scholarly journals HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND SPREAD OF ENGLISH

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 52-69
Author(s):  
Graeme Davis
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Dialect ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Global Status ◽  
Global Language ◽  
A Minor

There has never been a language like English. Mother tongue to around 375 million people and second language to many hundreds of millions more, the first language of business and the internet, English is truly a world-wide language. English has a unique position as the essential language skill for the world, for it is in English that the world is communicating. It is the prime beneficiary of the world-wide communications revolution and the only language ever to have achieved global status. In recorded history – in a little over one-thousand five-hundred years - it has grown from the local dialect of a minor Germanic tribe of a few thousand people living in the north of continental Europe to become the most widespread language ever. Never before has any language achieved the status now enjoyed by English, nor could this dominance have been predicted. How English has become the global language is a natural area for enquiry.

scholarly journals The Vulnerable Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis Swainson, 1838 (Aves: Charadriiformes: Laridae) breeding in Odisha, eastern India

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 10961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrat Debata ◽  
Tuhinansu Kar ◽  
Kedar Kumar Swain ◽  
Himanshu Shekhar Palei
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Mahanadi River ◽  
The North ◽  
The Status ◽  
Global Status ◽  
Conservation Plans

The Indian Skimmer is a globally threatened bird native to Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Vietnam.  In India, it is more confined to the north, from Punjab through Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh to West Bengal, extending up to Odisha.  Earlier, the bird was known to breed only in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, we confirm here the breeding of the Indian Skimmer along the river Mahanadi near Mundali, Odisha, eastern India.  So, further monitoring at the breeding site and survey along the entire Mahanadi River are essential to understand the status of the Indian skimmer in Odisha.  The information will also aid in reassessing its global status and formulating conservation plans.

Editor's Column: Provincializing English

PMLA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Gikandi
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Global English ◽  
End Of History ◽  
The World ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Global Language ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Emerging Powers

What are we to do with english? Of all the major languages of the world, it causes the most anxiety. Its words seem to want to invade the citadels of other languages, forcing institutions such as the Académie Française to call for barricades against it; in the enclaves of Englishness, a Celtic fringe struggles to hold on to the remnants of the mother tongue; and in most parts of the world those without the ostensibly anointed language often see themselves as permanently locked out of the spring-wells of modernity. Sometimes the global linguistic map appears to be a simple division between those with English and those without it. In the reaches of the former British Empire, a swath of the globe stretching from Vancouver east to the Malay Peninsula, English has come to be seen as an advantage in the competitive world of global politics and trade; in the emerging powers of East Asia, most notably China and South Korea, the consumption of global English is evident in the huge sale of books on English as a second language; in parts of the world traditionally cut off from English, including eastern Europe, the mastery of the language marks the moment of arrival. Most linguistic research on English is carried out in institutions in the Germanic and Nordic zones of northern Europe. In popular books on language and in serious linguistic studies, a powerful myth of English as the global language has taken hold. We are presented not with a world at the end of history but with one in which English sits at the center of a new global community: “English-speaking people and their culture are more widespread in numbers and influence than any civilization the world has ever seen,” claims Robert McCrum (257).

scholarly journals Neglected tropical diseases in Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Angelo L. Lindoso ◽  
Ana Angélica B.P. Lindoso
Keyword(s):  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Health Organization

Poverty is intrinsically related to the incidence of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). The main countries that have the lowest human development indices (HDI) and the highest burdens of NTDs are located in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Among these countries is Brazil, which is ranked 70th in HDI. Nine out of the ten NTDs established by the World Health Organization (WHO) are present in Brazil. Leishmaniasis, tuberculosis, dengue fever and leprosy are present over almost the entire Brazilian territory. More than 90% of malaria cases occur in the Northern region of the country, and lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis occur in outbreaks in a particular region. The North and Northeast regions of Brazil have the lowest HDIs and the highest rates of NTDs. These diseases are considered neglected because there is not important investment in projects for the development of new drugs and vaccines and existing programs to control these diseases are not sufficient. Another problem related to NTDs is co-infection with HIV, which favors the occurrence of severe clinical manifestations and therapeutic failure. In this article, we describe the status of the main NTDs currently occurring in Brazil and relate them to the HDI and poverty.

