Aortic Aneurysm: Clinical Findings, Diagnostic and Treatment

The aorta is the largest artery in the body and can have aneurysms, which are focal expansions of the vessel wall that can occur anywhere throughout the artery. These can be classified as thoracic, abdominal or thoracoabdominal aneurysms and can be caused by several etiologies, including degenerative, infectious, and genetic causes. Most aortic aneurysms are asymptomatic and are detected incidentally while looking for other primary diseases with a physical exam finding of a pulsatile mass, or with imaging such as ultrasound, computed tomography, x-rays, or magnetic resonance imaging. When symptoms are present, they are often nonspecific and occur due to inflammation, rapid expansion, compression/erosion of the aneurysm into surrounding structures, or rupture. Uncontrolled aortic aneurysms can lead to fatal outcomes, thus making proper management essential. Management can range from medical treatment to surgical repair based on location, size, rate of expansion, and presence of symptoms.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Disruption of the Posterior Tibial Tendon

Foot & Ankle ◽

10.1177/107110078700800307 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 144-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Ian J. Alexander ◽

Kenneth A. Johnson ◽

Thomas H. Berquist

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Diagnostic Technique ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

The Body ◽

Posterior Tibial Tendon ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Posterior Tibial ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a useful technique of studying soft tissues of the body, can be very effective in assessing the integrity of tendons. Usually a patient with a complete tear of the posterior tibial tendon has characteristic physical findings. In the patient presented, MRI demonstrated a complete disruption of the posterior tibial tendon, despite the absence of the commonly associated clinical findings. In view of the difficulties encountered with attempted tenography of the completely torn posterior tibial tendon, MRI provides a sensitive alternative diagnostic technique.

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Incidental Findings in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Brain Research

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1111/j.1748-720x.2008.00275.x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 315-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Charles A. Nelson

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Incidental Findings ◽

Brain Research ◽

The Body ◽

7 Tesla ◽

X Rays ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Imaging Tool ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive imaging tool that utilizes a strong magnetic field and radio frequency waves to visualize in great detail organs, soft tissue, and bone. Unlike conventional x-rays (including computed tomography [CT]), there is no exposure to ionizing radiation and at most field strengths (generally below 7 Tesla) the procedure is considered safe for nearly every age group. Because it is non-invasive (i.e., does not break the skin or harm the body) and possesses excellent spatial resolution (down to millimeters), the use of MRI as a research tool has increased exponentially over the past decade. Uses have ranged from add-ons to a clinical study (e.g., after scanning a child who has fallen from a bicycle, the radiologist might do an extra sequence to explore ways of obtaining higher resolution images) to studies of brain development in typically developing children. In addition, a major effort has been made in recent years to use MRI to study brain function (so-called “functional MRI” [fMRI]). Because the clinical utility of fMRI has not yet been realized, fMRI is still considered highly exploratory, and we cannot yet identify incidental findings of a functional (as opposed to structural) nature.

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Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Ovarian Vein Thrombosis in Obstetrical and Nonobstetrical Patients

Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal ◽

10.1016/j.carj.2010.08.002 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 109-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Vivek Virmani ◽

Ravi Kaza ◽

Arifa Sadaf ◽

Najla Fasih ◽

Margaret Fraser-Hill

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Computed Tomography ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Imaging Features ◽

Ovarian Vein ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Vein Thrombosis ◽

Ultrasound Computed Tomography ◽

Ovarian Vein Thrombosis

Ovarian vein thrombosis is an uncommon clinical entity, most familiar to radiologists as a source of postpartum sepsis, which, if unrecognized and left untreated, has the potential for septic shock, pulmonary thromboembolism, and death. Ovarian vein thrombosis also occurs with other common inflammatory and malignant conditions in the nonobstetrical patient. This article reviews the pathophysiology, predisposing conditions, clinical findings, imaging features on ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging of acute and chronic ovarian vein thrombosis and its appropriate clinical management.

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X-ray micro tomography in the scanning electron microscope

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100107678 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 106-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W. Brünger

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Scanning Electron Microscope ◽

Target Surface ◽

The Body ◽

X Rays ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

X Ray ◽

Micro Tomography ◽

Scanning Electron

Reconstructive tomography is a new technique in diagnostic radiology for imaging cross-sectional planes of the human body /1/. A collimated beam of X-rays is scanned through a thin slice of the body and the transmitted intensity is recorded by a detector giving a linear shadow graph or projection (see fig. 1). Many of these projections at different angles are used to reconstruct the body-layer, usually with the aid of a computer. The picture element size of present tomographic scanners is approximately 1.1 mm2.Micro tomography can be realized using the very fine X-ray source generated by the focused electron beam of a scanning electron microscope (see fig. 2). The translation of the X-ray source is done by a line scan of the electron beam on a polished target surface /2/. Projections at different angles are produced by rotating the object.During the registration of a single scan the electron beam is deflected in one direction only, while both deflections are operating in the display tube.

