Changes in the concentrations of selected toxic and essential elements in ewe milk from area with a potentially undisturbed environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Martina Pšenková ◽  
Robert Toman ◽  
Ivan Imrich ◽  
Svätoslav Hluchý
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Toxic And Essential Elements ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Ewe's Milk

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lactation on the concentration of selected essential and toxic elements in sheep milk from an area of Slovakia with a potentially undisturbed environment and to find out the actual contamination of the selected area, in the aspect of its environmental character. The research was conducted with 400 sheep (Tsigai breed), and the milk samples were taken during the lactation periods (early, middle and late lactation stage). Sheep were reared on the extensive pastures, reared indoors afterward, fed with pasture ad libitum. Milk samples were collected after morning and afternoon milking. The samples of milk were analysed toxic and essential elements (Ca, Se, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb) by the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The macro elements concentration in milk changes following the stages of lactation (p<0.05). There was found that Ca milk concentration increased gradually in the following stages of lactation while Mg, Se, and Fe only in the last stage of lactation. The Zn concentration in milk was the highest during summer (p<0.05). Simultaneously the contents of essential elements (Cu) and toxic elements (As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb) in milk were very low, below the limit of quantification. In conclusion, ewe's milk from potentially analysed areas of Slovakia is safe and poses no risk to consumer health, and is suitable for use directly or in dairy processing.

scholarly journals Effect of milking time, lactation stage and udder traits on milk yield of Red Sokoto and Boer goats in semi-arid, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 100-112
Author(s):  
H. A. Muhammad ◽  
Y. Garba ◽  
D. Ogah ◽  
S.K. Inusa
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Boer Goat ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Morning Milk ◽  
Boer Goats

