scholarly journals Multivariate Assessment of California Bearing Ratio with Contrasted Geotechnical Properties of Soils in Ilorin-Lokoja Highway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attah Fakeye ◽  
Olusegun Ige ◽  
Olufemi Ogunsanwo
Keyword(s):  
Road Construction ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Plasticity Index ◽  
California Bearing Ratio ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Free Swell

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is an important parameter used in designing pavement layers in road construction but testing this parameter requires time, labor, and huge cost. The study therefore applies multivariate approach to evaluate CBR based on contrasted geotechnical parameters along Ilorin-Lokoja highway. The results obtained showed that the migmatite-gneiss-derived soils are slightly more fines (< 0.075 mm; 7.4–59.6%), more plastic (PI; 1.6–39%), and have low strength (MDD = 1.8 mg/m3; CBR = 29.0%) than the metasediments (11–57.7%, 2.0–30%, 1.6 mg/m3, 23.6%) and older granite soils (8.2–32.7%, 2.6–13.4%, 1.7 mg/m3, 27.8%), respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed three major components (eigenvalues >1) which accounted for 83.8% of the total variance at the rate of 33.4, 14.7, and 11.4%. Major contributing variables for the components were fines (R = 0.87), plasticity index (R = 0.7), and coarse sand (R = 0.67%). Spatial distribution of these groups established interplay of sediment-gradation and moisture-connection evident in hierarchical cluster analysis that revealed patterns of homogeneity and soil relationships. Regression analysis established five models from predictor variables such as fines, activity, free swell, liquid and plastic limits, weighted plasticity index, optimum moisture content, and maximum dry density with the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.33) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 7.80.

scholarly journals An investigation into the cause of road failure along Sagamu-Papalanto highway southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ubido Oyem Emmanuel ◽  
Igwe Ogbonnaya ◽  
Ukah Bernadette Uche
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Low Resistivity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cause Of Failure

AbstractInvestigation into the cause of road failure has been carried out along a 60 km long Sagamu –Papalanto highway southwestern Nigeria. Geochemical, mineralogical, geotechnical and geophysical analyses were conducted to evaluate the cause of failure along the study area. The results of the laboratory tests showed that the percentage amount of fines ranges from 12 to 61.3%, natural moisture content from 6.8 to 19.7%, liquid limit in the range of 25.1–52.2%, linear shrinkage between 3.96 to 12.71%, plastic limit ranges from 18.2–35%, plasticity index ranges from 5.2 to 24.6%, free swell in the range from 5.17–43.9%, maximum dry density ranges from 1.51–1.74 g /cm3, specific gravity ranges from 2.52–2.64 and CBR between 3 and 12%. The Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) shows a resistance value of 20–138 kgf/cm2. The major clay mineral that is predominant in the studied soil is kaolinite. The major oxides present are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, Na2O, MgO and CaO. The result of the 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging revealed a low resistivity values for profile 2 and 3 ranging from 100 Ωm – 300 Ωm, between a distance of 20 m – 240 m along the profile to a depth of 7.60 m and a low resistivity value ranging from 50 Ωm – 111Ωm, between a distance of 80 m − 120 m along the profile to a depth of 15 m. It was concluded that the low CBR, low MDD and the class of subsoils namely A-26, A-7, A-2-7 (clayey soils) which were identified are responsible for the cause of failure experienced in the study area. These makes the soils unsuitable as road construction materials and hence, there is need for stabilization during the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the road.

scholarly journals Rainfall induced erosion of soils used in earth roads

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 17006
Author(s):  
Esdras Ngezahayo ◽  
Michael P.N. Burrow ◽  
Gurmel S. Ghataora
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Imagej Software ◽  
Number Of Particles

