scholarly journals Pharmaceutical Applications of Pectin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufunke D. Akin-Ajani ◽  
Adenike Okunlola
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Degree Of Esterification ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Gelling Properties

Pectin, a natural ionic polysaccharide found in the cell wall of terrestrial plants undergoes chain–chain association to form hydrogels upon addition of divalent cations. Based on its degree of esterification, pectin has been classified into two main types. The high methoxyl pectin with a degree of esterification greater than 50%, which is mainly used for its thickening and gelling properties and the low methoxyl pectin, which is widely used for its low sugar-content in jams, both applications being in the food industry. Pectin is mostly derived from citrus fruit peels, but can also be found in other plants such as waterleaf leaves, cocoa husk, and potato pulps. Pectin has been used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations for various functions. This chapter will focus on the various applications to which pectin has been used in the pharmaceutical industry.

scholarly journals Seasonal Fluctuations of the Firmness and Cell Wall Polysaccharides of Citrus Fruit Rind

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 684f-685
Author(s):  
Noboru Muramatsu ◽  
Toshio Takahara ◽  
Tatsushi Ogata
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Satsuma Mandarin ◽  
Firm Type ◽  
Fruit Rind

To compare to two types of Citrus fruit rind [i.e., soft type (satsuma mandarin, Citrus unshiu Marc.) and firm type (Hassaku, C. Hassaku Hort. Tanaka)], rind firmness and contents of cell wall polysaccharides were measured from August to January. In August, firmness was measured by a puncture test and found to be ≈3000g in both species. Firmness of satsuma mandarin decreased drastically with time from August to September and decreased slightly thereafter. In contrast, Hassaku firmness increased slightly from August to September, decreased from September to November, and fluctuated. Hassaku firmness, therefore, was significantly higher than satsuma mandarin firmness after September. We measured sugar content in each fraction after fractionalizing cell wall polysaccharides. In flavedo tissue, sugar content in cellulose fraction was the highest, followed by hot-water and EDTA fraction; hemicellulose fraction was the lowest. Although both species were almost the same in sugar content in cellulose and EDTA fraction in August, satsuma mandarin was significantly higher than Hassaku in January. These data showed that changing of rind firmness in citrus was related to the sugar content of cellulose and EDTA fraction in flavedo tissue. In albedo tissue, sugar content in the cellulose fraction was the highest, followed by hemicellulose and hot-water fraction, and EDTA fraction was the lowest. However the extent of seasonal fluctuation in albedo tissue was smaller than that of flavedo tissue, not having any relation to the changing of the firmness.

Pharmaceutical Polymers - A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Naveen Kumar ◽  
Sonia Pahuja ◽  
Ranjit Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Taste Masking ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Humans have taken advantage of the adaptability of polymers for centuries in the form of resins, gums tars, and oils. However, it was not until the industrial revolution that the modern polymer industry began to develop. Polymers represent an important constituent of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Polymers have played vital roles in the formulation of pharmaceutical products. Polymers have been used as a major tool to manage the drug release rate from the formulations. Synthetic and natural-based polymers have found their way into the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Synthetic and Natural polymers can be produced with a broad range of strength, heat resistance, density, stiffness and even price. By constant research into the science and applications of polymers, they are playing an ever-increasing role in society. Diverse applications of polymers in the present pharmaceutical field are for controlled drug release. Based on solubility pharmaceutical polymers can be classified as water-soluble and water-insoluble. In general, the desirable polymer properties in pharmaceutical applications are film forming, adhesion, gelling, thickening, pH-dependent solubility and taste masking. General pharmaceutical applications of polymers in various pharmaceutical formulations are also discussed

scholarly journals Cyclodextrin Multicomponent Complexes: Pharmaceutical Applications

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1099
Author(s):  
Virginia Aiassa ◽  
Claudia Garnero ◽  
Marcela R. Longhi ◽  
Ariana Zoppi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Water Soluble Polymers ◽  
Soluble Polymers ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Auxiliary Substance ◽  
Acids And Bases

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are naturally available water-soluble cyclic oligosaccharides widely used as carriers in the pharmaceutical industry for their ability to modulate several properties of drugs through the formation of drug–CD complexes. The addition of an auxiliary substance when forming multicomponent complexes is an adequate strategy to enhance complexation efficiency and to facilitate the therapeutic applicability of different drugs. This review discusses multicomponent complexation using amino acids; organic acids and bases; and water-soluble polymers as auxiliary excipients. Special attention is given to improved properties by including information on the solubility, dissolution, permeation, stability and bioavailability of several relevant drugs. In addition, the use of multicomponent CD complexes to enhance therapeutic drug effects is summarized.

