Kommunale Schulden in Deutschland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Zabler
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Government Debt ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Relevant Issue ◽  
Synthetic Control Methods ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Positive Effect

Evaluating the success of instruments which aim at reducing local government debt is a highly relevant issue in the light of existing debt problems at the local level in Germany and insufficient research into them. However, adequate empirical analysis is to some extent confronted with the challenge of a small number of observations and ambiguous cause–effect relations. This quantitative study takes the causal effects of austerity commissioners, financial aid programmes and debt brakes on local government debt into account by using different types of synthetic control methods. Its findings do not confirm that these instruments have a consistently positive effect, but that the success of the instruments seems to be highly context-specific.

Using town watching technique to raise disaster awareness for different audiences

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-347
Author(s):  
Nazan Akman Pek, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Undergraduate Engineering ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Human Losses

Communities need to be aware of all the risks and consequences of disasters, which have increased both in numbers, economic and human losses in the recent decades. This study aims to show how town watching technique has a positive effect in raising disaster awareness in different types of learning experiences for different target groups so that individuals understand the disaster risks and make plans to decrease their vulnerabilities. Application of town watching for two different target audiences are explained; undergraduate engineering major students, local government officials, and volunteer community members. Results of surveys conducted for an elective humanities course for engineering major undergraduates named disaster awareness are presented. Interviews with volunteers from other target groups who participated in community-based disaster capacity building projects are also included in this study. It can be clearly seen that town watching creates synergy while disaster awareness is internalized, and the participants learn about disasters, risks, and resources at hand that may also help toward the countries' resilience to disasters.

scholarly journals Decoupling synthetic control methods to ensure stability, accuracy and meaningfulness

SERIEs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Albalate ◽  
Germà Bel ◽  
Ferran A. Mazaira-Font
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Synthetic Control Method ◽  
Synthetic Control Methods ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Accuracy And Stability

AbstractThe synthetic control method (SCM) is widely used to evaluate causal effects under quasi-experimental designs. However, SCM suffers from weaknesses that compromise its accuracy, stability and meaningfulness, due to the nested optimization problem of covariate relevance and counterfactual weights. We propose a decoupling of both problems. We evaluate the economic effect of government formation deadlock in Spain-2016 and find that SCM method overestimates the effect by 0.23 pp. Furthermore, we replicate two studies and compare results from standard and decoupled SCM. Decoupled SCM offers higher accuracy and stability, while ensuring the economic meaningfulness of covariates used in building the counterfactual.

scholarly journals HOW DOES THE G20 SUMMIT AFFECT LAND MARKET? EVIDENCE FROM CHINA

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 432-445
Author(s):  
Xuejun Du ◽  
Zhonghua Huang
Keyword(s):  
Land Market ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Land Prices ◽  
Synthetic Control Methods ◽  
Preparation Period ◽  
Land Transaction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

We employ the difference-in-difference and synthetic control methods to investigate the capitalization effect of hosting the G20 Summit on land market, based on China’s land transaction dataset from 2011 to 2019. We find that hosting the G20 Summit has a significant positive effect on land prices in the host city, increasing land prices by over 22.6% compared to comparable cities. The impact of hosting the G20 Summit on land prices is larger in the post-G20 period than in the preparation period. Further, hosting the G20 Summit has heterogeneous and distributional effects on land prices. The capitalization effects of venue construction and transportation infrastructure upgrading on land prices are the main channels.

scholarly journals Synthetic Difference-in-Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (12) ◽  
pp. 4088-4118
Author(s):  
Dmitry Arkhangelsky ◽  
Susan Athey ◽  
David A. Hirshberg ◽  
Guido W. Imbens ◽  
Stefan Wager
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Behavior ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Time Factors ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Latent Time ◽  
Synthetic Control Methods ◽  
Consistency And Asymptotic Normality

We present a new estimator for causal effects with panel data that builds on insights behind the widely used difference-in-differences and synthetic control methods. Relative to these methods we find, both theoretically and empirically, that this “synthetic difference-in-differences” estimator has desirable robustness properties, and that it performs well in settings where the conventional estimators are commonly used in practice. We study the asymptotic behavior of the estimator when the systematic part of the outcome model includes latent unit factors interacted with latent time factors, and we present conditions for consistency and asymptotic normality. (JEL C23, H25, H71, I18, L66)

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

Spatial and Institutional Analysis of the Voivodships Expenditure on Culture in the Years 2003 – 2015

e-Finanse ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Adam Mateusz Suchecki
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Institutional Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Location Quotient ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
National Heritage

AbstractFollowing the completion of the process of decentralisation of public administration in Poland in 2003, a number of tasks implemented previously by the state authorities were transferred to the local level. One of the most significant changes to the financing and management methods of the local authorities was the transfer of tasks related to culture and national heritage to the set of tasks implemented by local governments. As a result of the decentralisation process, the local government units in Poland were given significant autonomy in determining the purposes of their budgetary expenditures on culture. At the same time, they were obliged to cover these expenses from their own revenues.This paper focuses on the analysis of expenditures on culture covered by the voivodship budgets, taking into consideration the structure of cultural institutions by their types, between 2003-2015. The location quotient (LQ) was applied to two selected years (2006 and 2015) to illustrate the diversity of expenditures on culture in individual voivodships.

Management Education in India: Issues & Challenges

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar Malviya
Keyword(s):  
Management Education ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Quality Education ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Education In India ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Management Institutions ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Positive Effect

Management education attracts young men and women, who are usually motivated by the positive consequences. There are more than 3,500 management schools in India, but all of them are not capable of providing quality education. In the last decade a number of B- Schools opened up, because people involved in this industry consider it as the easiest way to make money. But in the last 3 to 4 years, a large number of Business-schools find it difficult to fill complete intake capacity of their MBA or PGDM programs (except top B-schools). The major reason of this downfall was the effect of recession (worse conditions of job market). Prior to that, management education had very positive effect among youths, but now the scenario has changed and the young graduates are going for other courses instead of MBA. About two thousand B-schools have empty MBA or PGDM seats. Interest of applicants is missing, even after heavy expenses on advertisements, seminars, education fairs etc. Recession, in reality, has lot more things for the management institutions to learn and act for the future. It is necessary for Indian B- Schools to make management education context specific. This paper tries to explore the present situation of management education in India. This paper also studies the trends prevailing in management education in India, and also tries to find out the implications of it on the industry and on the individuals. Further, it tries to study emerging issues of management education, and to find implementation of possible direction and policy towards improvement of management education in India.

Multidirectional War and Paramilitarism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Balkelis
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Cycle Of Violence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Socially Motivated

This chapter, by following the course of military actions in Lithuania in 1919, explores the emergence of various military and paramilitary groups that engaged in different types of violence. The focus here is on the entanglement of three types of actors: those that performed state-sanctioned violence; those that acted as semi-independent paramilitary agents, and those that engaged in ethnically or socially motivated violence on a local level. The ability of the Lithuanian government to survive the series of military engagements in 1919 enhanced its legitimacy among the local population, and laid the foundation for a modern Lithuanian identity among the masses. Yet the new state and national identity were shaped in a continuous cycle of violence, social strife, mobilization, and militarization of society.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document