Earth roads in rural areas of the developing world are key engines to the development of countries. They give access to education and health services, sustain agriculture and businesses, and promote social interactions between communities. However, earth roads suffer substantially from poor engineering and funding for construction and maintenance. Rainfall is probably their most dangerous enemy resulting in soil particle detachment leading to the loss of surface material. A laboratory rainfall simulator was used to identify the performance of an earth road surface compacted at the maximum dry density against rainfall energy and surface flow. Under the rain intensity of 30mm/hr, erosion increased with rain duration from 0 to 30 minutes. Fine sand (0.06 – 0.02mm) and medium sand (0.02 – 0.6mm) particles eroded faster than coarse sand (0.6 – 2mm) and gravel (> 2mm) particles of the sediments collected at 5 minutes intervals of time. Additionally, a 20cm x 20cm photograph at the same place was analysed using ImageJ software and showed reduction in number of particles from 18554 at 10 min to 5803 at 25 min as smaller particles had eroded in the meantime.

scholarly journals Laboratory characterization of reclaimed asphalt pavement for road construction in Egypt

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 417-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Mousa ◽  
A. Azam ◽  
M. El-Shabrawy ◽  
S.M. El-Badawy
Keyword(s):  
Resilient Modulus ◽  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
California Bearing Ratio ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Reclaimed Asphalt ◽  
Load Duration ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents the engineering characteristics of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), blended with virgin aggregate for unbound base and subbase layers. The proportions of RAP were 0%, 20%, 60%, 80%, and 100% by total mass of the blend. The experimental laboratory testing included index properties such as gradation, modified Proctor compaction, California Bearing Ratio, and hydraulic conductivity. Repeated load resilient modulus testing was conducted on the blends. The impact of load duration on resilient modulus was also investigated. A strong inverse trend was found between resilient modulus and California Bearing Ratio. An accurate model was proposed for the prediction of the resilient modulus as a function of stress state and reclaimed asphalt pavement percentage with coefficient of determination of 0.94. Finally, multilayer elastic analysis of typical pavement sections with the base layer constructed of virgin aggregate and reclaimed asphalt pavement blends showed good performance.

scholarly journals An Investigation into the Cause of Road Failure Along Sagamu-Papalanto Highway Southwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
OYEM EMMANUEL UBIDO ◽  
Igwe Ogbonnaya ◽  
Bernadette Uche Ukah
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Low Resistivity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cause Of Failure

Abstract Investigation into the cause of road failure has been carried out along a 60km long Sagamu –Papalanto highway southwestern Nigeria. Geochemical, mineralogical, geotechnical and geophysical analyses were conducted to evaluate the cause of failure along the study area. The results of the laboratory tests showed that the percentage amount of fines ranges from 12-61.3%, natural moisture content from 6.8 to 19.7%, liquid limit in the range of 25.1-52.2%, linear shrinkage between 3.96 to 12.71%, plastic limit ranges from 18.2-35%, plasticity index ranges from 5.2 to 24.6%, free swell in the range from 5.17 – 43.9%, maximum dry density ranges from 1.51 -1.74g /cm3, specific gravity ranges from 2.52-2.64 and CBR between 3-12%. The Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) shows a resistance value of 20-138 kgf/cm2. The major clay mineral that is predominant in the studied soil is kaolinite. The major oxides present are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, Na2O, MgO and CaO. The result of the 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging revealed a low resistivity values for profile 2 and 3 ranging from 100 Ωm – 300 Ωm, between a distance of 20m – 240 m along the profile to a depth of 7.60m and a low resistivity value ranging from 50 Ωm – 111Ωm, between a distance of 80 m –120 m along the profile to a depth of 15m. It was concluded that the low CBR, low MDD and the class of subsoils namely A-26, A-7, A-2-7 (clayey soils) which were identified are responsible for the cause of failure experienced in the study area. These makes the soils unsuitable as road construction materials and hence, there is need for stabilization during the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the road.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penggunaan Pasir Putih Sebagai Bahan Tambah Untuk Stabilisasi Tanah Desa Bangkuang Kabupaten Barito Selatan

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Syahdi Syahdi ◽  
Muhammad Suhaimi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Optimum Moisture Content ◽  
Plasticity Index ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
White Sand ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The Many

