The effect of the β agonist clenbuterol on the composition of body gain of veal calves

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
P. E. V. Williams ◽  
L. Pagliani ◽  
G. M. Innes ◽  
K. Pennie
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Adrenergic Agonist ◽  
Rapid Weight Gain ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Comparative Slaughter

Clenbuterol, a β adrenergic agonist, acts as a repartitioning agent increasing the ratio of protein to fat in the carcass. Recent reports on the action of clenbuterol in the bovine have indentified the repartitioning action but body composition has been estimated from sample joints and regression equations based on untreated cattle. Such data may not be appropriate for use with animals treated with repartitioning agents. A comparative slaughter experiment was designed to study the effects of clenbuterol on body composition and energy content of weight gain in the bovine. Veal calves were chosen as the model since they exhibit rapid weight gain, and in the latter stages of growth, prior to slaughter, a high proportion of the gain is fat; such animals may therefore be sensitive to the effects of a repartitioning agent.

scholarly journals Modeling net energy requirements of 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1624-1632
Author(s):  
Ting Yang ◽  
Lexiao Yu ◽  
Min Wen ◽  
Hua Zhao ◽  
Xiaoling Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Comparative Slaughter

Objective: A total of three hundred unsexed ducks were utilized to estimate net energy requirements of maintenance (NEm) and weight gain (NEg) for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks and to establish a model equation to predict NE requirements using the factorial method.Methods: To determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of the diet, fifty 7-day-old ducks at approximately equal body weights (BWs) were randomly assigned into five groups that were fed at different levels (ad libitum, 85%, 75%, 65%, and 55% of ad libitum intake), and the endogenous acid-insoluble ash as indigestible marker. The two hundred and fifty 7-day-old ducks were used for a comparative slaughter experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, ten ducks were sacrificed to determine the initial body composition and energy content. The remaining ducks were randomly assigned into five groups (same as metabolic experiment). Ducks of the ad libitum group were slaughtered at 14 and 21-dayold. At the end of the experiment, two ducks were selected from each replicate and slaughtered to determine the body composition and energy content.Results: The results of the metabolizable experiment showed AME values of 13.43 to 13.77 MJ/kg for ducks at different feed intakes. The results of the comparative slaughter experiment showed the NEm value for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was 549.54 kJ/kg of BW0.75/d, and the NEg value was 10.41 kJ/g. The deposition efficiency values of fat (Kf) and crude protein (Kp) were 0.96 and 0.60, respectively, and the values of efficiency of energy utilization (Kg) and maintenance efficiency (Km) were 0.75 and 0.88, respectively.Conclusion: The equation for the prediction of NE requirements for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was the following: NE = 549.54 BW0.75+10.41 ΔW, where ΔW is the weight gain (g).

The effects of quantity and duration of milk feeding on the intake of concentrates and growth of castrated male Saanen kids to slaughter

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
J. E. Cook ◽  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
W. E. Ivings ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Total Intake ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Weaning Age

AbstractTo examine the possibility of reducing milk substitute costs in artificial rearing of goat kids, 36 castrated male Saanen kids at 2 days of age were randomly allocated across six treatments in a 2×3 factorial design experiment. Milk substitute was provided for the kids over a period of 28 or 39 days, and daily levels of milk substitute dry matter (DM) intake were 0·140,0·176 or 0·272 kg.Increasing the level of milk substitute offered had no significant effect on intake of concentrate up to weaning, but did significantly reduce the total intake of concentrate through to slaughter. Weaning after 39 days, as opposed to 28 days, also significantly reduced the total intake of concentrates. However, there was no difference when the same total quantity of milk substitute was consumed over different periods. Increasing the daily intake of milk substitute significantly increased daily live-weight gain to weaning, but tended to increase the time taken by kids to regain their weaning weight following cessation of milk substitute intake. However, milk substitute level and weaning age did not significantly affect overall daily live-weight gain or the length of time taken to reach 28 kg.Eight additional kids were slaughtered at 2 days of age to develop regression equations relating initial body composition to live weight. These relationships were similar to others published for 2-day-old Saanen kids. Treatments had no significant effect on overall rates of fat, crude protein, water, ash and energy gain or on final body composition, carcass weight or carcass composition when kids were slaughtered at a live weight of 28 kg. These data suggest that savings in milk substitute may be achieved by reducing the weaning age and/or the daily intake level.

