scholarly journals Physiological and Cellular Targets of Neurotrophic Anxiolytic Phytochemicals in Food and Dietary Supplements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin S. Weeks ◽  
Samuel D. Weeks ◽  
Amanda Kim ◽  
Landon Kessler ◽  
Pedro P. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Neurotrophic Activity ◽  
Wide System ◽  
Neurotrophin 3 ◽  
Tyrosine Receptor Kinase ◽  
Neurotransmitter Precursors

Diet impacts anxiety in two main ways. First anxiety can be caused by deficiencies in antioxidants, neurotransmitter precursors, amino acids, cations and vitamins and other cofactors. Second, anxiety can be reduced by anxiolytic nutraceuticals which are food molecules that bind to molecular targets of the amygdala and the hypothalamus-pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA-axis). Anxiety is a feeling of fear that arises from a perceived threat and can be a beneficial coping mechanism to threats and stressors. However excessive anxiety is a disorder that interferes with healthy responses to stressors. The amygdala is responsible for assigning value to a threat or stressor and triggering the HPA-axis to support the body wide system responses to the threat. The amygdala also communicates with the neuroplastic learning and memory centers of the hippocampus to fix or set a learned value to the threat. Interestingly, many anxiolytic nutraceuticals that show benefits in human clinical trials have neurotrophic activity and increase neuronal plasticity. Moreover, anxiolytic nutraceuticals either act like the neurotrophins, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF and neurotrophin-3 (NT3) by either directly binding to or potentiating the tyrosine receptor kinase (TRK) family of receptors (TRKA, TRKB and TRKC) and activating the ERK1/2 signal transduction pathway associated with neurite outgrowth and neural plasticity. This chapter will explore the neuritogenic activity of clinically proven plant-based anxiolytic nutraceuticals and examine the commonality of TRKA-C receptors and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in the pharmacological and nutraceutical treatment of anxiety disorders.

Cellular targets and trophic functions of neurotrophin-3 in the developing rat hippocampus

Neuron ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Collazo ◽  
Hiroshi Takahashi ◽  
Ronald D.G. McKay
Keyword(s):  
Rat Hippocampus ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Neurotrophin 3 ◽  
Developing Rat

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Expression of Anticoagulation Factor Antistasin in Freshwater Leeches

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 3994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Jin Kwak ◽  
Jeong-Su Park ◽  
Brenda Irene Medina Jiménez ◽  
Soon Cheol Park ◽  
Sung-Jin Cho
Keyword(s):  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spatial Expression ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Spatiotemporal Expression ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Segment Polarity ◽  
Late Stages

Antistasin, which was originally discovered in the salivary glands of the Mexican leech Haementeria officinalis, was newly isolated from Helobdella austinensis. To confirm the temporal expression of antistasin during embryogenesis, we carried out semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Hau-antistasin1 was uniquely expressed at stage 4 of the cleavage and was strongly expressed in the late stages of organogenesis, as were other antistasin members. In order to confirm the spatial expression of antistasin, we performed fluorescence in situ hybridization in the late stages of organogenesis. The expression of each antistasin in the proboscis showed a similar pattern and varied in expression in the body. In addition, the spatial expression of antistasin orthologs in different leeches showed the possibility of different function across leech species. Hau-antistasin1 was expressed in the same region as hedgehog, which is a known mediator of signal transduction pathway. Hau-antistasin1 is probably a downstream target of Hedgehog signaling, involved in segment polarity signal pathway.

scholarly journals Indices of association between anxiety and mindfulness: a guide for future mindfulness studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Jaiswal ◽  
Neil G. Muggleton ◽  
Chi-Hung Juan ◽  
Wei-Kuang Liang
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Schematic Model ◽  
Triggered Reactions ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Mediational Models ◽  
Hpa Axis Activity ◽  
Parasympathetic Pathway