Tanah merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak material yang bervariasi (heterogen) antara satu lokasi dengan lokasi yang lain., maka dalam penelitian ini melakukan penambahan material pasir putih yang kemudian dicampurkan dengan tanah asli yang berasal dari desa Bangkuang Kecapamatan Karau Kuala Kabupaten Barito selatan. Kegiatan penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium Geoteknik dan Transportasi Politeknik Negeri Banjarmasin meliputi beberapa metode pungujian dilakukan sesuai dengan standar penelitian yaitu: SNI 03-1965-2008, SNI 03-1964-2008, SNI 03-1967-2008, SNI 03-1965-2008,SNI 03-1743-2008 SNI 03-1738-2011, dan SNI 2828:2011.  Hasil penelitian, dengan penambahan pasir putih sangat berpengaruh terhadap perbaikan sifat – sifat tanah yang akan digunakan untuk bahan stabilisasi subgredre,   maka didapat nilai sifat-sifat tanah diberi bahan pasir putih (0%) meliputi; kadar air (W) 23,87%, berat jenis (Gs) 2,59, batas cair (LL) 33,9%, batas plastis (PL) 20,11%, plastisitas indeks (PI) 13,79%, kadar air optimum (OMC) 18,6%, kepadatan kering maksimum (dMax) 1,61 Gr/Cm3 dan CBR desain 5%. Nilai sifat-sifat tanah diberi bahan tambah pasir putih. Nilai sifat-sifat tanah diberi bahan tambah pasir putih (15%) meliputi; berat jenis gabungan (Gs) 2,62, batas cair (LL) 29,6%, batas plastis (PL) 19,52%, plastisitas indeks (PI) 10,08%, kadar air optimum (Omc) 81,5%, kepadatan kering maksimum (dMax)) 1,54 Gr/Cm3 dan CBR desain 6,1%, berat isi kering (d) 1,538 gr/cm³. Abstract Land is one of the many varied material (heterogeneous) between one site and another location., then in this research performs addition material of white sand is then blended with the native soil that comes from the village of Karau Kuala Kecapamatan District Bangkuang Barito South. Research activities carried out in the laboratory of Geotechnical and transportation State Polytechnic Banjarmasin includes several methods of pungujian conducted in accordance with the standards of research, namely: in accordance with the SNI 03-1965-2008, SNI 03-1964-2008, SNI 03-1967-2008, SNI 03-1965-2008, SNI 03-1743-2008, SNI 03-1738-2011, and SNI 2828:2011. Results of the study, with the addition of white sand is very influential towards the improvement of the nature – nature of the land to be used for subgredre stabilization materials, then obtained the value soil properties are given materials white sand (0%) include; moisture content (W) 23.87%, heavy types (Gs) 2.59, liquid limit (LL) 33.9%, limits plastis (PL) 20.11%, plasticity index (PI) 13.79%, optimum moisture content (OMC) 18.6%, maximum dry density (/dMax) 1.61 Gr/Cm3 and CBR design 5%. The value soil properties are given the added ingredient of white sand. The value soil properties are given the added ingredient of white sand (15%) include; the weight of the combined type (Gs) 2.62, liquid limit (LL) 29.6%, limits plastis (PL) 19.52%, plasticity index (PI) 10.08%, optimum moisture content (Omc) 81.5%, maximum dry density (/dMax)) 1.54 Gr/Cm3 and CBR design 6.1%, weight dry (/d) 1.538 gr/cm ³.

scholarly journals Studi Pengaruh Ukuran Butir terhadap Parameter Kompaksi dan Nilai CBR Material Crushed Limestone Padalarang

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-179
Author(s):  
Andrias Suhendra Nugraha ◽  
Jordan D. Fahlevi ◽  
William H. Soentpiet
Keyword(s):  
California Bearing Ratio ◽  
Crushed Rock ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Equivalent Material ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Crushed Limestone