scholarly journals Cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant enlargement

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Chara Corallina ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Green Plants ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Wall Growth

Recently discovered reactions allow the green alga Chara corallina (Klien ex. Willd., em. R.D.W.) to grow well without the benefit of xyloglucan or rhamnogalactan II in its cell wall. Growth rates are controlled by polygalacturonic acid (pectate) bound with calcium in the primary wall, and the reactions remove calcium from these bonds when new pectate is supplied. The removal appears to occur preferentially in bonds distorted by wall tension produced by the turgor pressure (P). The loss of calcium accelerates irreversible wall extension if P is above a critical level. The new pectate (now calcium pectate) then binds to the wall and decelerates wall extension, depositing new wall material on and within the old wall. Together, these reactions create a non-enzymatic but stoichiometric link between wall growth and wall deposition. In green plants, pectate is one of the most conserved components of the primary wall, and it is therefore proposed that the acceleration-deceleration-wall deposition reactions are of wide occurrence likely to underlie growth in virtually all green plants. C. corallina is one of the closest relatives of the progenitors of terrestrial plants, and this review focuses on the pectate reactions and how they may fit existing theories of plant growth.

scholarly journals UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN SPONS Stylissa sp. DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil)

PHARMACON ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
Samuel I.M. Sibarani ◽  
Adithya Yudistira ◽  
Deby A. Mpila
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Dna Bases ◽  
Oxidation Reactions ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Dpph Method ◽  
High Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

ABSTRACTHabitat of sponge Stylissa sp., were under the sea and these sponges contain active compounds, which are more active than the compounds produced by terrestrial plants. Antioxidants are inhibitors of oxidation reactions due to the free radicals, which can cause weak damage to unsaturated cells, cell wall membranes, blood vessels, DNA bases, and lipid tissue, that causing disease. The study was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts  of sponge Stylissa sp., which is located on the Bangka Island, Likupang District, North Minahasa Regency. Sponge Stylissa sp., was extracted by maceration with using ethanol. Testing of antioxidant activity was carried out by the DPPH method measured by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results of the study showed that ethanol extracts of sponge Stylissa sp., has antioxidant activity in each concentration and the highest at a concentration of 100 mg / L. The conclusion is a ethanol extract of sponge Stylissa sp. have high antioxidant activity with a concentration of 25 mg/L (77,40%), concentration of 50 mg/L (85,63%), concentration of 75 mg/L (88,66%), and concentration 100 mg/L (88,96%). Key words: Stylissa sp. Sponge, Antioxidant, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) ABSTRAKHabitat dari spons Stylissa sp. terdapat di bawah laut dan spons ini mengandung senyawa aktif yang persentase keaktifannya lebih besar dibandingkan dengan senyawa-senyawa yang dihasilkan oleh tumbuhan darat. Antioksidan adalah zat penghambat reaksi oksidasi akibat radikal bebas yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan lemah tak jenuh, membran dinding sel, pembuluh darah, basa DNA, dan jaringan lipid sehingga menimbulkan penyakit. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol biota laut spons Stylissa sp. yang terdapat di pulau Bangka, Kecamatan Likupang, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara. Spons Stylissa sp. ini diekstrak dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan ini dilakukan dengan metode DPPH yang diukur dengan alat spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa ekstrak etanol spons Stylissa sp. memiliki aktivitas antioksidan disetiap konsentrasi dan yang tertinggi pada konsentrasi 100 mg/L. Kesimpulan yang didapat bahwa ekstrak etanol spons Stylissa sp. memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi dengan konsentrasi 25 mg/L (77,40%), konsentrasi 50 mg/L (85,63%), konsentrasi 75 mg/L (88,66%), dan konsentrasi 100 mg/L (88,96%). Kata Kunci : Spons Stylissa sp., Antioksidan, DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil)

NUTRITION AND METABOLISM OF MARINE BACTERIA: XI. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LYTIC PHENOMENON

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. MacLeod ◽  
Tibor I. Matula
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Marine Bacteria ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Lytic Action ◽  
Absorbing Materials ◽  
Sulphate Salts ◽  
Osmotic Effects