Abstract Mindfulness and anxiety are often linked as inversely related traits and there have been several theoretical and mediational models proposed suggesting such a relationship between these two traits. The current review report offers an account of self-report measures, behavioral, electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and biological studies, which provide converging evidence for an inverse relationship between mindfulness and anxiety. To our knowledge, there are no comprehensive accounts of empirical evidence that investigate this relationship. After reviewing several empirical studies, we propose a schematic model, where a stressor can trigger the activation of amygdala which activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) pathway. This hyperactive HPA axis leads to a cascade of psychological, behavioral, electrophysiological, immunological, endocrine, and genetic reactions in the body, primarily mediated by a sympathetic pathway. Conversely, mindfulness protects from deleterious effects of these triggered reactions by downregulating the HPA axis activity via a parasympathetic pathway. Finally, we propose a model suggesting a comprehensive scheme through which mindfulness and anxiety may interact through emotion regulation. It is recommended that future mindfulness intervention studies should examine a broad spectrum of measurement indices where possible, keeping logistic feasibility in mind and look at mindfulness in conjunction with anxiety rather than independently.

scholarly journals CO-Releasing Materials: An Emphasis on Therapeutic Implications, as Release and Subsequent Cytotoxicity Are the Part of Therapy

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Faizan ◽  
Niaz Muhammad ◽  
Kifayat Ullah Khan Niazi ◽  
Yongxia Hu ◽  
Yanyan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Metal Carbonyl ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carbonyl Complexes ◽  
Toxic Activity ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Co Insertion

The CO-releasing materials (CORMats) are used as substances for producing CO molecules for therapeutic purposes. Carbon monoxide (CO) imparts toxic effects to biological organisms at higher concentration. If this characteristic is utilized in a controlled manner, it can act as a cell-signaling agent for important pathological and pharmacokinetic functions; hence offering many new applications and treatments. Recently, research on therapeutic applications using the CO treatment has gained much attention due to its nontoxic nature, and its injection into the human body using several conjugate systems. Mainly, there are two types of CO insertion techniques into the human body, i.e., direct and indirect CO insertion. Indirect CO insertion offers an advantage of avoiding toxicity as compared to direct CO insertion. For the indirect CO inhalation method, developers are facing certain problems, such as its inability to achieve the specific cellular targets and how to control the dosage of CO. To address these issues, researchers have adopted alternative strategies regarded as CO-releasing molecules (CORMs). CO is covalently attached with metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs), which generate various CORMs such as CORM-1, CORM-2, CORM-3, ALF492, CORM-A1 and ALF186. When these molecules are inserted into the human body, CO is released from these compounds at a controlled rate under certain conditions or/and triggers. Such reactions are helpful in achieving cellular level targets with a controlled release of the CO amount. However on the other hand, CORMs also produce a metal residue (termed as i-CORMs) upon degradation that can initiate harmful toxic activity inside the body. To improve the performance of the CO precursor with the restricted development of i-CORMs, several new CORMats have been developed such as micellization, peptide, vitamins, MOFs, polymerization, nanoparticles, protein, metallodendrimer, nanosheet and nanodiamond, etc. In this review article, we shall describe modern ways of CO administration; focusing primarily on exclusive features of CORM’s tissue accumulations and their toxicities. This report also elaborates on the kinetic profile of the CO gas. The comprehension of developmental phases of CORMats shall be useful for exploring the ideal CO therapeutic drugs in the future of medical sciences.

scholarly journals The Interaction between Maternal and Fetal Hypothalamic – Pituitary – Adrenal Axes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aml M. Erhuma
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Prenatal Period ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Unique System ◽  
Wide Range

The Hypothalamic – Pituitary – Adrenal (HPA) Axis is a unique system that mediates an immediate reactivity to a wide range of stimuli. It has a crucial role in synchronizing the behavioral and hormonal responses to internal and external threats, therefore, increases the chance of survival. It also enables the body systems to adapt to challenges put up by the pregnancy. Since the early stages of pregnancy and throughout delivery, HPA axis of the mother continuously navigates that of the fetus, and both have a specific cross talk even beyond the point of delivery and during postnatal period. Any disturbance in the interaction between the maternal and fetal HPA axes can adversely affect both. The HPA axis is argued to be the mechanism through which maternal stress and other suboptimal conditions during prenatal period can program the fetus for chronic disease in later life. In this chapter, the physiological and non-physiological communications between maternal and fetal HPA axes will be addressed while highlighting specific and unique aspects of this pathway.