Suatu konstruksi jalan terdiri dari beberapa lapisan yaitu subgrade (tanah dasar), subbase (lapispondasi bawah), base (lapis pondasi atas), dan surface (lapis permukaan). Untuk lapisan subbase,dan base dapat digunakan batu pecah (crushed rock). Salah satu material batu pecah tersebutadalah crushed limestone. Crushed limestone adalah limestone (batu kapur) yang telah melaluiproses crushing di pabrik untuk mendapatkan berbagai ukuran butir yang dibutuhkan dalamkeperluan desain.Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh ukuran butir terhadap parameter kompaksidan nilai California Bearing Ratio (CBR) material crushed limestone. Material crushed limestoneyang digunakan berasal dari daerah Padalarang, Jawa Barat. Ukuran butir equivalent dari materialcrushed limestone yang digunakan sebagai sampel uji antara lain adalah:2mm (SU1), 3mm (SU2)dan 4mm (SU3). Uji kompaksi di laboratorium menggunakan tata cara standard Proctor testdengan mengacu pada standar uji ASTM D 698. Uji CBR di laboratorium mengacu pada standaruji ASTM D 1883.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio kenaikan maximum dry density, ?dry max SU2 dan SU3terhadap ?dry max SU1 berturut-turut adalah; 0.6% dan 1.9%, hal ini menunjukkan bahwapeningkatan ukuran butir equivalent dari 2mm ke 4mm tidak berpengaruh secara signifikanterhadap parameter ?dry max. Rasio kenaikan nilai CBR design SU2 dan SU3 terhadap CBR designSU1 berturut-turut adalah; 16.3% dan 32.7%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar ukuranbutir equivalent material crushed limestone maka semakin tinggi nilai CBR design.

scholarly journals Prediction of CBR Value of Stabilized Black Cotton Soil use for Road Construction

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 2317-2322
Keyword(s):  
Expansive Soil ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Black Cotton Soil ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Mineral Replacement ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Lab Test ◽  
Properties Of Soil

Black cotton soils of India are categorized as expansive soil due to Montmorrilonite mineral. Replacement of expansive soil with non expansive material, then transport longer distance causes environmental degradation and uneconomical Stabilization of clay soil is more effective and eco-friendly option when the soil is used for construction purpose. Stabilization is the process of improving the properties of soil by changing its gradation. Expansive soil is with varies additive, makes an improvement of connections between granules and reduces the expansibility and contractility of soil Californiaa Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a measure of resistance of a material to penetration of standard plunger under controlled density and moisture conditions. Stronger the subgrade lesser the thickness of road pavement layers, and hence reduction cost of project. In this work attempt has been made to understand to estimate the effect of stabilizer on liquid, plastic limit Maximum dry density and optimum moisture content properties of black cotton soil, in order to determine the suitability of stabilizer in the treatment of black cotton soil for sub grade stabilization in road construction. Main objective of the present study was to develop regression based model for estimating CBR, considering other properties of a soil so that developed models were used to predict the CBR from other properties. It has been observed from lab test stabilizer alter the properties of soil by reduce the plasticity characterstics and imprve load carrying capacity. Rrgression analyis shows that good aggrement with experimation results.

scholarly journals Strength Improvement of Weak Subgrade Soil Using Cement and Lime

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anigilaje B Salahudeen ◽  
Ja’afar A Sadeeq
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Unconfined Compressive Strength ◽  
Optimum Moisture Content ◽  
Atterberg Limits ◽  
California Bearing Ratio ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Subgrade Soil