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of milking time, lactation stage and udder traits on milk yield of Red Sokoto and Boer goats at the farm of Centre for Dry-land Agriculture, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria. The first evaluation of milk yield was done at early stage of lactation starting after day seven of kidding to exclude colostrum. Daily collection of milk samples followed in the morning and evening until 10 weeks of lactation. The weeks were divided into 3 stages of lactation as early, mid and late lactation stages. Milk samples were measured using a 100 mL measuring cylinder and later converted into grammes. The external udder measurements were taken in cm after seven days post kidding and fortnightly for the period of lactation. The result obtained shows significant difference (p<0.05) in the total morning milk yield between the goats. The total morning milk yield was higher (2642.00 ± 3.18 g) in the Boer goats than in the Red Sokoto (2371.50± 3.18 g). However, the average daily milk yield, total milk yield and total evening milk yield were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the breeds of goat. Mean milk yield was significantly (p<0.05) influenced by stage of lactation and time of milking. The milk yield was significantly higher (98.91 g) in the late lactation while the least was obtained in the mid stage of lactation (65.44 g). Moreover, the morning milk yield was significantly higher than the evening milk yield. A significant interaction effect (p<0.05) of lactation stage and milking time was similarly observed. The results indicated that breed significantly (p<0.05) influenced most of the udder traits except UC, UW and TFD. Significantly (p<0.05) higher values of UL, UW, TC, RTL, LTL, CH and TFD were recorded in the Red Sokoto. Furthermore, the Boer goat breed had significantly higher values of NT, UC and DBT.     Le but de l'étude était d'évaluer l'effet de la traite de traite, de la phase de lactation et des traits de la piste sur le rendement du lait de Red Sokoto et des chèvres de Boer à la ferme du Centre d'agriculture à sec, de l'Université Bayero Kano, du Nigéria. La première évaluation du rendement en lait a été effectuée à un stade précoce de l'allaitement à partir de sept jours de blague pour exclure le colostrum. La collecte quotidienne d'échantillons de lait a suivi le matin et le soir jusqu'à 10 semaines de lactation. Les semaines ont été divisées en 3 étapes de la lactation comme des étapes de début et de lactation tardive. Les échantillons de lait ont été mesurés à l'aide d'un cylindre de mesure de 100 ml et convertis ultérieurement en grammes. Les mensurations externes de la mamelle ont été prises en cm après sept jours après la mise bas et tous les quinze jours pendant la période de lactation. Le résultat obtenu présente une différence significative (p <0,05) dans le rendement le lait total du matin entre les chèvres. Le rendement au lait total du matin était plus élevé (2642,00 ± 3,18 g) dans les chèvres Boer que dans le Sokoto rouge (2371.50 ± 3,18 g). Cependant, le rendement quotidien moyen quotidien, le rendement total du lait et le rendement au lait total de la soirée n'étaient pas significativement (p> 0,05) affectés par les races de chèvre. Le rendement en lait moyen était significativement (p <0,05) influencé par la phase de lactation et du temps de traite. Le rendement en lait était significativement plus élevé (98,91 g) à la fin de la lactation, tandis que le moindre a été obtenu au stade moyen de la lactation (65,44 g). De plus, le rendement au lait du matin était nettement supérieur au rendement le lait du soir. Un effet d'interaction significatif (P <0,05) de stade de lactation et de délai de traite a été observé de la même manière. Les résultats ont indiqué que la race de manière significative (p <0,05) a influencé la plupart des traits de pis de la piste, à l'exception des UC, UW et TFD. De manière significative (p <0,05) des valeurs plus élevées d'UL, UW, TC, RTL, LTL, CH et TFD ont été enregistrées dans le Red Sokoto. De plus, la race de chèvre Boer avait des valeurs significativement plus élevées de NT, UC et DBT.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the freezing point of milk from Polish Holstein-Friesian cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 873-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Otwinowska-Mindur ◽  
Ewa Ptak ◽  
Agnieszka Grzesiak
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Abstract The objective of this study was to estimate the influence of lactation number, month of milk sampling, lactation stage and herd size on the freezing point of milk of Polish Holstein‑Friesian cows. Data comprised 4,719,787 milk samples from the first seven lactations of 752,770 Polish Holstein- Friesian cows. Milk freezing point (MFP), milk yield, and fat and protein content were analyzed. The mean MFP of milk samples (-0.5326°C) as well as more than 92% of all milk samples did not exceed the quality limit for the freezing point of cows′ raw milk, which, following Polish standards, was taken to be -0.52°C. The freezing point of milk samples, milk yield, fat and protein content were highly significantly affected by all examined factors: month of sampling, successive lactations, stage of lactation, and herd size. MFP was lowest in milk samples taken from January to March, and highest in samples from November to December. MFP increased with lactation number. Mean MFP decreased with time within lactation, except the first stage (5-35 days in milk). Generally, MFP was highest in small herds (up to 9 cows) and lowest in large herds (more than 150 cows).

Human breast milk concentration of neopterin at various stages of lactation and during a single feeding

Pteridines ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Plata-Nazar ◽  
Ewa Woś-Wasilewska ◽  
Agnieszka Szlagatys-Sidorkiewcz ◽  
Grażyna Łuczak ◽  
Maciej Zagierski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Neopterin Concentration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Immunoenzymatic Assay

AbstractThe aim of this work was to determine the physiological level of neopterin in human breast milk, and to study its variability depending on the duration of a single feeding and the lactation stage. Breast milk samples from 74 women were collected between 2 and 4 days after delivery, and at 15, 30, and 90 days after delivery. Additionally, breast milk samples from eight women were collected before and after 7 and 15 min of breastfeeding. The concentration of neopterin in breast milk was determined by an immunoenzymatic assay. The range of breast milk neopterin concentration at various stages of lactation amounted to 15.4–19.2 nmol/L at 2–4 days after delivery, 20.2–23.0 nmol/L at day 15, 20.8–24.5 nmol/L at day 30, and 16.9–20.4 nmol/L at day 90. The level of neopterin 2–4 days after delivery was significantly lower than that at days 15 and 30; moreover, the concentration of neopterin at day 30 was significantly higher than that at day 90. No significant differences were documented between neopterin concentrations at various phases of a single feeding. While the breast milk concentration of neopterin changes depending on the stage of lactation, it remains stable throughout a single feeding.