scholarly journals Subchronic Toxicity Study of Oral Anthrafuran on Rabbits

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 900
Author(s):  
Michael I. Treshchalin ◽  
Helen M. Treshalina ◽  
Vasilisa A. Golibrodo ◽  
Andrey E. Shchekotikhin ◽  
Eleonora R. Pereverzeva
Keyword(s):  
Topoisomerase I ◽  
Human Tumor ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Drug Formulation ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Target Drug ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Student’S T

A new antitumor multi-target drug anthrafuran, with cellular targets such as topoisomerase I/II and some protein kinases, was obtained in Gause Institute of New Antibiotics and was demonstrated to have a reliable specific effect on different murine and human tumor models by oral administration. In this study, we focused on the evaluation of subchronic toxicity of oral anthrafuran drug formulation (AF) on Chinchilla rabbits. The absence of any changes in the condition or behavior of animals was shown for oral anthrafuran. Changes with reversible and dose-dependent hepato- and nephrotoxicity at low doses, as well as hemato- and gastrointestinal toxicity at high doses, were confirmed pathomorphologically. The identified toxic properties are extremely valuable, since oral anthrafuran does not have the limiting cardio- and myelotoxicity. Anthrafuran with 2 mg/kg/day or 6 mg/kg/day doses was administrated orally over 15 days. Investigations include assessment of the body weight, hematological and serum biochemical parameters and urinalysis, electrocardiography and pathomorphological evaluation of the internal organs. Quantitative data were processed statistically with Student’s t-Test, p < 0.05. Revealed during the subchronic study were the favorable toxicological properties of oral anthrafuran as opposed to clinical anthracyclines, oral idarubicin, or parenteral doxorubicin, which allows it to be considered promising for further research.

scholarly journals Neuropathy and neural plasticity in the subcutaneous white adipose depot

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Blaszkiewicz ◽  
Jake W. Willows ◽  
Amanda L. Dubois ◽  
Stephen Waible ◽  
Cory P. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Adipose Organ ◽  
Tissue Aging ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe difficulty in obtaining as well as maintaining weight loss, together with the loss of metabolic control in conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular disease, may represent pathological situations of inadequate neural communication between the brain and peripheral organs and tissues. Innervation of adipose tissues by peripheral nerves provides a means of communication between the master metabolic regulator in the brain (chiefly the hypothalamus), and energy-expending and energy-storing cells in the body (primarily adipocytes). Although chemical and surgical denervation studies have clearly demonstrated how crucial adipose tissue neural innervation is for maintaining proper metabolic health, we have uncovered that adipose tissue becomes neuropathic in various conditions of metabolic dysregulation. Here, utilizing both human and mouse adipose tissues, we present evidence of adipose tissue neuropathy, or loss of innervation, under pathophysiological conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and aging, all of which are concomitant with insult to the adipose organ and metabolic dysfunction. Neuropathy is indicated by loss of nerve fiber protein expression, reduction in synaptic markers, and less neurotrophic factor expression in adipose tissue. Aging-related adipose neuropathy particularly results in loss of innervation around the tissue vasculature. These findings underscore that peripheral neuropathy is not restricted to classic tissues like the skin of distal extremities, and that loss of innervation to adipose may trigger or exacerbate metabolic diseases. In addition, we have demonstrated stimulation of adipose tissue neural plasticity with exercise, cold exposure or neurotrophic factor treatment, which may ameliorate adipose neuropathy and be a potential therapeutic option to re-innervate adipose and restore metabolic health.

scholarly journals The effect of pre- and postnatal exposure to a mixture daidzein and genistein on the reproductive system of male rats.

