scholarly journals A Review on the Resistance and Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Different Microbial Strains

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhuri Girdhar ◽  
Zeba Tabassum ◽  
Kopal Singh ◽  
Anand Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Pollution Accumulation ◽  
Microbial Strains

Heavy metals accumulated the earth crust and causes extreme pollution. Accumulation of rich concentrations of heavy metals in environments can cause various human diseases which risks health and high ecological issues. Mercury, arsenic, lead, silver, cadmium, chromium, etc. are some heavy metals harmful to organisms at even very low concentration. Heavy metal pollution is increasing day by day due to industrialization, urbanization, mining, volcanic eruptions, weathering of rocks, etc. Different microbial strains have developed very efficient and unique mechanisms for tolerating heavy metals in polluted sites with eco-friendly techniques. Heavy metals are group of metals with density more than 5 g/cm3. Microorganisms are generally present in contaminated sites of heavy metals and they develop new strategies which are metabolism dependent or independent to tackle with the adverse effects of heavy metals. Bacteria, Algae, Fungi, Cyanobacteria uses in bioremediation technique and acts a biosorbent. Removal of heavy metal from contaminated sites using microbial strains is cheaper alternative. Mostly species involved in bioremediation include Enterobacter and Pseudomonas species and some of bacillus species too in bacteria. Aspergillus and Penicillin species used in heavy metal resistance in fungi. Various species of the brown algae and Cyanobacteria shows resistance in algae.

Screening of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance among Proteus vulgaris isolates from hospital wastewater of Northern India

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manzar Alam ◽  
Mohd Imran ◽  
Syed Sayeed Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Proteus Vulgaris ◽  
Resistance To Antibiotics ◽  
Transfer Frequency ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Background: Microbial resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals is a rising problem in the world today. All the Proteus vulgaris isolates showed their MIC in between 50-1600 µg/ml. Of 70% and 46% of the isolates showed their MIC at 800-1200 µg/ml against Zn2+ and Cu2+ while 80% of the isolates showed their MIC at 100-200 µg/ml against Ni2+, respectively. All Proteus vulgaris isolates also exhibited multiple resistance patterns (2-7 heavy metals) in different combination of metals. The Multi metal resistance Index (MHMR) ranges were found (0.04-0.5). Methods: A high level of antibiotics resistance was observed against Methicillin (100%) and least to Oflaxicin (6%), Gentamycine and Neomycin (10%). All Proteus vulgaris isolates also showed multiple drug resistance patterns (2-12 antibiotics) in different combination of antibiotics. The MAR index ranges were found (0.02-0.7). Of 98%, 84% and 80% of the total isolates showed urease, gelatinase and amylase activity. Results: The Proteus vulgaris isolates contained plasmid of size ranging from 42.5 to 57.0kb and molecular weight of plasmids ranged from 27.2 to 37.0 MD. Incidences of resistance transfer, 7 pairs of isolates were assessed for the transfer of the antibiotic/ heavy metal resistance markers. The higher (4.4x10-1 and 3.4x10-1) transfer frequency was observed among antibiotic and heavy metal while lower transfer frequency were (5.0x10-2 and 1.0x10-2) showed against antibiotic and heavy metal in both the medium from the entire site tested, respectively. Conclusion: Indicating the high threat of environmental pollution and appearance of heavy metal resistance which may support the enlargement of resistance to antibiotics among the pathogens.