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The molecular mechanism of mechanotransduction in vascular homeostasis and disease

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20190488 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 134 (17) ◽

pp. 2399-2418

Author(s):

Yoshito Yamashiro ◽

Hiromi Yanagisawa

Keyword(s):

Shear Stress ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Vessel Wall ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Cell Interactions ◽

Aortic Aneurysms ◽

Cyclic Stretch ◽

Mechanical Stimuli ◽

Vascular Homeostasis ◽

Matrix Cell

Abstract Blood vessels are constantly exposed to mechanical stimuli such as shear stress due to flow and pulsatile stretch. The extracellular matrix maintains the structural integrity of the vessel wall and coordinates with a dynamic mechanical environment to provide cues to initiate intracellular signaling pathway(s), thereby changing cellular behaviors and functions. However, the precise role of matrix–cell interactions involved in mechanotransduction during vascular homeostasis and disease development remains to be fully determined. In this review, we introduce hemodynamics forces in blood vessels and the initial sensors of mechanical stimuli, including cell–cell junctional molecules, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), multiple ion channels, and a variety of small GTPases. We then highlight the molecular mechanotransduction events in the vessel wall triggered by laminar shear stress (LSS) and disturbed shear stress (DSS) on vascular endothelial cells (ECs), and cyclic stretch in ECs and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs)—both of which activate several key transcription factors. Finally, we provide a recent overview of matrix–cell interactions and mechanotransduction centered on fibronectin in ECs and thrombospondin-1 in SMCs. The results of this review suggest that abnormal mechanical cues or altered responses to mechanical stimuli in EC and SMCs serve as the molecular basis of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and aortic aneurysms. Collecting evidence and advancing knowledge on the mechanotransduction in the vessel wall can lead to a new direction of therapeutic interventions for vascular diseases.

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High-Resolution Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Small Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10020225 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 225

Author(s):

Łukasz Zwarzany ◽

Ernest Tyburski ◽

Wojciech Poncyljusz

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

High Resolution ◽

Vessel Wall ◽

Intracranial Aneurysms ◽

Aneurysm Rupture ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Aneurysm Wall ◽

Conventional Risk Factors

Background: We decided to investigate whether aneurysm wall enhancement (AWE) on high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (HR VW-MRI) coexists with the conventional risk factors for aneurysm rupture. Methods: We performed HR VW-MRI in 46 patients with 64 unruptured small intracranial aneurysms. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics were recorded. The PHASES score was calculated for each aneurysm. Results: Of the 64 aneurysms, 15 (23.4%) showed wall enhancement on post-contrast HR VW-MRI. Aneurysms with wall enhancement had significantly larger size (p = 0.001), higher dome-to-neck ratio (p = 0.024), and a more irregular shape (p = 0.003) than aneurysms without wall enhancement. The proportion of aneurysms with wall enhancement was significantly higher in older patients (p = 0.011), and those with a history of prior aneurysmal SAH. The mean PHASES score was significantly higher in aneurysms with wall enhancement (p < 0.000). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that aneurysm irregularity and the PHASES score are independently associated with the presence of AWE. Conclusions: Aneurysm wall enhancement on HR VW-MRI coexists with the conventional risk factors for aneurysm rupture.

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High-Resolution Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Angiogram-Negative Non-Perimesencephalic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Clinical Neuroradiology ◽

10.1007/s00062-015-0484-x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 175-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

J. M. Coutinho ◽

R. H. Sacho ◽

J. D. Schaafsma ◽

R. Agid ◽

T. Krings ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

High Resolution ◽

Vessel Wall ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Perimesencephalic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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A Case of Incidental Schwannoma Mimicking Necrotic Metastatic Lymph Node from Bladder Cancer

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57070728 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (7) ◽

pp. 728

Author(s):

Jeong-Hyouk Choi ◽

Koo-Han Yoo ◽

Dong-Gi Lee ◽

Gyeong-Eun Min ◽

Gou-Young Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Histopathological Examination ◽

Metastatic Lymph Node ◽

Imaging Study ◽

Surgical Excision ◽

The Body ◽

Pathological Examination ◽

Cystic Tumor ◽

Complete Surgical Excision ◽

Ultrasound Computed Tomography ◽

Retroperitoneal Schwannoma

Background and Objectives: Retroperitoneal schwannoma is a very rare case of schwannoma which commonly occurs in the other part of the body. However, it is difficult to distinguish schwannoma from other tumors before pathological examination because they do not show specific characteristics on imaging study such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance image (MRI). Case summary: A 60-year-old male showed a retroperitoneal cystic tumor which is found incidentally during evaluation of coexisted bladder tumor. Neurogenic tumor was suspicious for the retroperitoneal tumor through pre-operative imaging study. Finally, a schwannoma was diagnosed by immunohistochemical examination after complete surgical excision laparoscopically. Conclusion: As imaging technology is developed, there may be more chances to differentiate schwannoma from other neoplasm. However, still surgical resection and histopathological examination is feasible for diagnosis of schwannoma.

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