Samsung Salmonella Detection Kit

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 1656-1668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Li ◽  
Win Den Cheung ◽  
Jason Opdyke ◽  
John Harvey ◽  
Songchun Chong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Method Comparison ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Reference Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Alfalfa Sprouts

Abstract Salmonella, one of the most common causes of foodborne illness, is a significant public health concern worldwide. There is a need in the food industry for methods that are simple, rapid, and sensitive for the detection of foodborne pathogens. In this study, the Samsung Salmonella Detection Kit, a realtime PCR assay for the detection of Salmonella, was evaluated according to the current AOAC guidelines. The validation consisted of lot-to-lot consistency, stability, robustness, and inclusivity/exclusivity studies, as well as a method comparison of 10 different food matrixes. In the validation, the Samsung Salmonella Detection Kit was used in conjunction with the Applied Biosystems StepOnePlus™ PCR system and the Samsung Food Testing Software for the detection of Salmonella species. The performance of the assays was compared to the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food Safety and Inspection Service-Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (USDA/FSIS-MLG) 4.05: Isolation and Identification of Salmonella from Meat, Poultry, Pasteurized Egg, and Catfish and the and U.S. Food and Drug Administration/Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA/BAM) Chapter 5 Salmonella reference methods. The validation was conducted using an unpaired study design for detection of Salmonella spp. in raw ground beef, raw pork, raw ground pork, raw chicken wings, raw salmon, alfalfa sprouts, pasteurized orange juice, peanut butter, pasteurized whole milk, and shell eggs. The Samsung Salmonella Detection Kit demonstrated lot-to-lot consistency among three independent lots as well as ruggedness with minor modifications to changes in enrichment incubation time, enrichment incubation temperature, and DNA sample volume for PCR reaction. Stability was observed for 13 months at –20°C and 3 months at 5°C. For the inclusivity/exclusivity study, the Samsung Salmonella Detection Kit correctly identified 147 Salmonella species isolates out of 147 isolates tested from each of three different enrichment broths (a total of 441 isolates detected), and correctly excluded all 31 nontarget strains analyzed. For the method comparison, statistical analysis was conducted according to the Mantel-Haenszel Chi-square formula for unpaired test portions, and there was no significant difference in the number of positive samples detected between the Samsung Salmonella Detection Kit and the USDA/FSIS-MLG and FDA/BAM reference methods for all 10 food matrixes.

scholarly journals MC-Media Pad EC for Enumeration of Escherichia coli and Coliforms in a Variety of Foods

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 1502-1515
Author(s):  
Hajime Teramura ◽  
Aya Ogura ◽  
Linda Everis ◽  
Gail Betts
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Reference Methods ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background: Standard coliform count methods require preparation of agar, the use of pour-plate technique, the overlay of agar, and in some cases, the transfer of suspect colonies to broth medium for confirmation. The MC-Media Pad EC for enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliforms is a ready-to-use dehydrated sheet medium with no agar preparation, no spreader, and no confirmation step required. Objective: Using a paired study design, the MC-Media Pad EC was compared with standard method ISO 4832:2006. Ten matrixes including raw ground pork, raw chicken, cream, cream cheese, ready-to-cook vegetable mix, vegetable juice, cooked prawns, crab pâté, ham sandwiches, and cooked rice were evaluated in the study. Methods: Each matrix was tested at three levels of contamination (approximately 102, 104, and 106 CFU/g). Five replicate 10 g test portions per level were tested in a paired comparison by the MC-Media Pad EC, ISO 4832:2006, and ISO 16649-2:2001 (Part 2) methods. In addition, inclusivity/exclusivity, robustness, and product consistency and stability were evaluated. Results: The candidate and reference methods demonstrated standard deviations ranging from 0.034 to 0.188 and 0.028 to 0.181, respectively, for E. coli counts and 0.047–0.188 and 0.025–0.157, respectively, for total coliforms. The difference of means ranged from –0.025 to 0.331 for E. coli and from –0.037 to 0.372 for total coliforms, showing no practical difference between the methods. The MC-Media Pad EC detected 49/50 E. coli and 60/63 coliform inclusivity strains and correctly excluded 30/32 exclusivity organisms for E. coli and 24/31 exclusivity organisms for total coliforms, which was similar to the reference method. Robustness testing demonstrated no significant change in results when small changes were made to sample volume, incubation temperature, and incubation time. The product consistency study demonstrated no significant difference between lots of product and supported the 1.5 year shelf life. Conclusions: The results support the conclusions that the MC-Media Pad EC is a suitable alternative to the ISO 4832:2006 and ISO 16649-2:2001 reference methods for the matrixes examined and the data support AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM certification. Highlights: The MC-Media Pad EC was approved for Performance Tested Method certification No. 011901.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Applied Biosystems MicroSEQ® Real-Time PCR System for Detection of Salmonella spp. in Food

