scholarly journals On the Economics of Restructuring World Railways, with a Focus on Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Pittman
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Incentive Regulation ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Network Industries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current State ◽  
American Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Reform ◽  
The Russian Federation

AbstractThe lecture opens with a discussion of the modern history of economists’ treatment of network industries: from cost-of-service regulation through incentive regulation to vertical restructuring. This history is then applied to the freight railways sector, followed by a discussion of the current state of the rail restructuring debate – what we term the European versus the American model, or vertical versus horizontal separation – first generally and then in the Russian Federation. Finally, we seek to derive lessons relevant to Russia from both the empirical literature and the results of recent reform policies implemented in the United States and the European Union.

scholarly journals The Importance of Introducing a Merit-Based Hiring System in North Macedonian Governments

SEEU Review ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-134
Author(s):  
Larry Hubbell ◽  
Veli Kreci
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
Ethnic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Employee Morale ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Hiring Process ◽  
American Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
Patronage System

AbstractIn this article, the authors present several topics related to the nascent development of a merit-based hiring system in North Macedonia. This paper employs a normative approach. We advocate for a merit-based hiring system, similar to the American model. First, we explore the pressure exerted by the European Commission to adopt a merit-based system at all levels of government as a condition for entry into the European Union. Second, we delve into the patronage system in North Macedonia. Third, we provide a short history of patronage in the United States and the difficulty that nation had in curbing its entrenched patronage system. Fourth, we discuss the advantages of a merit-based hiring system, namely the creation of good governance, the improvement of employee morale, the development of more public confidence in government, the reduction of the influence of ethnic politics and the furtherance of the rule of law. Finally, we present an example drawn from the American federal government about the basic procedures of a merit-based hiring process.

Russia and Europe: historical lessons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir I. Vinokurov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
Otto Von Bismarck ◽  
The Military

Тhe article deals with the results of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The analysis of these largest wars in the history of Russian-European relations is carried out, their comparison is made, their nature, character and driving forces are revealed. On the basis of this, it is concluded that both sides have not made the proper conclusions: Europe — in terms of the expediency and consequences of an attack on Russia, thereby violating the will of the iron Chancellor Otto von Bismarck: "Make alliances with anyone, start any wars, but never touch the Russians." Russia — timely opening and preparation for the upcoming tests in relations with Europe. Against the background of more than 200 years of history, the current state of relations between Russia and Europe, which has reached a low level, is considered. Although the leading European states, Germany and France, have not stopped political contacts with Russia, but the content of these contacts has become significantly poorer, the format has narrowed, and the tone has sharpened. In the military sphere, Europe in the Russian direction follows in principle the same course as the United States. Within the framework of NATO, European countries, led by the United States, have taken a number of steps that have restored, so far at a symbolic level, the military confrontation with Russia in eastern Europe. Moscow, for its part, has stepped up its own military activities near its western borders. As a result, Europe has ceased to be the island of security that it remained for the previous quarter of a century. This does not mean, of course, that relations between Russia and European countries are ending. In fact, Russia's practical needs require easing tensions with Europe as its largest trade and economic partner. With this in mind, Moscow has achieved some success in replacing the almost non-existentties with Brussels with meaningful bilateral relations with some EU countries. Despite the fact that the European Union's foreign policy apparatus is unable to form a unified geopolitical, economic and cultural front against Moscow, there is every reason to believe that the Kremlin intends to be guided by this strategy of bilateral relations in the coming years.

Factoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihail Lednev ◽  
Il'ya Pokamestov
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Educational Standards ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
State Educational

The history of the origin and development of factoring operations, their classification, the mechanism of factoring as a method of financing the company's working capital, models of international factoring, risk management of this type of business, legal aspects of factoring in the Russian Federation, the current state of the factoring market in the world are considered. Special attention is paid to the functioning of the factoring company — its organizational structure, principles of working with clients, automation of factoring operations. The electronic component of the textbook includes: a workshop on the study of the discipline "Factoring"; a guide to the study of the discipline "Factoring"; a glossary. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students, postgraduates and teachers of economic universities, employees of financial and credit institutions, managers of enterprises of all forms of ownership.