Five marine bacteria examined were found to differ considerably in lytic susceptibility. Some lysed completely below 0.15 M NaCl while suspensions of others contained some whole cells at 0.025 M NaCl. In general NaCl and LiCl were more effective than KCl or NH4Cl in protecting against lysis and the loss of ultraviolet-absorbing materials from the cells. KCl could spare the requirement for NaCl to prevent lysis. Mg++ and other divalent cations at 0.05 M or less completely prevented lysis of all but one of the organisms. Sulphate salts stabilized the cell suspensions better on incubation than did chlorides for four of the organisms. For the fifth the reverse was true. The lytic action of ethanol and glycerol could be prevented by NaCl or sucrose. The concentrations of the latter required to prevent lysis remained unchanged when ethanol or glycerol was included in the suspending medium. Cells washed essentially free of electrolytes with 0.5 M sucrose retained their morphological characteristics. The observations are considered in relation to the distinction between marine bacteria, halophiles, and terrestrial bacteria and to current theories of the mechanism of lysis of bacterial cells. The results are not consistent with the hypotheses either that primarily osmotic effects are involved or that electrolytes are required to maintain the cell wall.

Cell wall enzymes and changes in sugar content in pollinated orchids treated with ethylene inhibitors and sugars

2013 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuliana Razali ◽  
Amru Nasrulhaq Boyce ◽  
Helen Nair ◽  
Somasundram Chandran
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Ethylene Inhibitors ◽  
Cell Wall Enzymes

Polyol and sugar content of terrestrial plants from continental Antarctica

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Roser ◽  
D.R. Melick ◽  
H.U. Ling ◽  
R.D. Seppelt
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Antarctic Species ◽  
Prasiola Crispa ◽  
Windmill Islands ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Ethanol extractable polyols and sugars from the dominant cryptogams of the Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, were characterized and quantified by gas liquid chromatography. Arabitol, ribitol and mannitol were the major low molecular weight carbohydrates extracted from all eight species of lichen analysed. Total extractable carbohydrate levels (20–60 mg g−1 dry weight) were comparable to those for temperate lichens. Extracts of four common bryophyte species were dominated by sucrose, glucose and fructose; little polyhydric alcohol was detected except in the liverwort Cephaloziella exiliflora which contained a substantial proportion of mannitol. Total carbohydrate levels in the bryophytes (9–60 mg g−1 dry weight) were comparable to those in lichens. The compositions of eight species of algae varied considerably. Prasiola crispa, Desmococcus vulgaris and Schizogonium murale possessed sorbitol as their main constituent and had extractable carbohydrate contents comparable to those found in bryophytes on a dry weight or chlorophyll a content basis. The one snow alga with comparable carbohydrate levels, Mesotaenium berggrenii, contained sucrose, glucose, glycerol and a number of unidentified compounds. The remaining four species (Oscillatoria sp., Chloromonas sp.1 and Chlorosarcina sp. 2 and Chlamydomonas pseudopulsatilla) did not accumulate comparable levels of sugars and polyols. Though the levels of these compounds were much lower in the Windmill Islands lichens than in maritime Antarctic species, their content with respect to water content (0.7–7 molal) was well above that at which cold acclimated plants accumulate these compounds (c. 100–500 millimolal), and which provide cryoprotection in vitro. In the case of the bryophytes and algae, however, the in vivo content was generally < 100 millimolal.

Ion behaviour in plant cell walls. IV. Selective cation binding by Sphagnum russowii cell walls

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad Richter ◽  
Jack Dainty
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Selectivity Coefficient ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Cation Binding ◽  
Trivalent Cations ◽  
Using Data ◽  
A Site

Selective cation binding by Sphagnum russowii cell walls was investigated using data from bicationic potentiometric titrations of isolated cell walls. Selectivity measurements were interpreted in the context of Manning condensation. In titrations with cations of different valency, selectivity favoured the higher valency cation, as expected in Manning condensation. This selectivity generally increased with bathing pH until the wall-bound polyuronic acids became fully ionized (pH > 5). The selectivity coefficient order at full ionization was Na+–Ca2+ > Na+–La3+ > Ca2+–La3+, as predicted by the weak acid Donnan–Manning (WADM) model. Other phenomena also appear to influence binding selectivity. A small population of isolated binding sites are more effectively neutralized by univalent (or divalent) than divalent (or trivalent) cations. High selectivity for cations of lower valency at low pH also suggests a site isolation effect. In bicationic titrations involving divalent cations only, Sr24+ and Ca2+ were bound by the cell wall with approximately equal effectiveness, as predicted by the WADM model. However, cation or binding site specificities probably account for the favoured binding of Ca2+ over Mg2+ by the cell wall. Key words: ion exchange, cell wall, selectivity.

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