The study investigate the suitability of subgrade soil in Baure Local Government Area of Kastina State Nigeria for road construction. The strength properties of the  subgrade was improved using lime and cement. Several analysis including the particle size distribution, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio tests were performed on natural and lime/cement treated soil samples in accordance with BS 1377 (1990) and BS 1924 (1990) respectively. Soil specimens were prepared by mixing the soil with lime and cement in steps of 0, 3, 6, and 9% by weight of dry soil in several percentage combinations. The Atterberg limits of the weak subgrade soils improved having a minimum plasticity index value of 5.70 % at 3%Lime/6%Cement contents. The maximum dry density (MDD) values obtained showed a significant improvement having a peak value of 1.66 kN/m3 at 9%Lime/9%Cement contents. Similarly, a minimum value of 18.50 % was observed for optimum moisture content at 9%Lime/9%Cement contents which is a desirable reduction from a value of 25.00 % for the natural soil. The unconfined compressive test value increased from 167.30 kN/m2 for the natural soil to 446.77 kN/m2 at 9%Lime/9%Cement contents 28 days curing period. Likewise, the soaked California bearing ratio values increased from 2.90 % for the natural soil to 83.90 % at 9%Lime/9%Cement contents. Generally, there were improvements in the engineering properties of the weak subgrade soil when treated with lime and cement. However, the peak UCS value of 446.77 kN/m2 fails to meet the recommended UCS value of 1710 KN/m2 specified by TRRL (1977) as a criterion for adequate stabilization using Ordinary Portland Cement.            Keywords: Weak subgrade soil, Lime, Cement, Atterberg limits, Maximum dry density, Optimum moisture content, Unconfined compressive strength, California bearing ratio

scholarly journals Prediction of four-days Soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Values from Soil Index Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Pascal Ambrose ◽  
Siya Rimoy
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
California Bearing Ratio ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Index Properties ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Careful Preparation ◽  
Cbr Test

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) laboratory testing is the conventional method for determining soaked strengths of pavement subgrades. The test requires careful preparation of soil samples followed by four days of water soaking before penetrating the samples using a standard plunger at prescribed rates to set depths. When the number of samples becomes large the determination of soaked CBR values becomes cumbersome as the test is laborious and time consuming. This study aimed at establishing an alternative way of determining soaked CBR by developing a model that would be used for estimating soaked CBR of fine- and coarse- grained soils without performing the CBR test. This has been achieved by correlating CBR values compacted at 95% Maximum Dry Density (MDD) with the soil index properties. The results show that soaked CBR values of fine-grained soils significantly correlate with specific gravity of soil (GS), Plasticity index (PI) and the grading modulus (GM) of the soil that yields a degree of determination of R2 = 0.91 and for coarse grained (A-2 type) soil, the soaked CBR values significantly correlate with specific gravity of soil and percentage of fines passing 0.075mm sieve size that yields a degree of determination of R2= 0.94.

Strength Enhancement Potential of Spent Calcium Carbide on Fine Grained Lateritic Soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-163
Author(s):  
Oluremi Johnson Rotimi ◽  
Bamigboye Gideon Olukunle ◽  
Afolayan Olaniyi Diran ◽  
B. Iyanda Olayinka ◽  
A. Bello Usman
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbide ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Geotechnical Properties ◽  
California Bearing Ratio ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
British Standard ◽  
Pavement Construction

Effect of spent calcium carbide (SCC) on index and strength properties of lateritic soil at differ- ent compactive efforts was assessed in this study as potential means of improving the geotechnical properties of the subsoil as well as disposing of SCC as waste. SCC was admixed with the soil using 0 to 10 % by dry weight of soil at an incremental rate of 2%. The following tests were carried out on the samples: specific gravity, Atterberg limit, particle size distribution, compaction, and California bearing ratio (CBR). Compaction and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were carried out using British Standard light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS), and British Standard heavy (BSH) on both the natural and stabilized soil samples. From the investigation, atterberg limits show a reduction in the plasticity index with increasing content of SCC. The maximum dry density of the soil decreased with increasing SCC content and increased with an increase in compactive energies (BSL<WAS<BSH), while and optimum moisture content (OMC) increased correspondingly. Also, soaked and unsoaked CBR values of the stabilized lateritic soil showed an increase in strength with higher compactive effort, and SCC content up to 4% SCC addition and after that decreased in value. Based on these results, spent calcium carbide improved the geotechnical properties of this lateritic soil, and 4% SCC is recommended for its stabilization as subgrade material for pavement construction, thereby serving as an effective method of disposing SCC towards promoting a green and sustainable environment.

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