Diet effects on weight gain and body composition in high growth (hg/hg) mice

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
PABLO M. CORVA ◽  
JUAN F. MEDRANO
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Protein Energy

Corva, Pablo M., and Juan F. Medrano. Diet effects on weight gain and body composition in high growth ( hg/ hg) mice. Physiol Genomics 3: 17–23, 2000.—Nongenetic factors such as nutrition modulate the effects of genes responsible for overgrowth in animals. The goal of this study was to examine the importance of genotype × diet interactions on the effects of a major locus that regulates growth in the mouse. We have examined the phenotype of high growth ( hg), a partially recessive autosomal locus that increases growth rate and mature body size. C57BL/6J (C57) and congenic C57BL/6J- hg/ hg (HG) mice were fed three experimental diets differing in protein and energy content from 3 to 12 wk of age. HG mice grew faster and were, on average, 51% heavier than C57 at 12 wk of age. Feed intake was higher in HG mice but proportional to the increase in body weight. The magnitude of the differences in body size and composition between lines depended on the interaction between genotype and the protein/energy ratio of the diet. In C57, the diets modified the level of fatness without changing adult lean mass. However, in HG the diets differentially affected both linear growth and body composition. In general, HG had higher plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor I at 3 and 12 wk than C57. Plasma insulin did not differ between lines, but leptin was higher for C57 mice fed a high-energy diet. These results show that the effects of hg on growth are modulated by diet composition. Therefore, this mutation could be a valuable model with which to study the genetic and nutritional aspects of overgrowth disorders.

scholarly journals Racial Disparities in Body Composition of Preterm Infants (P21-049-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maggie Jerome ◽  
Paula Chandler-Laney ◽  
Ariel Salas
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Hospital Discharge ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Rapid Weight Gain ◽  
Black And White

Abstract Objectives At term-equivalent age, preterm infants have higher % body fat (%BF) than infants born at term. This difference in %BF is often the result of exposure to enriched postnatal diets prescribed to promote rapid weight gain among preterm infants. Because rapid weight gain during infancy and obesity are more prevalent among blacks than among whites, racial disparities in the development of adiposity expressed as %BF need to be explored. The purpose of this study was to compare %BF in two major racial groups using normative data as reference. Methods We analyzed data from a prospective study that assessed body composition in preterm infants using air displacement plethysmography (PeaPod®). After stratifying data according to race, we analyzed differences between mean %BF values of preterm infants at the time of hospital discharge and compared these differences to existing references of %BF in preterm infants. A linear regression analysis was performed to account for differences in baseline characteristics. Results We assessed body composition in 84 preterm infants, of which 47 were black and 37 were white. Mean birthweight was 1471 g and median gestational age was 30 weeks. In preterm infants assessed at the time of hospital discharge, mean %BF was 14.6 ± 3.6 (14.5 ± 2.9 in white infants and 14.6 ± 4.1 in black infants; P = 0.90). The measured %BF at the time of hospital discharge was higher than the expected %BF at equivalent postmenstrual age (mean difference: 4.7 ± 3.5; P < 0.05). After adjustment for BW, GA, sex, and length of hospital stay, this difference between measured and expected %BF was not significantly higher among black infants compared to white infants (5.1 vs. 4.2; P = 0.28). Conclusions Black race is not associated with higher %BF at the time of hospital discharge in preterm infants. If racial disparities in body composition exist among former preterm infants, those differences may occur after hospital discharge. Both black and white preterm infants exposed to enriched postnatal diets develop higher than expected %BF by the time of hospital discharge. Funding Sources None.

