bulk density, penetration resistance, and soil texture.The geophysical maps gathered, clearly show zones of higher electrical conductivities in the soil, which were associated to conventionally measured subsoil compaction. Regression of bulk densities with EMI data yielded good results allowing to map out compacted zones within the field and also to quantify compaction. Hence, geophysical methods provide a promising approach to plan soil melioration measures.

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