scholarly journals Isolation and Molecular Identification of Virulence, Antimicrobial and Heavy Metal Resistance Genes in Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chumisa C. Dweba ◽  
Oliver T. Zishiri ◽  
Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
South African ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens of humans and animals. Livestock production contributes a significant proportion to the South African Gross Domestic Product. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine for the first time the prevalence, virulence, antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in livestock-associated S. aureus isolated from South African livestock production systems. Microbial phenotypic methods were used to detect the presence of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance. Furthermore, molecular DNA based methods were used to genetically determine virulence as well as antibiotic and heavy metal resistance determinants. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed 217 out of 403 (53.8%) isolates to be S. aureus. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was conducted to evaluate antibiotic resistance and 90.8% of S. aureus isolates were found to be resistant to at least three antibiotics, and therefore, classified as multidrug resistant. Of the antibiotics tested, 98% of the isolates demonstrated resistance towards penicillin G. High resistance was shown against different heavy metals, with 90% (196/217), 88% (192/217), 86% (188/217) and 84% (183/217) of the isolates resistant to 1500 µg/mL concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu) respectively. A total of 10 antimicrobial resistance and virulence genetic determinants were screened for all livestock associated S. aureus isolates. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were identified, by the presence of mecC, in 27% of the isolates with a significant relationship (p < 0.001)) with the host animal. This is the first report of mecC positive LA-MRSA in South Africa and the African continent. The gene for tetracycline resistance (tetK) was the most frequently detected of the screened genes with an overall prevalence of 35% and the highest prevalence percentage was observed for goats (56.76%) followed by avian species (chicken, duck and wild birds) (42.5%). Virulence-associated genes were observed across all animal host species. The study reports the presence of luks/pv, a gene encoding the PVL toxin previously described to be a marker for community acquired-MRSA, suggesting the crossing of species between human and livestock. The high prevalence of S. aureus from the livestock indicates a major food security and healthcare threat. This threat is further compounded by the virulence of the pathogen, which causes numerous clinical manifestations. The phenomenon of co-selection is observed in this study as isolates exhibited resistance to both antibiotics and heavy metals. Further, all the screened antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes did not correspond with the phenotypic resistance.

scholarly journals Microbial bioremediation of heavy metals

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-115
Author(s):  
Ana Volaric ◽  
Zorica Svircev ◽  
Dragana Tamindzija ◽  
Dragan Radnovic
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Microbial Bioremediation ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems, due to metal ions persistence, bioavailability, and toxicity. There are many conventional physical and chemical techniques traditionally used for environmental clean-up. Due to several drawbacks regarding these methods, the use of living organisms, or bioremediation, is becoming more prevalent. Biotechnological application of microorganisms is already successfully implemented and is in constant development, with many microbial strains successfully removing heavy metals. This paper provides an overview of the main heavy metal characteristics and describes the interactions with microorganisms. Key heavy metal resistance mechanisms in microorganisms are described, as well as the main principles and types of heavy metal bioremediation methods, with details on successful pilot scale bioreactor studies. Special attention should be given to indigenous bacteria isolated from the polluted environments since such species are already adapted to contamination and possess resistance mechanisms. Utilization of bacterial biofilms or consortia could be advantageous due to higher resistance and a combination of several metabolic pathways, and thus, the possibility to remove several heavy metals simultaneously. Novel technologies covered in this review, such as nanotechnology, genetic engineering, and metagenomics, are being introduced to the field of bioremediation in order to improve the process. To conclude, bioremediation is a potentially powerful solution for cleaning the environment.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Profiling of Heavy Metal Resistant Bacterial Isolates from the Effluent of a Garment Industry in Lalitpur, Nepal

Our Nature ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sharma ◽  
H.P. Thapaliya
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Garment Industry ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistant ◽  
Multiple Antibiotics

Heavy metal resistant bacterial isolates from the effluent in a garment industry site were examined to assess their resistance towards multiple antibiotics. Heavy metal resistance property has been found to enhance the antibiotic resistance ability of microorganisms. Isolation of the heavy metal resistant organisms was done in media containing salts of heavy metals. Organisms were identified belonging to the genera Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, Aeromonas and Enterococcus. Bacterial isolates were tested for their sensitivity to seven common antibiotics (penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, vancomycin and cotrimoxazole) using Kirby-Bauer technique. Isolates were found to be resistant to multiple antibiotics but all the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin. The data of our study indicates that metal pollution of the environment is the cause of heavy metal resistance isolates and hence antibiotic resistance.Key words: Heavy metal, effluent, antibiotics, resistance, Bacteria, pollution.DOI: 10.3126/on.v7i1.2572Our Nature (2009) 7:203-206  

scholarly journals Surface water isolates of hemolytic and non-hemolytic Acinetobacter with multiple drug and heavy metal resistance ability