scholarly journals Toxic and Essential Elements in Rice and Other Grains from the United States and Other Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8128
Author(s):  
Mom TatahMentan ◽  
Syprose Nyachoti ◽  
Laura Scott ◽  
Nati Phan ◽  
Frederick O. Okwori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
White Rice ◽  
Polished Rice ◽  
Toxic And Essential Elements ◽  
The Us

We determined the concentrations of toxic and essential elements in rice and other grains (lentils, barleys, beans, oats, wheat, and peas) grown in the United States (US) and other countries using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS). Results showed that median concentrations (in µg/kg) for toxic elements in white rice from the US were 131, 2.8, and 6.5 for arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), respectively. White rice from Thailand, India, and Italy showed higher median toxic elements concentrations (in µg/kg) of 155 for As, 3.6 for Pb, and 8.4 for Cd, than for white rice from the US. Brown rice from the US showed median concentrations (in µg/kg) of 217 (As), 4.5 (Pb), and 17.4 (Cd) while other grains showed median concentrations (in µg/kg) of 5.4, 4.6, and 6.7 for these elements, respectively. None of the samples exceeded the codex standards set for Pb (200 μg/kg in cereals and pulses) and Cd (100 μg/kg in cereals/pulses and 400 μg/kg in polished rice). However, brown rice and one white rice sample did exceed the codex standard for As (200 μg/kg). Essential elements were higher in other grains than in white and brown rice. These findings suggest that alternating or coupling rice with other grains in one’s diet could reduce exposure to toxic metals while providing more essential elements to rice diet.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of lactation performance of West African dwarf and red sokoto goats raised in a hot-humid environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-205
Author(s):  
F. O. Ahamefule ◽  
N. J. Ekanem ◽  
U. U. Uka ◽  
K. Ikwunze
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
West African ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Butter Fat ◽  
Lactation Stage

The milk yield and compositions of twelve lactating does comprising six each of West African Dwarf (Fouta djallon) and Red Sokoto (Maradi) were compared in a 21-week study. The does in their second parity were monitored over a full lactation. The goats received daily basal grass and browse fodder in addition to a concentrate supplement in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment. The does were hand milked and milk yield (g/d) was quantified daily. Milk samples were analyzed weekly for total solids (TS %), butter fat (BF %), solids-not-fat (SNF %), crude protein (CP %) and total ash (TA %). Lactose concentration (LC %) was analyzed daily immediately after sampling. Macro-minerals in milk samples were determined by dry ash extraction method specific for each mineral element. Milk yield was influenced significantly (p<0.05) by both breed and stage of lactation. The WAD produced more milk (97.34 g/d than RS (87.01 g/d). For both breeds, the average mid lactation milk yield (119.04 g/d) was significantly (p<0.05) different than either early (88.35 g/d) or late (69.14 g/d). The highest milk production was by WAD does in mid lactation (125.10 g/d) and the least was by RS in late lactation (47.07 g/d). The TS, BF, SNF, CP and LC concentrations in milk were not influenced (P>0.05) by breed. The TA was significantly (P<0.05) higher in WAD milk (0.89 %) relative to RS milk (0.88 %). Also, stage of lactation significantly (P<0.05) influenced the concentrations of TS, BF, TA and LC in WAD and RS goats milk. Total solids was significantly (P<0.05) higher in late (13.47 %) than in early (12.53 %) lactation for both breeds. The BF and LC in milk followed similar trend, recording 4.45, 3.89 and 4.13 and 3.98 % in late and early stages of lactation respectively. On the other hand, The TA decreased with advancing lactation and the highest value was obtained in the early (0.92 %) than in mid (0.89 %) and late (0.86 %) lactation in both WAD and RS goat milk. TA was highest in WAD milk in early lactation (0.92 %) and least in RS milk in late lactation (0.85 %). All macro minerals were influenced (p<0.05) by lactation stage and breed differences, except potassium (K) and sodium (Na) which were only influenced by the stage of lactation. The milk of both WAD and RS goats yielded more calcium (Ca) than K, which was attributed to the nutrients in the diets.