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 1106-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Balachandran ◽  
Yanxiang Cao ◽  
Lily Wong ◽  
Manohar R Furtado ◽  
Olga V Petrauskene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Real-time PCR methods for detecting foodborne pathogens offer the advantages of simplicity and quick time-to-results compared to traditional culture methods. In this study, the MicroSEQ® real-time PCR system was evaluated for detection of Salmonella spp. in 10 different food matrixes following the AOAC Research Institute's Performance Tested MethodSM validation program. In addition, the performance of the MicroSEQ system was evaluated for the detection of Salmonella in peanut butter as a part of the Emergency Response Validation Program sponsored by the AOAC Research Institute. The system was compared to the ISO 6579 reference method using a paired-study design for detecting Salmonella spp. in raw ground beef, raw chicken, raw shrimp, Brie cheese, shell eggs, cantaloupe, chocolate, black pepper, dry infant formula, and dry pet food. For the peanut butter study, the system was compared to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual procedures using an unpaired-study design. No significant difference in performance was observed between the MicroSEQ Salmonella spp. detection system and the corresponding reference methods for all 11 food matrixes. The MicroSEQ system detected all Salmonella strains tested, while showing good discrimination against detection of an exclusivity panel of 30 strains, with high accuracy.

scholarly journals BACTERIA LOADS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN THE TAMALE METROPOLIS, GHANA

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-386
Author(s):  
M. Abdulai ◽  
Z. I. Abubabakari ◽  
S. J. Cobinna ◽  
D. Oduro
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tamale Metropolis ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

Investigations for pathogenic microbes on surfaces of objects have been attaining significant consideration from public health researchers for some time now. This is especially because of the risk of the spread of diseases of public health concern. Consequently, this study was conducted to provide information on bacterial contamination levels in taxis and motorised tricycles operating from the Tamale Main Taxi Rank. Forty samples from taxis and tricycle seats were collected and analysed. All samples contained Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, and Shigella spp. Taxis contained significantly (p < 0.006) more bacteria than tricycles (mean bacterial loads of 20.35×106 CFU/ml and 2.80×10 6 CFU/ml respectively). Also, considering the materials with which the vehicle seats were made vinyl contained more bacteria (14.06×106 CFU/ml) than cloth (10.98×106 CFU/ml) and polythene (1.12×106 CFU/ml). Using the Kruskal-Wallis test for analysing bacteria loads across material types, it was found that there was a significant difference (p < 0.026) between bacteria numbers and material types. The bacteria isolates showed resistance to the antibiotics, ampicillin (10 μg), Ceftazidime (30 μg), Cefotaxime (30 μg), and Ciprofloxacin (5 μg). Taxis and tricycles in some parts of the Metropolis operate under poor hygienic conditions. It is recommended that routine cleaning and disinfection of vehicles as well as the practice of personal hygiene be highly encouraged to keep a safer and healthier urban population and environment. Keywords: Escherichia coli, Pathogenic, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp

scholarly journals Singlepath Salmonella

2009 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 1885-1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Lindhardt ◽  
Holger Schönenbrücher ◽  
Jörg Slaghuis ◽  
Andreas Bubert ◽  
Rolf Ossmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Qualitative Detection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Uninoculated Control ◽  
High Level