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevilay Akbulut ◽  
Fadime Yilmaz ◽  
Bulent Icgen
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multiple Drugs

Acinetobacter in surface waters are a major concern because of their rapid development of resistance to a wide range of antimicrobials and their ability to persist in these waters for a very long time. Four surface water isolates of Acinetobacter having both multidrug- and multimetal-resistant ability were isolated and identified through biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequencing. Based on these analyses, two hemolytic isolates were affiliated with Acinetobacter haemolyticus with an accession number of X81662. The other two non-hemolytic isolates were identified as Acinetobacter johnsonii and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and affiliated with accession numbers of Z93440 and AJ888983, respectively. The antibiotic and heavy metal resistance profiles of the isolates were determined by using 26 antibiotics and 17 heavy metals. Acinetobacter isolates displayed resistance to β-lactams, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and sulfonamides. The hemolytic isolates were found to show resistance to higher numbers of heavy metals than the non-hemolytic ones. Due to a possible health risk of these pathogenic bacteria, a need exists for an accurate assessment of their acquired resistance to multiple drugs and metals.

Heavy Metal Resistance by Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Guava (Psidium Guajava) and Mango (Mangifera Indica) Leaves

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Maryam Lami Riskuwa-Shehu ◽  
Haruna Yahaya Ismail ◽  
Udem Joshua Josiah Ijah
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Mango Leaves

Heavy metal resistant bacteria are widespread in nature and their application in decontamination of polluted ecosystems is promising. In this study, ability of endophytic bacteria isolated from Psidium guajava (Guava) and Mangifera indica (Mango) for heavy metal resistance was assessed. Leaves samples form the two plants were collected and processed according to the standard laboratory practices. Heavy metals were analyzed using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Endophytic bacteria were isolated and identified using morphological and biochemical characteristics; heavy metal resistance was determined by plate dilution method. Heavy metal analysis revealed that the leaves samples contained considerable quantities of Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) ranging from 1.21±1.6 mg/Kg (for Cd in Guava leaves) to 116.58±1.3 mg/Kg (for Mn in Mango leaves). A total of six bacterial species were isolated from both of the plants leaves (3 each). Guava endophytes were identified as Streptococcus sp, Staphylococcus albus and Staphylococcus seiuri whereas Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus xylulose and Staphylococcus intermedius were from Mango leaves. The identified isolates were tested for ability to resist heavy metals in-vitro and were capable of showing different patterns of resistance to MnCl2, PbCl2 and CdCl2.  All the endophytes were highly resistant to PbCl2 followed by MnCl2 but susceptible to CdCl2. The ability of plants and bacterial endophytes understudy to tolerate or resist heavy metals is a good indication of their phytoremediation potentials and thus, should be harnessed.

scholarly journals Response of the callus cells of fir (Abies nordmanniana) to in vitro heavy metal stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Nawrot-Chorabik
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Heavy Metal Stress ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Abies Nordmanniana ◽  
Long Time

Abstract The aim of the presented research was to investigate the effect of three heavy metals - lead, cadmium and copper - on the callus cells of Abies nordmanniana. The toxicity degree and toxicity effect of the selected heavy metals was determined on the embryonic level. On the basis of the spectrometric analyses as well as macroscopic and microscopic observations, this research referred to the accumulation of heavy metals in tissues, assuming that this mechanism is related to the acquisition of tolerance by cells exposed to this type of abiotic stress. Moreover, the effect of the genotype of fir on the cell defence, that is, the induction of tolerance, was analysed. Understanding of the issues related to the heavy metal resistance of plant genotypes in future may contribute to the selection of genotypes of individuals that are more resistant to stress factors, particularly in the multi-directional and rational forest management. The results showed that lead (20 mg l-1), which proved to be the most toxic amongst the three examined heavy metals, has the most severe negative effects on the tissue of fir trees. Copper (20 mg l-1) was accumulated for a long time in the cells of fir trees, and it was not degraded or excreted outside the tissues even after three weeks of in vitro culture. Of the three tested genotypes, G14 had the greatest tendency to accumulate each of the examined metals, that is, it appeared to be the least tolerant genotype.