scholarly journals Effects of a β-andrenergic agonist on growth performance, body composition and nutrient retention in finishing pigs fed normal or low amounts of protein

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bracher-Jakob ◽  
J. W. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Adrenergic Agonist ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Protein Feeding

ABSTRACTIn earlier studies with pigs the P-adrenergic agonist Ro 16·8714 ((3-AG) enhanced the efficiency of nitrogen (N) retention. Therefore effects of Ro 16·8714 were studied on growth rate, body composition, N, fat and energy retention in pigs fed isoenergetically, but given different amounts of protein (112 or 138 g/kg diet) without (groups LP and NP) or with 60 mg Ro 16·8714 per kg diet (groups LPP and NPP) from 60 to 100 kg live weight. Weight gain (898, 927, 855 and 810 g/day in NP, NPp, LP and LPp) decreased, whereas food: gain ratio (2·94, 2·82, 3·04 and 3·24 kg/kg in NP, NPP, LP and LPP) was increased by low protein intake (P < 0·05) and both weight gain and food conversion were modified by the interaction (P × P) of protein intake and Ro 16·8714 (P < 0·05). Killing-out proportion (820, 830, 830 and 830 g/kg in groups NP, NPp, LP and LPP) was modified by protein intake and Ro 16·8714 (P < 0·05). Carcass growth rate (760, 814, 748 and 723 g/day in NP, NPP, LP and LPP) was modified by protein intake and by P × p (P < 0·05), while non-carcass growth rate (90, 77, 76 and 56 g/day in NP, NPP, LP and LPP) was changed by protein intake and by Ro 16·8714 (P < 0·05). Compared with NP, weights of kidneys (−0·025 kg), small intestine (−0·26 kg) and large intestine (−0·17 kg) were decreased by low protein feeding, and weights of heart, spleen and stomach decreased in response to Ro 16·8714 (-002, -0·02 and -0·06 kg; P < 0·05) while both low protein intake and Ro 16·8714 reduced liver weight (−0·12 and −0·23 kg, respectively; P < 0·05) and blood volume obtained at slaughter (-0·12 and -0·23 kg; P < 0·05). Carcass N (1813, 1970, 1786 and 1825 g in NP NPp, LP and LPP) increased in response to Ro 16-8714, but was reduced by low protein intake (P < 0·05), while noncarcass N (330, 309, 312 and 285 g in NP, NPp, LP and LPP) was decreased by both low protein intake and Ro 16-8714 (P < 0·01). Carcass and non-carcass fat (22·1, 19·9, 23·4 and 23·0 kg, respectively 1·51, 1·41, 1·59 and 1·68 kg in NP, NPp, LP and LPP) increased with low protein feeding (P < 0·05), but were not significantly influenced by Ro 16·8714. The efficiency of N retention (295, 363, 321 and 327 g/kg N retained: N intake in NP, NPp, LP and LPP) was enhanced by Ro 16·8714 (P > 0·05) whereas the efficiency of energy retention was not influenced by Ro 16·8714 and protein intake. In conclusion, an adequate intake of protein is necessary for optimum expression of many, but not all, effects of the P-adrenergic agonist Ro 16·8714.