scholarly journals Contents of Zn, Cu, Mn and Se in Milk in Relation to their Concentrations in Blood, Milk Yield and Stage of Lactation in Dairy Cattle

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pechová ◽  
L. Pavlata ◽  
R. Dvořák ◽  
E. Lokajová
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Holstein Cattle ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Daily Milk

The objective of the study was to assess the effect of actual daily milk production and lactation stage on concentrations of Zn, Mn, Cu and Se in milk, and monitor correlations between milk and blood concentrations of these microelements. The study was performed in a herd of Holstein cattle with the average milk yield of 8,562 kg. Thirty-five dairy cows housed in one group were included in the study. Blood and milk samples were taken during two separate milk yield checks done 4 weeks apart. Actual milk production of monitored cows ranged from 19.6 to 62.6 l daily. For lactation stages we evaluated results of examinations performed from 7 to 188 days of lactation. Blood examinations showed that the cows included in our study had good supplementation with the microelements in question. Milk concentrations of individual microelements were as follows: 3855.2 ± 814.7 μg/l of Zn; 36.3 ± 14.4 μg/l of Cu; 20.1 ± 8.3 μg/l of Mn, and 28.6 ± 7.1 μg/l of Se. The effect of daily milk production on milk concentrations of the microelements was identified only for copper (r = -0.302, p ⪬ 0.05). The variable of days of lactation (not considering days of the colostrum period) showed a positive correlation in manganese (r = 0.419, p ⪬ 0.01); copper and selenium showed negative correlations (Cu: r = -0.258, p ⪬ 0.05; Se: r = -0.277, p ⪬ 0.05). The daily milk production influenced negatively only Cu concentration in milk, but Se, Zn and Mn was not influenced.With advancing lactation after colostrum period the concentration of Mn in milk raised, the concentration of Cu and Se declined and the concentration of Zn was unchanged.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Lactation Stage on Milk Yield, Composition and Renneting Parameters of Milk in Sheep Reared Under Intensive Nutrition

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leona Konečná ◽  
Jan Kuchtík ◽  
Markéta Sedláková ◽  
Květoslava Šustová ◽  
Radek Filipčík
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Health State ◽  
Coagulation Time ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Daily Milk Yield

The aim of our experiment was to assess changes in milk yield, composition and renneting parameters (pH, titratable acidity, coagulation time and curd quality) of sheep milk in the course of lactation and their relationships in the Lacaune ewes (n = 8), reared under intensive nutrition. The stage of lactation (SL) had a conclusive effect on the daily milk yield (DMY) and contents of all basic milk compounds. The DMY and fat content were relatively high during whole lactation. In our opinion these trends were influenced by the quite intensive nutrition. The SL had inconclusive effect on pH. In contrast, the SL had a conclusive effect on titratable acidity (TA) of milk. The correlations between the pH and all other indicators, with the exception of the coagulation time (CT), were inconclusive. Also most correlations between the TA and all other indicators monitored were inconclusive. The SL had inconclusive effect on the CT and curd quality (CQ). In our opinion, relatively balanced values of the CT and CQ during lactation indicate on the good health state and correct nutrition of ewes.

