Digital Twin of the ECTS application

2020 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
Andrzej Kochan
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Real System ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Real ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Railway System ◽  
Source Of Information

This paper presents the concept of a digital twin for the ETCS application. The ERTMS system is a technical solution aimed at ensuring interoperability of the railway system in the field of signalling within the European Union. It is also an important factor in the digitisation and automation of railways. Due to its complexity, it needs solutions to support its activities in all phases of the life cycle, in particular design, implementation, maintenance and operation. A digital twin is a virtual representation of a real system. According to many definitions, this mapping should be as close to identical as possible. Such a mapping should, by definition, accompany the real system throughout its lifetime, providing a consistent description of the current state and history of its operation. This mapping should be the primary source of information about the real system for all stakeholders interested in its operation. This paper presents the basic assumptions of the Digital Twin of the ETCS application in terms of its structure and its application to the verification of its correctness.

The Politics of Europeanization

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-85
Author(s):  
Kevin Featherstone ◽  
Dimitris Papadimitriou
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Current State ◽  
European Dimension ◽  
History Of ◽  
Domestic Reform

‘Europe’, ‘Europeans’, and ‘Europeanness’ have been crucial themes in the history of modern Greece, from the creation of the new state in 1832 to the sovereign debt crisis of 2010. As elsewhere, these notions have served as référentiels in questions of national identity, progress, capability, legitimation and strategic interest. In the Greek case, the European dimension to these questions has been felt acutely. This chapter considers Greece’s political development in the context of its membership of the European Union, assessing the extent to which the latter has prompted domestic reform. A general theme that emerges from the scholarly literature in this area is of Greece’s uneven adaptation across different sectors, a feature that provokes interesting research contrasts, but also challenges of interpretation. To understand how EU pressures for adaptation have been received domestically, the chapter opens with a discussion of the changing images and meanings of ‘Europe’ in Greece. This is followed by an assessment of the range and significance of the domestic adaptation of policies and regulations to EU legislation, as established by existing academic studies and policy papers. We note the current state of knowledge of Europeanization impacts on Greece, the implications of the findings, and pointers for future research. The unevenness of adaptation is an essential lens for analysis.

Spain and Conflict over Western Sahara

2012 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
E. Cherkasova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

The article provides an overview of the history of this "forgotten" conflict, as well as its current state. The author reveals the position of stakeholders, including the European Union, France, the U.S. and Russia. Particular attention is paid to the position of Spain as a former colonial power, and to the correlation of the conflict with other problems in the Spanish-Moroccan relations.

scholarly journals On the Economics of Restructuring World Railways, with a Focus on Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Pittman
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Incentive Regulation ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Network Industries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current State ◽  
American Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Reform ◽  
The Russian Federation

AbstractThe lecture opens with a discussion of the modern history of economists’ treatment of network industries: from cost-of-service regulation through incentive regulation to vertical restructuring. This history is then applied to the freight railways sector, followed by a discussion of the current state of the rail restructuring debate – what we term the European versus the American model, or vertical versus horizontal separation – first generally and then in the Russian Federation. Finally, we seek to derive lessons relevant to Russia from both the empirical literature and the results of recent reform policies implemented in the United States and the European Union.

scholarly journals Strategies of European Energy Producers. Directions of Evolution

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 609
Author(s):  
Jerzy Niemczyk ◽  
Aleksandra Sus ◽  
Edyta Bielińska-Dusza ◽  
Rafał Trzaska ◽  
Michał Organa
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Strategic Orientation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Operational Activity ◽  
Energy Companies ◽  
Climate Neutrality ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Desk Research