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariola Marchlewicz ◽  
Dagmara Szypulska Koziarska ◽  
Irena Baranowska Bosiacka ◽  
Ewa Duchnik ◽  
Barbara Wiszniewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Lipid Peroxides ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Postnatal Exposure ◽  
Endogenous Estrogen ◽  
Soybean Food

ABSTRACTIntroduction: There is growing interest in the risk or benefits soybean food known as rich in isoflavones, due to their interactions with endogenous estrogen signal transduction pathway. Recent studies provide evidence that isoflavones can affect the reproductive and endocrine system under regular diet.The aim of this study was to determine how the long-lasting administration of the key isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, may change morphology of the testis and the function of the epididymal antioxidant system of male rats.Materials and methods: Male rats were treated by genistein and daidzein, in combination 2 (S2) or 20 (S20) mg/kg body weight per day for 5 days weekly mixed with regular rat chow from prenatal life until to sexual maturity. The control groups were fed without isoflavones.Results: The findings show that the body, testis and cauda epididymis weights, testosterone level in blood plasma weresignificantly lower than controls in the S20 group (p < 0.05). Also, superoxide dismutase activity in the epididymis, catalase activity in the testis, and glutathione peroxidase activity in the caput epididymis were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Treating with these isoflavones significantly suppressed lipid peroxides levels in the epididymis (p < 0.05). Furthermore, presence of prematurely exfoliated gametogenic cells was observed in seminiferous tubules as well as the architectural disorganization of the seminiferous epithelium.Conclusions: These findings suggest that isoflavones, if consumed chronically at a dose as for the S20 group may act not only as antioxidants, but they can be a risk for the male rats reproductive system dysfunction.Keywords: phytoestrogens; testis; epididymis; male; antioxidant; prooxidant.

Stimulator of Interferon Genes Signaling Pathway and its Role in Anti-tumor Immune Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (26) ◽  
pp. 3085-3095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanjin Gong ◽  
Chang Chang ◽  
Xi Liu ◽  
Yan He ◽  
Yiqi Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Type I ◽  
Innate Immune Signaling ◽  
Critical Problems ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Stimulator of interferon genes is an important innate immune signaling molecule in the body and is involved in the innate immune signal transduction pathway induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns or damage-associated molecular patterns. Stimulator of interferon genes promotes the production of type I interferon and thus plays an important role in the innate immune response to infection. In addition, according to a recent study, the stimulator of interferon genes pathway also contributes to anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor reactions. In this paper, current researches on the Stimulator of interferon genes signaling pathway and its relationship with tumor immunity are reviewed. Meanwhile, a series of critical problems to be addressed in subsequent studies are discussed as well.

scholarly journals Two Experiments on the Psychological and Physiological Effects of Touching-Effect of Touching on the HPA Axis-Related Parts of the Body on Both Healthy and Traumatized Experiment Participants

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chigusa Yachi ◽  
Taichi Hitomi ◽  
Hajime Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerve ◽  
The Social ◽  
Trauma Group

Two experiments were conducted to measure both the psychological and physiological effects of touching on the HPA axis related parts of the body. HPA stands for the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal. One experiment was conducted with a group of healthy experiment participants, and another was with a group of traumatized participants who had Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE). In the experiments, the back of an experiment participant was touched, where a kidney-adrenal was supposed to reside, and both the psychological and physiological effects were measured. As a result, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an indicator of the parasympathetic nerve system function and, especially, an indicator of the social engagement system increased, by a statistically significant degree, as a consequence of HPA touching in both the healthy and the trauma group, in comparison with the control. The traumatized participants had a lower RSA, and this was increased by HPA touching, accompanied by a decrease of the heart rate. It is worth noting that the social engagement function was possibly enhanced by HPA touching, especially in the trauma group, whose members tend to have difficulty being pro-social. This touching method is very simple, so it can be administered not only by oneself, but also by psycho-therapists and body workers in order to enhance both psychological and physiological well-being.

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