scholarly journals IRANIAN PEOPLES: LINGUISTIC CLASSIFICATION AND LANGUAGE SITUATION.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.Б. Сатцаев
Keyword(s):  
The North ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Linguistic Classification ◽  
Official Status

Иранские языки входят в группу индоевропейских языков. Они являются близкородственными индоарийским языкам. Предки индоарийских и иранских народов в глубокой древности жили в тесном общении, занимали одну общую территорию и говорили на близкородственных арийских диалектах. Обособление иранских диалектов от индийских произошло не позднее начала II тысячелетия до н.э. На иранских языках говорили многочисленные древние племена и народности, сыгравшие важную роль в мировой истории. Все иранские языки ведут свое происхождение к одному языку, который явился материальной основой их исторической общности. По своему статусу современные иранские языки значительно отличаются друг от друга. Наиболее значимыми иранскими языками, имеющими широкое применение в официальной сфере, являются персидский, дари, таджикский, афганский (пушту), курдский, осетинский и белуджский. Современный персидский язык распространен в основном в Иране. Из современных иранских языков к нему ближе всего таджикский и дари, которые имеют общее происхождение. Персидский язык является наиболее крупным, развитым и распространенным иранским языком, который охватывает все жизненно важные сферы. Одним из крупнейших по численности иранских народов являются афганцы (пуштуны). В Афганистане официальными языками признаны афганский (пушту) и дари (фарси-кабули). Дари занимал и занимает более сильные позиции. Другим крупным ираноязычным народом являются белуджи. Белуджский язык распадается на две основные группы. Другой иранский народ – курды – испокон веков населяет территорию Западной Азии. Численность курдов в мире составляет около 40 млн. человек. Курдский язык представлен в многочисленных диалектных разновидностях. Выделяются две группы диалектов – северная и южная. Курдский язык имеет многовековую литературную традицию, но его официальный статус невысок. Осетинский язык – остаток северо-восточной скифо-сарматской ветви иранских языков. Он на протяжении почти двух тысяч лет развивался вне каких-либо прямых контактов с иранскими языками. Официальный статус осетинского языка сравнительно высок, однако, численность говорящих на нем уменьшается. The Iranian languages are part of the Indo-European language family. They are closely related Indo-Aryan languages. The ancestors of the Indo-Aryan and Iranian peoples in ancient times lived in close communication, occupied common territory and spoke closely related Aryan dialects. The divergence of the Iranian and the Indian dialects took place prior to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Numerous ancient tribes and nationalities who played important role in the world history spoke Iranian languages. All Iranian languages trace back their origin to one language, which was the material basis of their historical community. The status of each of the modern Iranian languages is different. The most significant Iranian languages widely used in the official sphere are Persian, Dari, Tajik, Afghan (Pashto), Kurdish, Ossetian, and Baluchi. Modern Persian is widely spoken in Iran. Of all modern Iranian languages, the closest to it are Tajik and Dari, which share common origin. Persian is the largest, most developed and widespread Iranian language, which covers all vital areas. One of the largest in number of Iranian peoples are Afghans (Pashtuns). In Afghanistan the official languages are recognized as Afghan (Pashto) and Dari (Farsi-Kabuli). Dari held and holds a stronger position. A large Iranian-speaking people are the Balochi. Baluchi is divided into two main groups. Another Iranian people are the Kurds, who for centuries have inhabited the territory of Western Asia. The number of Kurds in the world is about 40 million people. The Kurdish language is represented in numerous dialectal varieties. There are two groups of dialects – north and south. Although Kurdish has a centuries-old literary tradition, its official status is low. The Ossetian language is a remnant of the north-eastern Scythian-Sarmatian branch of the Iranian languages. For almost two thousand years, it has been developing without any direct contacts with Iranian languages. The official status of the Ossetian language is relatively high, but the number of speakers is decreasing.  

scholarly journals The status of Koedoe one year after changing to an online publication mode