Abstract Singlepath Salmonella is an immunochromatographic (lateral flow) assay for the presumptive qualitative detection of Salmonella spp. in food. A previous AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM study evaluated Singlepath Salmonella as an effective method for the detection of Salmonella spp. in the following selected foods: dried skimmed milk, black pepper, dried pet food, desiccated coconut, cooked peeled frozen prawns, raw ground beef, and raw ground turkey. In this Emergency Response Validation extension, creamy peanut butter was inoculated with S. enterica. ser. Typhimurium. For low contamination level (1.08 CFU/25 g), a Chi-square value of 0.5 indicated that there was no significant difference between Singlepath Salmonella and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM) reference method. For high-level and uninoculated control there was 100 agreement between the methods.

scholarly journals MC-Media Pad SA (Sanita-kun SA) for the Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in a Variety of Foods

2018 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 456-467
Author(s):  
Hajime Teramura ◽  
Gail Betts ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
Michael Brodsky ◽  
Yvonne Salfinger
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Acceptance Criterion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Contamination Levels

Abstract MC-Media Pad SA (formerly known as Sanita-kun SA) is a dry rehydratable film medium for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus. The performance of the method in a variety of foods was compared with that of ISO 6888-1:1999, Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs - Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and Other Species) - Part 1: Technique Using Baird–Parker Agar Medium. The validated matrixes included pastrami, a sliced cooked chicken roll, cooked prawns, cold-smoked salmon, pasta salad, sandwich spread, fresh uncooked pasta, infant cereal, custard, and raw-milk Brie cheese. In the matrix study, five replicates at each of three contamination levels were tested as paired test portions. Across all matrixes, the difference in mean log10 values ranged from –0.32 to 0.10, which was within the acceptable range of –0.50 to 0.50. Thus, all 10 matrixes met the acceptance criterion at all concentration levels. Further, only two matrixes, cooked prawns and raw-milk Brie cheese, had 95% confidence limits outside the –0.50 to 0.50 criterion, and these were at the lowest concentration level for each matrix. The candidate method sr varied from 0.03 to 0.22 log10 CFU/g. This compares favorably with the reference method SD, which ranged from 0.06 to 0.30 log10 CFU/g. The candidate and reference methods detected 51 of 53 inclusivity strains, with both methods not detecting the same two strains. The candidate method did not detect any of the 32 exclusivity strains, whereas the reference method did not detect 30 of the 32 exclusivity strains; the 2 strains detected by the reference method were S. delphini and S. hyicus, both developing atypical colonies on Baird–Parker plates. The product consistency study demonstrated no significant difference between lots of product and supported the 1 year shelf life. Robustness testing yielded no significant differences when small variations were made in sample volume, incubation temperature, and incubation time. Thus, the data show equivalent or better performance of the Sanita-kun SA/MC-Media Pad SA method compared with the International Organization for Standardization reference method, in support of AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM certification.

scholarly journals High Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance among Gram Negative Bacteria Isolated from Poultry

10.3823/824 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelraouf A Elmanama ◽  
Mariam Raed Al-Reefi ◽  
Mohammed A. Albayoumi ◽  
Alaa M. Marouf ◽  
Islam F. Hassona
Keyword(s):  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Gram Negative

Background: Multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR), such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are threat to the human health care system. In recent years, these MDR bacteria have been found increasingly inside and outside the hospital environment. Food animals (meat and poultry) are increasingly colonized with MDR bacteria, thus posing an additional concern. This study is intended to determine susceptibility and resistance pattern of pathogenic Gram negative bacteria isolated from rectal swabs of chicken against 16 antibiotics. Methods: A total of 216 cloacal swab samples (Gaza strip poultry farms) and 87 frozen and fresh meat samples (from slaughter houses and retails) from June 2017 to June 2018 were collected. Isolation and identification of organisms were achieved using standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to standard protocols. Results: 360 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, and 56 Gram-negative non fermenter were recovered. The predominant Enterobacteriaceae isolate was Citrobacter spp. (22.6%), followed by Enterobacter spp. (17.6%) and E. coli (16.5%). High rates of resistance against Ampicillin (85.4%) and Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole (80.1%) followed by Chloramphenicol (74%) were recorded. Six samples were positive for Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. Of the tested Enterobacteriacae isolates, 94.7% were multidrug resistant (MDR), and 31.4% of  None fermenting bacilli (NFB) were MDR. Carbapenem resistance was found to be high among isolates; 51.9% for imipenem and 1.8% for meropenem. Conclusion: Isolated bacteria in the study area were MDR and this suggests that chickens may be important reservoir of antimicrobial resistant organisms which is a major public health concern.    