Parody—Nature and Definition

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Sabine Jacques
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Arts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter provides an overview of the nature and definition of parody in the context of copyright law. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has introduced two requirements that must be satisfied before a work may be considered a ‘parody’: firstly, it must ‘evoke an existing work while being noticeably different from it’, and secondly, it must ‘constitute an expression of humour or mockery’. The chapter first traces the origin and history of parody in the arts, including music, before discussing the relationship of parody with concepts such as satire, caricature, and pastiche. It then examines why a parody exception has been considered necessary in copyright law. The chapter goes on to analyse the legal evolution of parody in France, Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom, showing that the existing international human rights framework may influence the definition of parody in intellectual property law.

The United States and the European Union

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Dominguez ◽  
Joshua Weissman LaFrance
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Cold War ◽  
European Integration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Transatlantic Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Eu

The history of the European Union (EU) is closely associated with the development of the United States. As the process of European integration has produced institutions and gained a collective international presence, the United States has been a close observer, partner, and often critic of the policies and actions of the EU and its member states. A steady progression of events delineates this path: the Marshall Plan, origins of European integration, the Cold War, the post–Cold War, 9/11 and its effects on the international system, the Great Recession, and the deterioration of global democracy. All throughout, the EU and the United States have both cooperated and collided with one another, in line with the combination of three main factors: (a) the evolution of the EU as an independent, international actor; (b) American strategies for engagement with Europe and then with the EU; and (c) the adaptive capacity and cohesion of the overall transatlantic relationship. The EU–U.S. relationship is significant not only for the influential role of the EU in world affairs but also because, as opposed to China or Russia, the transatlantic area hosts one of the most solid relationships around the world. Crises surely have been, and will be, a frequent aspect of the intense interdependences on both sides of the Atlantic; however, the level of contestation and conflict is relatively low, particularly as compared with other areas that smoothly allow the flow of goods, services, people, and ideas. Taken altogether, then, the transatlantic relationship possesses a strong foundation: it is integral, resilient, and enduring over a history of diplomatic disagreements and conflicts. The primary question remains just how this steady stream and confluence of shared challenges ultimately will fare in face of evolving crises and systemic disruptors. In any case, the answer is determined by the enduring nature, and foreign policy choices, of the primary actors on each side of the Atlantic.

Psychosocial Concerns and Interventions for Cancer Survivors

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (32) ◽  
pp. 5132-5137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette L. Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
Meta Analyses

In light of the increasing population living with a history of cancer in the United States, it is important to attend to quality of life and health in this group, and to develop effective interventions to address psychosocial and physical concerns across the course of the cancer trajectory. The goals of this article are to document the need for attention to psychosocial domains; offer a brief overview of the current status of the empirical literature on effects of psychosocial interventions with cancer survivors, relying on systematic reviews and meta-analyses conducted in the last decade; highlight recent examples of randomized, controlled psychosocial intervention trials directed toward cancer survivors after the completion of primary medical treatments (ie, the re-entry phase and beyond); and identify directions for application and research.

Professional Adult Choirs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Carrington ◽  
Jason Vodicka
Keyword(s):  
Choral Music ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Choral Pedagogy ◽  
Choral Ensembles ◽  
Current State ◽  
Scholarly Publications ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter provides an overview of the history of professional choruses and offers insight into the structure, choral pedagogy, history of choral music, and current state of professional choral ensembles in the United States. The authors first provide an historical overview of the professional choir, demonstrating that professional choral choruses have been a staple of Western society since the medieval era. They then report on the limited body of research dealing with the rehearsal pedagogy of professional ensembles. Data were gleaned from scholarly publications and from information provided by Chorus America. Additional data comes from personal interviews with conductors of professional choirs, from singers who perform as professional choristers, and from one co-author’s experience as a founding member of The King’s Singers. The authors note the need for further research into this rapidly expanding field.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION UKRAINE-NATO AT THE PRESENT STAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (30) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Pavlo Prokhovnyk
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Defense Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
Technical Cooperation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Dialogue ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Military