Koedoe ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Llewellyn C. Foxcroft
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
Publication History ◽  
The World ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Status ◽  
One Year ◽  
Dissemination System

2008 represented the start of a new online era for Koedoe, which provided us with a number of challenges and opportunities. The challenges lay in developing an entirely new publication and information dissemination system containing a number of new processes. The opportunities however, allowed us to build on Koedoes’ 50 year publication history. The main opportunity for Koedoe lies in using the open access publication route, where all our articles are freely available via the World Wide Web. Further, all back issues of the journal will be available as PDF downloads by March 2009, additional special interest sections were added (for example, essays and book reviews) and the marketing strategy was expanded to reach a wider audience.

People mountain, people sea: a study of four Chinese English idioms on the Web

English Today ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 46-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Fang
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Actual State ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Language Diversity ◽  
Chinese Identity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Global Language ◽  
Distinct Features

ABSTRACTThe English language has developed and spread around the world as a global language. As a variety of English in China, it has also formed some distinct features. This paper first introduces the status quo of the English language in China, and then by analysing the use of four Chinglish idioms on the Internet, argues that the use of Chinglish idioms can be more expressive in some settings. The Internet use of Chinglish idioms shows the actual state of language diversity and creativity, and more significantly, it reflects Chinese identity.

Studies on Mosquito Larvae: II. The First-stage Larvae of North American Culicidae and of World Anophelinae

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rodney Dodge
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
North American Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
The World ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Binocular Microscope ◽  
First Time

AbstractFirst instars of 93 North American species of mosquitoes are studied and 56 are illustrated, 41 for the first time. Generic differences are well marked in this instar and nearly all species are separable.Two keys to the 11 North American genera are presented; the first is constructed to show similarities between first and later instars. Each genus is described and keyed to species, and notes are given on each species. A supplementary key to the species of the southeastern states is designed for the use of a binocular microscope with magnification up to 60 ×.Specific and generic differences are as well marked in the first as in the fourth instar. Identifications are as easy or as difficult in the first as in the fourth instar, though usually based on different characters.An expanded key to the North American species of Aedes, incorporating those previously treated by Bohart and by Price, is attempted. The key reveals several species complexes which have not been discerned from other stages of the life cycle, namely, Aedes canadensis, nigromaculis, punctor, stimulans infirmatus and trivittatus.A key to the first instars of the 37 species of the world-wide Anophelinae is presented, on the basis of published descriptions and figures of the exotic species.

scholarly journals The World Space Observatory - Ultraviolet (WSO-UV) Space Telescope; Status Update in 2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-302
Author(s):  
Ana I. Gómez de Castro ◽  
Boris Shustov ◽  
Mikhail Sachkov
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Science Program ◽  
Space Observatory ◽  
Space Telescope ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Imaging And Spectroscopy ◽  
Primary Space

This is a short primer and a brief update on the status of the World Space Observatory-Ultraviolet (WSO-UV) project dated in May 2013. WSO-UV is a 170m primary space telescope equipped for ultraviolet imaging and spectroscopy that will be operational in 2017 hosting an open science program for the world-wide scientic community.

GENERIC CLASSIFICATION, EVOLUTION, AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE SMINTHURIDAE OF THE WORLD (COLLEMBOLA)

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (S53) ◽  
pp. 3-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Richards
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Group ◽  
Place Of Origin

AbstractThe Sminthuridae, which comprises the largest of the two world-wide families in the suborder Symphypleona, contains 31 genera. Four of these, Collophora, Bothriovulsus, Vesicephalus, and Temeritas are described as new. This study was undertaken mainly to more accurately ascertain relationships within the family. As a result four subfamilies, the Sminthuridinae, the Katianninae, the Dicyrtominae, and the Sminthurinae, are recognized. Of these, the Sminthuridinae seems to have been the first group to become established and the Sminthurinae was relatively the more recent group. The material has been analyzed for indications as to probable age of the units that have been called genera and the place of origin. It seems likely that the generic units existed before the close of the Cretaceous and that the group originated in the north.

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