scholarly journals Bacterial Composition of Biofilms of a Local Tigernut Drink Processing Unit in Yenagoa, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Juliana O.P. ◽  
Adenike B.A.
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Storage Containers

Microorganisms grow and form biofilms on surfaces of equipment employed in food processing. These biofilms are considered as the major sources of contamination in the food industry. The study determined the bacterial load and composition on surfaces of equipment and utensils employed in tigernut drink production, from a vendor with a production unit located in an open market in Yenagoa, Nigeria. Swabs were taken from different sampling points made of varying materials—the grinding machine (metal), the collection bowls, water storage containers (thick plastic) and retail bottles (light plastic). These were analysed for total heterotrophic bacterial counts (THBC) and bacterial diversity using standard procedures. The THBC of water used in the drink production was also determined. The THBC of the sampling points ranged from log 3.28±0.06 cfu/cm2 to log 5.18±0.05 cfu/cm2, and log 5.13±0.07 cfu/ml for the water sample. The grinder and water recorded higher bacterial load with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The retail bottles had the least bacterial count. Shigella spp. were the most isolated (27.451%), then Salmonella spp. (21.568%) and E. coli (15.686%). Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. were the least isolated (11.765% each). Shigella and Salmonella species occurred at all sampling points but not on the retail bottles. E. coli was present in the water collection bowls and retail bottles while Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Vibrio were found only in the retail bottles. On diversity, four bacterial genera (39.216%) were isolated from the retail bottles, three (25.490%) from the water storage containers and two (17.647%) from the grinder and collection bowls. The microorganisms possibly had preference for attachment to the surfaces based on the material makeup and nutrient availability. Their occurrence and high numbers reflect the low level of hygiene employed prior to drink production. This could be of public health concern.

scholarly journals Prevalence, assessment, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella from raw chicken eggs in Haramaya, Ethiopia

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1230-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelalu Kemal ◽  
Berhanu Sibhat ◽  
Sissay Menkir ◽  
Desta Beyene
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Poultry Farm ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
Chicken Eggs

Introduction: The presence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in poultry and poultry products, including eggs, is a global public health concern. This study aimed to estimate the levels and patterns of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella from chicken eggs and assess consumers’ raw egg consumption and farmers’ handling practices. Methodology: A total of 300 egg samples were collected from Haramaya open market (n = 150) and Haramaya University poultry farm (n = 150) in Ethiopia. Questionnaires were administered to egg sellers and buyers. A sterile cotton swab was used to sample the surface of eggs. The shells were sterilized and the egg content sampled. Isolation was done using the conventional methods for the detection of Salmonella, following the standard guidelines from ISO 6579. Sensitivity to 12 selected antibiotics was tested following the procedure of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: A level of 5.3% was observed among eggs shells from the open market and 0% among egg shells from the poultry farm, for an overall level of 2.7%. There was a significant difference (p = 0.004) between the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in sample site and sample type. Of the antimicrobials tested, Salmonella isolates were all resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin. Isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (100%) and chloramphenicol (87.5%). All isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics. One-third of the consumers were found to have eaten raw eggs for perceived medicinal values. Conclusion: To minimize the potential contamination of eggs by pathogens, the eggs should be properly handled, transported, and stored.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Enterococcal Infections in Enugu State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
G. A. C. Ezeah ◽  
M. C. Ugwu ◽  
C. O. C. Ibe ◽  
O. C. Ike ◽  
A. O. Ekundayo
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Enugu State