The article presents an innovative method of analyzing energy companies’ strategies, which aims to identify the strategic orientation of the entities subject to the research and, thus, to initially define the directions of strategic changes in the analyzed sector. The aim of the research, the results of which were used in this publication, was to identify the features of energy sector companies’ strategies in the European Union in the period of sector transformation caused by the new climate policy. The analysis area is the energy sector, i.e., the sector whose fundamental strategic goal is energy production. The research used a critical analysis of the subject literature and desk research method with the use of the researchers’ own analytical equipment, developed for the needs of this analysis. It was assumed in the conducted research that the primary source of information in the empirical study, the information subject to subsequent analysis, was the analysis of official documents (strategies, financial reports, etc.) posted on the websites of the surveyed corporations. The research results indicate the dominance of the resource-based approach in implementing strategic postulates of the surveyed companies. Nevertheless, the operational activity focuses on the implementation of innovative solutions towards decarbonization and climate neutrality.

scholarly journals Starodruki pochodzące z Archiwum Aktów Dawnych Miasta Krakowa w zasobie bibliotecznym Archiwum Narodowego w Krakowie. Wstępne rozpoznanie, analiza proweniencji

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 73-97
Author(s):  
Bożena Lesiak-Przybył
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Provenance Analysis ◽  
Current State ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
National Archives ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town ◽  
Source Of Information

Early printed books from the Krakow Town Archives of Former Records in the resources of the National Archives in Krakow. Initial investigation, provenance analysis The collection of early printed books stored in the National Archives in Krakow has not been processed so far. This article aims to approximate the current state of knowledge regarding the contents of the collection. The historic book collection of the Archives, represented by both Polish and foreign printed books covering various subjects, numbers slightly over 650 works issued before 1801. Included in this number are 28 early printed books from the 16th century, 210 from the 17th century and 413 from the 18th century. The oldest one – Liber horarum canonicarum secundum veram rubricam sive notulam ecclesiae Cracoviensis – was issued in 1508 by the publishing house of Jan Haller in Krakow. The origins of the early printed books vary – they come from donations, acquisitions of archival materials as well as purchases. The greatest number come from donations, with the following donors worthy of special mention: Ambroży Grabowski, Józef Seruga and Franciszek Biesiadecki, as well as Józef Muczkowski, Karol Estreicher and others. An invaluable part of the collection (61 works) are the printed books from the library of Hieronim Pinocci (1612–1676), a merchant, royal secretary and diplomat, acquired from the town archives at the end of the 19th century. Many works, especially those concerning the history of Krakow, were also purchased using the funds of the Archives. The early printed books gathered in the library of the National Archives in Krakow create a particularly valuable collection, which may also be a source of information concerning provenance.

scholarly journals Abdi-Hepa i jego stolica. Jerozolima w okresie późnego brązu

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Fabian Tryl
Keyword(s):  
Small Town ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of ◽  
Real Size ◽  
The Town ◽  
Source Of Information

The history of Jerusalem is long and unclear. There are many doubts considering the city’s history before it was conquered by the Israelites. The only written source of information about it is the set of famed letters from Tell el-Amarna, six of which were written by Abdi-Hepa, the prince of Jerusalem. There is no detailed information about Abdi-Hepa available. However, his letters present him as an energetic politician. His actions made Jerusalem powerful in middle Canaan, and the neighboring countries accused him of hostility and attempts to take control over them. Unfortunately, archeological research does not confirm this theory. The findings show a relatively small town and no remains which could suggest the real size of the town were found. It gave rise to much controversy over the issue.

scholarly journals The EU’s REDD+ Policy Developments and the Lessons from the Policy Implementation in West Papua and Papua, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyuk Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Climate Change Policy ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current State ◽  
Change Policy ◽  
West Papua ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ongoing Project ◽  
The Eu

Despite its short history of development, the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) policy has started to establish itself as an effective policy for securing carbon offsets for large emitters of greenhouse gases including the European Union (EU). Corresponding to the direction of the international climate change policy area, this article primarily presents the current state of the EU REDD+ policy implementation. It offers considerations and suggestions to overcome the challenges facing an ongoing EU REDD+ project in West Papua and Papua in Indonesia to better direct the policy. First, to provide a primary overview of EU REDD+ policy developments, the article analyses the policy developments at the EU level, including its legal basis, as well as the roles of the EU’s REDD+ policy as it relates to institutions. Second, this article presents the background of the ongoing project in West Papua and Papua, Indonesia, and identifies and analyses the main challenges facing the implementation of the ongoing project. Third, the article discusses the author’s own view regarding these challenges. Finally, in the conclusion, it discusses the prospects and limitations of the EU’s REDD+ policy.