scholarly journals Anaerobic Digestion of Tetracycline Spiked Livestock Manure and Poultry Litter Increased the Abundances of Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance Genes

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getahun E. Agga ◽  
John Kasumba ◽  
John H. Loughrin ◽  
Eric D. Conte
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Impact

Anaerobic digestion is used for the treatment of animal manure by generating biogas. Heavy metals cause environmental pollutions and co-select for antimicrobial resistance. We evaluated the impact of mesophilic anaerobic digestion of cattle manure (CM), swine manure (SM) and poultry litter (PL) on the concentrations of seven tetracycline [tet(A), tet(B), tet(G), tet(M), tet(O), tet(Q), and tet(W)], macrolide [erm(B)], methicillin (mecA and mecC), copper (copB, pcoA, pcoD, and tcrB) and zinc (czrC) resistance genes, and three bacterial species (E. coli, Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus). The total bacterial population and total abundance of the seven tet genes significantly increased in the three manure types after digestion. Concentration of tet(M) was strongly correlated with that of erm(B) and enterococci. As concentration of tetracyclines declined during anaerobic digestion, that of four tet genes (A, B, Q, and W) and 16S rRNA increased, that of tet(M) decreased, and that of tet(G) and tet(O) did not change. Concentrations of copB and pcoA did not change; while that of pcoD did not change in the PL, it increased in the SM and CM. While the concentration of enterococci remained unchanged in CM, it significantly increased in the PL and SM. Concentrations of tcrB significantly increased in the three manure types. While concentrations of S. aureus significantly increased in the CM and PL, that of SM was not affected. Concentrations of mecC significantly increased in all manure types after digestion; while mecA concentrations did not change in the SM, they significantly increased in CM and PL. While concentration of czrC remained low in the CM, it increased in the PL but declined in the SM. In conclusion, while mesophilic anaerobic digestion of animal manure decreased concentration of tetracyclines, it increased the concentrations of total bacteria, tet genes, E. coli, enterococci and S. aureus and methicillin resistance genes. It did not have any effect on concentrations of heavy metals; concentrations of heavy metal resistance genes either increased or remained unaffected depending on the animal species. This study showed the need for post-digestion treatments of animal manure to remove bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes, heavy metals and their resistance genes.

scholarly journals Heavy metals tolerance in bacteria from industrial wastewater

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-317
Author(s):  
Ntung Nseabasi-Maina ◽  
Gideon Chijoke Okpokwasili ◽  
Obioma Agwa
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Heavy Metal Resistance ◽  
Metal Resistance ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Waste Effluents ◽  
Metals Tolerance ◽  
Ph Level

The incidence of chemical stressors in industrial waste effluents has culminated in the re-engineering the genetic and metabolic characteristic of resident microbiota. Microbial adaptability enables them to tolerate these stressors however, propelling the phenomena of acquisition of heavy metal resistance which may also incite resistance to antibiotics. Waste water from industrial establishments may travel from site into surrounding communities via canals and waterways thus, disseminating these stressors as well as resistance in the environment. This study seeks to investigate the physicochemical and heavy metal composition of industrial effluent and its tolerance in resilient bacteria from the study area. Physiochemical analyses revealed pH level which ranged between (5.8-10.87), BOD (6.612-16.01 mg/l), TDS (937.226-2173.49 mg/l), Sulphates (658.72- 1342.28 mg/l), Nitrates (11.46-70.16 mg/l), Phosphate (3.03-8.43 mg/l) exceeded the NESRA limits; Cu (0.024-4.521 mg/l) Cd (0.002-6.41 mg/l), Pb (0.001-8.151mg/l), Zn (0.511-6.092 mg/l). All the isolates showed marked tolerance to Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd and Zn at concentrations between 200 and 500µg/ml, except Alkanindiges sp. 5-0-9 and Bacillus altitudinis which were not susceptible to all the heavy metals at all concentrations. This study revealed the incidence of heavy metal resistance among bacterial isolates from industrial wastewater, the incidence of which could give rise to co-occurrence with antibiotic resistance thus, aggravating a public health concern.

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