Effect of CSN1S1 gene polymorphism and stage of lactation on milk yield and composition of extensively reared goats

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Balia ◽  
Michele Pazzola ◽  
Maria Luisa Dettori ◽  
Maria Consuelo Mura ◽  
Sebastiano Luridiana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Optimal Composition ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactation Stage

The effect of CSN1S1 genotype and lactation stage on milk yield and composition were investigated in 80 extensively reared goats. Milk yield was recorded in early, mid and late lactation and individual milk samples were collected to determine: fat, protein, lactose and casein content, pH, freezing point, somatic cell count (SCC) and total microbic mesophilic count (TMC). Relative casein composition and amino acid profile were quantified by HPLC. Fatty acid profile was measured by gas-chromatography. Genotype did not affect milk yield, while this trait was significantly affected by lactation stage (P < 0·01). CSN1S1 BB goats produced significantly higher protein and casein percentages (P < 0·05). αs1-casein (CN) was significantly higher in BB and AB goats than AF and BF, showing intermediate values in AA goats (P < 0·01). The protein percentage and the αs1 and αs2-CN fractions were not affected by lactation stage, while the casein content and the β and κ-CN significantly increased throughout lactation (P < 0·01). C4 : 0 and C6 : 0 were not affected by genotype, while C8 : 0 and C10 : 0 were higher in the AA goats than BB; most of the long chain FA were higher in BB than AA goats. MUFA and PUFA increased in late lactation. In addition, BB goats showed higher essential amino acids, resulting in an optimal composition from the nutritional point of view, when compared with AA goats. The increase of MUFA, PUFA, essential and cis-FA in late lactation indicate that the lipid composition of goat's milk, with the progress of lactation, tends to improve its nutritional value.

scholarly journals Mare’s Milk from a Small Polish Specialized Farm—Basic Chemical Composition, Fatty Acid Profile, and Healthy Lipid Indices

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1590
Author(s):  
Grażyna Czyżak-Runowska ◽  
Jacek Antoni Wójtowski ◽  
Romualda Danków ◽  
Daniel Stanisławski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Bulk Tank

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and values of healthy indices of milk from a specialized farm of Polish Coldblood mares of different ages, birth orders, and lactation stages. Milk samples (n = 48) were collected for analysis in weeks 10, 15, and 25 of lactation from mares aged between five and 14 years. The study showed that the stage of lactation has a significant effect on the fatty acid (FA) profile of the milk produced on the farm. The highest concentration of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FAs was found in milk produced from the 15th week of lactation. The milk was also characterized by low values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, which indicate the health benefits of milk with respect to the content of fatty acids and their potential to prevent or cause atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The study also found a significant correlation between the number of foalings (birth order), the fatty acid profile, and atherogenic index of milk produced on the farm. The findings from the study indicate that it is possible to modify the fatty acid profile of bulk tank milk through appropriate management of the age structure of the herd of mares. To confirm this dependence, the study will be continued on a larger group of mares.

Primary Teeth and Hair as Indicators of Environmental Pollution

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
TE Shishniashvili ◽  
NN Suladze ◽  
VV Margvelashvili
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dental Tissues ◽  
Dental Hard Tissues ◽  
Hard Tissues ◽  
Health Organization

Objectives: To study the influence of environmental pollution on the mineralization of dental hard tissues by using biosubstrates: teeth and hair. :Study design: At the first stage epidemiological survey was conducted in polluted and less polluted areas of Tbilisi (Georgia). We studied 525 children aged 3 and 4 years. Caries prevalence and intensity was defined by the methodology of World Health Organization. At the second stage the chemical elements content was studied in hair and teeth hard tissues of 24 children by X - ray fluorescent spectroscopy method. Results: The prevalence of dental caries in the polluted region was 46%, caries intensity − 1.92 (± 2.842). In the less polluted region prevalence was 37%, caries intensity − 1.47 (± 2.571). These data are statistically reliable (p &lt; 0.05). The study of hair and tooth tissues showed that the toxic elements (Pb, Hg, Sn, Ti) content in these tissues was higher in environmentally unfavorable than in favorable conditions. Conclusion: Hair and dental tissues can be used as indicators of environmental pollution. Our survey showed that toxic elements content in dental hard tissues was higher and the level of essential elements was less in polluted than in less polluted areas of Tbilisi.

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