Enterococci despite being a normal commensal is of great health concern since it can become virulent. Hence the study investigated the prevalence of Enterococci infection and two tertiary health institutions (Enugu State University of Technology (ESUT) Teaching Hospital, Parklane and University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku/Ozalla in Enugu State) were used. Isolation and identification were based on standard procedures and biochemical tests. The results showed that age ranges of 21-25years 10(14.7%) and 26-30 years 8(11.8%) had the highest prevalence. Also, more females were infected by the organism than males though the difference was not statistically significant (p= 0.371).The possible predisposing factor showed that 16(23.5%) were unknown while 10(14.7%), 6(8.8%), 14(20.6%), 9(13.2%), 8(11.8%) and 5(7.6%) were catheterization, surgery, pregnancy, Diabetes, HIV/AIDS and previous history of enterococcal infection, respectively. The frequency of enterococcal isolates from different specimens showed that 24(35.3%) of the isolates were from urine samples, 12(17.6%) were from high vaginal swab, 7(10.2%) were from ear swab and wound swab respectively, 4(5.9%) were from urethral swab and aspirates respectively and 2(2.9%) were from sputum samples. Furthermore, departmental sources of enterococcus sp. isolated showed that 21(30.9%) were from Surgery department followed by general out-patients department 14(20.6%), Urology 8(10.3%), Gynaecology 7(10.3), Medicine 6(8.8%), Antenatal, Children out-patients, Neurology and Children Emergency Department had 3(4.4%) each. Also, 41(60.3%) out of the 68 isolates were nosocomially acquired and 27(39.7%) isolates were community acquired. There was no significant difference (p= 0.486) when nosocomially acquired enterococcal isolates were compared with community acquired enterococcal isolates. Monthly frequencies of the isolates showed that July had the highest frequency 10(14.7%) followed by the month of May 7(10.3%). April, August and October had 6(8.8%) respectively. February, March November and December had 5(7.4) respectively; January and September had 4(5.9%) respectively while June had 3(4.4%). Seasonal comparison (rainy and dry season) of the distribution of the isolates within the years of the study showed that rainy season had 38 number of isolates while dry season had 30 number of isolates and there was no significant difference between the frequencies of occurrence in the two seasons (p= 0.271). Therefore, there is an increasing prevalence of Enterococci and can be hospital acquired, screening for this organism is important in hospital setting.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Childhood Diarrhoea in Mukuru Slums, Nairobi- Kenya

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Soi K. Samuel ◽  
Ngeiywa M. Moses ◽  
Too J. Emily
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Childhood Diarrhoea ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Female Children ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests

Diarrhoea in young children continues to be a major public health concern in developing countries, including Kenya. Poor sanitation among other factors can predispose a child to diarrhoea. Therefore, the present study sought to determine the prevalence of enterobacteriaceae isolated from childhood diarrhoea in Mukuru Slums, Nairobi. It employed a cross-sectional design targeting children below 5 years of age. Stool specimens were obtained aseptically and cultured on MacConkey agar and Salmonella-Shigella agar. Biochemical tests were used to identify the isolated bacteria to genus and species using biochemical characterization scheme and the Analytic Profile Index 20E. Drugs sensitivity Antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) were done using standard techniques. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was included as a control strain. Analysis of gender verses diarrhoea revealed that there was no statistical significant association between the gender (male and female) and area of residence in relation to diarrhoea in this study (p = 0.146 > 0.05). There was no statistical significant difference between the participant’s characteristics and their area of residence (p= 0.144). Age of the participants had significant association with the prevalence of diarrhoea (p=0.00). The E. coli bacteria showed the highest percentage of enteric pathogens isolated (35.2%) from female children at Mukuru kwa Njenga and 29.4% from male children, Salmonella spp being second (4.9%) from female at Mukruru kwa Reuben and the least was Shigella sonnei (3.2%) from female children at Sinai. Emphasis should therefore be placed on primary preventive measures such as ensuring good sewage management and safe supply of drinking water in the study area and Kenya at large especially in the slums.

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