Catch-up growth and metabolic outcomes in adolescents born preterm

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (11) ◽  
pp. 1026-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas D Embleton ◽  
Murthy Korada ◽  
Claire L Wood ◽  
Mark S Pearce ◽  
Ravi Swamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Rapid Weight Gain ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Childhood Weight ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Infant Weight Gain

BackgroundAccelerated infant weight gain in individuals born full term is linked to cardiovascular risk in adulthood, but data in those born preterm are inconsistent.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between weight gain in infancy and childhood with later markers of the metabolic syndrome in adolescents who were born preterm.Study designLongitudinal cohort study.SettingChildren born preterm with regular assessments of infant growth had auxology, body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile determined in adolescence.ResultsWe reviewed 153 children (mean gestation 30.8 weeks, median birth weight 1365 g) of whom 102 consented to venepuncture at a median age of 11.5 years. Adolescent height and weight standard deviation scores (SDS) were similar to population averages (0.01±0.92 and 0.3±1.2, respectively) and did not differ between infants when grouped according to degree of catch-up in weight gain in the immediate postdischarge period to 12 weeks of age. There were no significant associations between infant weight gain (change in weight SDS adjusted for length) and later metabolic outcome. However, there were strong associations between more rapid childhood weight gain (after 1 year of age) and subsequent body composition (higher fat mass %, fat mass index and waist circumference) and metabolic markers (higher fasting insulin, blood pressure and lower insulin sensitivity).ConclusionsThe association of rapid weight gain on health is time critical in those born preterm; in early infancy, this does not impact on metabolic status in adolescence, in contrast to rapid weight gain in childhood, which should be discouraged. However, given the critical importance of brain growth in the neonatal period and infancy, further research is needed before strategies that discourage infant weight gain or catch-up can be recommended for infants born preterm.

The prediction of body composition in bacon pigs from measurements of feed intake and live-weight gain

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Houseman ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Dependent Variables

SUMMARYPredictions of body composition have been made in 24 baconweight pigs of widely differing fatness, using feed intake and live-weight gain data.Measurements of feed intake and live weight were made every 7 days throughout the growing period from 25 to 90 kg. After each pig was killed at about 90 kg, one carcass side was physically dissected and the whole empty body was chemically analysed. Multiple regression equations were then computed with the dependent variables being the weights of the physically dissectible and the chemical components. The independent variables were initial live weight, energy intake above maintenance, and live-weight gain.The residual standard deviations of the regressions as a percentage of the mean weights of the dependent variables were for body lipid, 5·6%, fat-free mass, 3·3%, dissectible fat, 6·1 % and dissectible lean, 4·9 %. The predictions seem at least as good as can be achieved by more sophisticated techniques.Analysis of the data allowed the efficiency of utilization of energy for protein and lipid deposition to be calculated, and an estimate of the energy costs of maintenance to be made.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND CARCASS SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN CATTLE: EFFECT OF LEVEL OF ENERGY INTAKE AND INFLUENCE OF BREED AND SEX

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. FORTIN ◽  
J. T. REID ◽  
S. SIMPFENDORFER ◽  
H. J. AYALA ◽  
R. ANRIQUE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Angus Cattle ◽  
Ad Libitum

Regression equations to predict the chemical composition of the carcass and empty body from carcass specific gravity were computed for Holstein and Angus cattle fed at two levels of energy (ad libitum or 65–70% of ad libitum). One hundred and forty-one Holstein and Angus bulls, steers and heifers were slaughtered at body weights ranging from 120 to 706 kg and at ages varying from 200 to 650 days. The specific gravity of the right side of the carcass and the chemical composition of the carcass and the empty body were determined. The linearities of the relationships between chemical composition and specific gravity were examined. Sex and breed did not influence (P > 0.05) the relationships between the water, ether extract and energy content of the carcass or empty body and specific gravity whereas the level of energy intake was found to have an effect (P < 0.01). The relationships between the percentage of empty body protein and specific gravity was influenced (P < 0.01) by sex and breed but was not altered (P > 0.05) by the level of energy intake. Relationships between composition and specific gravity were computed using animals containing a minimum of 12% ether extract in the carcass. However, the removal of the leaner animals did not markedly improve (in terms of residual standard error) the precision of prediction of carcass and empty body composition from specific gravity. It was suggested that carcass specific gravity be used to estimate the carcass and empty body composition of groups of animals rather than of individual animals.

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