Creationism USA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Laats
Keyword(s):  
Science And Religion ◽  
Culture War ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
The Real ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolutionary Science ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Noah's Ark ◽  
Full Century

Who are America’s creationists? What do they want? Why do they think dinosaurs were on Noah’s ark? Creationism USA reveals that misconceptions about creationism have led Americans into a full century of unnecessary culture-war histrionics about evolution education and creationism. In fact, America does not and never has had deep, fundamental disagreements about evolution. Not about the actual science of evolution, that is, and not in ways that truly matter to public policy. Americans do have significant disagreements about creationism, though, and Creationism USA offers a new way to understand those battles. Describing the history of creationism and its variations demonstrates that the real conflict about evolution is not between creationists and evolution. The true landscape of American creationism is far more complicated than headlines suggest. This book digs beyond those headlines to prove two fundamental facts about American creationism. First, by any reasonable definition, almost all Americans can be classified as creationists. At the same time, almost all Americans, including creationist Americans, want their children to learn mainstream evolutionary science. Taken together, these difficult truths about American creationism point to a large and productive middle ground, a widely shared public vision of the proper relationship between schools, science, and religion. These facts aren’t hidden, yet they remain surprising to those who do not understand the real world of American creationism. Creationism USA explains the history and current state of America’s true battles over creationism. It offers a nuanced but simple prescription to solve them.

scholarly journals A source of inspiration for legal historians: Raoul van Caenegem’s views on legal history

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 24-41
Author(s):  
Dirk Heirbaut
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Special Role ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Ius Commune ◽  
Disciplinary Field ◽  
History Of

Summary Although Raoul van Caenegem claimed otherwise, he had very strong views on what legal history should be. In his opinion, legal history belonged to the disciplinary field of history, not to law. The legal historian should not only chronicle past evolutions of the law, but also explain them. To this purpose, van Caenegem himself turned to sociology, trying to work with types and models in order to generalise. Van Caenegem rejected the idea of a Volksgeist and advocated to look at the European context in a comparative legal history. Nevertheless, his ‘Europe’ was limited to the founding members of the European Union, joined by England. He constructed legal history as a history of power and preferred to study groups of law makers instead of individuals. In his legal history, the European ‘Second Middle Ages’, from 1100 until 1750, stand out as the cradle of the modern rule of law, with a special role for the cities of medieval Flanders. Although well-known for a leading handbook promoting the idea of the ius commune, the common law of Europe, van Caenegem actually deemed custom to have been the primary source of law in medieval Europe, whereas the role of the ius commune had been, in his opinion, overestimated. As he showed many times during his distinguished career, van Caenegem wanted legal historians to take part in current debates. In the end, his main lesson from legal history was a plea for moderation, as taking a sound idea to its extreme leads to absurd or unintended consequences.

scholarly journals Formation of Open Science Space in the European Union and Africa: Comparative Legal Aspect

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
A. M. Kamalyan
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Free Access ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Affairs

The paper explores the process of open science evolvement as one of the most distinct trends in scientific research in the modern world. The author notes that freedom of science has not yet received a direct confirmation in international legal sources in the field of human rights protection; still it is mentioned in the constitutions of a number of states. A comparative analysis of the issue on the European and African continents shows a significant gap. In the European Union, attempts are being made to transfer regulation to the supranational level (for example, the post of European Union Special Envoy for Open Science was established), while free access to research results in Africa is provided largely by non-governmental associations and private projects (such as SOKHA, LIREAGE, SYRAM). The history of the problems and the current state of affairs in the European Union and Africa are revealed, the features and development prospects are highlighted.

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