The article analyzes the history of the development of military-technical cooperation between Ukraine and NATO as one of the defining areas of international military partnership. Taking into account specific historical circumstances and external aggression by the Russian Federation, the importance of Ukraine’s military-technical cooperation with partner countries for the implementation of political goals and objectives of the state for the development of defense industry and national security is emphasized. Ukraine faced new types of threats in all spheres of the state’s life, in the military in particular, which required active assistance from partner countries. The realities of the hybrid war, which has targeted our country, require new approaches to ensuring the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, including by strengthening military partnerships with the European Union and the United States. In modern geopolitical, socio-economic, international legal, military-political conditions, the nature, forms and directions of Ukraine’s military partnership need to be rethought and clarified. Today, Ukraine’s military cooperation with NATO is of a strategic nature, the tasks of which can be grouped into four key areas: maintaining military-political dialogue; assistance in reforming and developing the Armed Forces of Ukraine; ensuring contribution to international security and peacekeeping; defense and technical cooperation. As a result of this study, NATO membership will open new opportunities for Ukraine’s competitive defense industries and lay the foundation for military-technical cooperation at the international level. In this context, the myth that Ukraine’s accession to NATO will involve the collapse of Ukraine’s defense industry through the introduction of new NATO military standards, requirements for rearmament for our army is completely eliminated.

scholarly journals Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Legal Features of Aerial Video

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 8896-8905
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Data Confidentiality ◽  
Regulatory Documents ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
State Secrets ◽  
Aerial Video

The purpose of the study is to systematize the requirements of regulatory documents of the United States of America, the countries of the European Union and the Russian Federation regulating the procedure for aerial video recording using UAVs. As a result of the study, information that allowed UAV owners to quickly resolve issues related to obtaining permission to fly, observing the established procedure for using airspace, fulfilling requirements to ensure data confidentiality and nondisclosure of state secrets, UAV registration and certification of an external pilot activity was presented. The efficiency of resolving issues is ensured by the fact that the main provisions of regulatory documents are supplemented by links to relevant resources, which allows obtaining more detailed information depending on the specific situation. The procedure for implementing practical actions to fulfill the requirements of legal acts is also set out. The novelty of the work lies in the way of presenting the requirements of regulatory documents, ensuring their familiarization by the UAV owners in a minimum time and in the amount determined by the specifics of performing aerial video recording in each specific case.

scholarly journals Polish Take on Realism: Poland’s Policy Towards the Former Soviet Countries, 1991–2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-145
Author(s):  
A. Szeptycki
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Realist Theory ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
States History ◽  
Post Soviet Space

This article analyzes Poland’s policy towards the former Soviet space (Poland’s Eastern policy) through the assumptions of the realist theory of international relations. The fi rst part of the article examines the realist theory in international relations (IR). The second – deals with the existing literature on Poland’s foreign policy. The third part analyses the determinants and the goals of Poland’s policy towards the post-Soviet states (history of its relations with the region, ideological determinants, security concerns, etc.). The last part inquires about the evolution of Poland’s policy till current times. The Russian Federation is perceived as a signifi cant threat by Poland. In that context, since the early 1990s, Poland has been seeking solutions to strengthen its security. It aimed to join the North Atlantic Alliance and establish a close partnership with the United States (bandwagoning). This strategy brought substantial eff ects – in 1999, Poland joined NATO, and since it has hosted allied troops. Poland also wanted to develop cooperation with Ukraine (to a lesser degree also with its other post-Soviet neighbors) and bring them closer to the Euro-Atlantic structures. This policy was, in particular, at weakening Russia’s infl uence in the region (balancing). The results of this strategy have been somewhat ambiguous, though. Ukraine has rejected Russia’s sponsored reintegration projects in the post-Soviet space. The process of reforms in that country, however, is slow and uncertain. As for other post-Soviet states, Poland has largely proven unable to infl uence the desired changes.

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