The Interaction between Dietary Components, Gut Microbiome, and Endurance Performance

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.5772/intechopen.97846 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Basista Rabina Sharma ◽

Ravindra P. Veeranna

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Brain Function ◽

Psychological Factors ◽

Genetic Factor ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Host Immunity ◽

Optimal Performance ◽

Food Supplements ◽

Training History ◽

Dietary Components

Research so far indicates that gut microbiome and diet interactions influence obesity, diabetes, host immunity, and brain function. The ability of athletes to perform to optimum for a more extended time, as well as the ability to resist, withstand, recover from, and have immunity to fatigue, injury depends on the genetic factor, age, sex, training history, psychological factors, mode, intensity and frequency of training and their interactions with the external dietary components. However, recent evidence indicates that the gut microbiome may also potentially influence the development of endurance in response to the type and composition of the external diet, including several food supplements. Thus, the gut microbiome has become another target in the athlete’s pursuit of optimal performance. This chapter discusses the effect of exercise on the gut microbiome, the interplay between dietary components and supplements on the gut microbiome, and its impact on endurance performance.

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Understanding the effects of dietary components on the gut microbiome and human health

Food Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s10068-020-00811-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (11) ◽

pp. 1463-1474

Author(s):

Bryna Rackerby ◽

Hyun Jung Kim ◽

David C. Dallas ◽

Si Hong Park

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Brain Function ◽

Vital Role ◽

Nutrient Requirements ◽

Disease States ◽

Host Health ◽

Dietary Components ◽

Macro And Micronutrients ◽

Host Development

AbstractThe gut microbiome is the complex microbial ecosystem found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. It plays a vital role in host development, physiology and metabolism, and has been implicated as a factor in brain function, behavior, mental health, and many disease states. While many factors, including host genetics and environmental factors, contribute to the composition of the gut microbiome, diet plays a large role. Microorganisms differ in their nutrient requirements, and alterations in host dietary composition can have strong impacts on the microbial inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract. The health implications of these dietary and microbial changes are relevant as various global populations consume diets comprised of different macronutrient ratios, and many diets promote alterations to recommended macronutrient ratios to promote health. This review will outline the ways in which specific macro- and micronutrients impact the gut microbiome and host health.

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Immune Gene Expression Covaries with Gut Microbiome Composition in Stickleback

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.00145-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Lauren E. Fuess ◽

Stijn den Haan ◽

Fei Ling ◽

Jesse N. Weber ◽

Natalie C. Steinel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Microbial Communities ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Host Immunity ◽

Host Gene ◽

Microbiota Composition ◽

Host Gene Expression ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Immune Genes

ABSTRACT Commensal microbial communities have immense effects on their vertebrate hosts, contributing to a number of physiological functions, as well as host fitness. In particular, host immunity is strongly linked to microbiota composition through poorly understood bi-directional links. Gene expression may be a potential mediator of these links between microbial communities and host function. However, few studies have investigated connections between microbiota composition and expression of host immune genes in complex systems. Here, we leverage a large study of laboratory-raised fish from the species Gasterosteus aculeatus (three-spined stickleback) to document correlations between gene expression and microbiome composition. First, we examined correlations between microbiome alpha diversity and gene expression. Our results demonstrate robust positive associations between microbial alpha diversity and expression of host immune genes. Next, we examined correlations between host gene expression and abundance of microbial taxa. We identified 15 microbial families that were highly correlated with host gene expression. These families were all tightly correlated with host expression of immune genes and processes, falling into one of three categories—those positively correlated, negatively correlated, and neutrally related to immune processes. Furthermore, we highlight several important immune processes that are commonly associated with the abundance of these taxa, including both macrophage and B cell functions. Further functional characterization of microbial taxa will help disentangle the mechanisms of the correlations described here. In sum, our study supports prevailing hypotheses of intimate links between host immunity and gut microbiome composition. IMPORTANCE Here, we document associations between host gene expression and gut microbiome composition in a nonmammalian vertebrate species. We highlight associations between expression of immune genes and both microbiome diversity and abundance of specific microbial taxa. These findings support other findings from model systems which have suggested that gut microbiome composition and host immunity are intimately linked. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these correlations are truly systemic; the gene expression detailed here was collected from an important fish immune organ (the head kidney) that is anatomically distant from the gut. This emphasizes the systemic impact of connections between gut microbiota and host immune function. Our work is a significant advancement in the understanding of immune-microbiome links in nonmodel, natural systems.

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The Effects of Dietary Components on Brain Function

Advances in Human Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1007/978-94-009-8290-1_18 ◽

1982 ◽

pp. 205-214

Author(s):

Steven H. Zeisel

Keyword(s):

Brain Function ◽

Dietary Components

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The gut microbiome from patients with schizophrenia modulates the glutamate-glutamine-GABA cycle and schizophrenia-relevant behaviors in mice

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.aau8317 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. eaau8317 ◽

Cited By ~ 98

Author(s):

Peng Zheng ◽

Benhua Zeng ◽

Meiling Liu ◽

Jianjun Chen ◽

Junxi Pan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Brain Function ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Germ Free ◽

Α Diversity ◽

Neurologic Function

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a devastating mental disorder with poorly defined underlying molecular mechanisms. The gut microbiome can modulate brain function and behaviors through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Here, we found that unmedicated and medicated patients with SCZ had a decreased microbiome α-diversity index and marked disturbances of gut microbial composition versus healthy controls (HCs). Several unique bacterial taxa (e.g., Veillonellaceae and Lachnospiraceae) were associated with SCZ severity. A specific microbial panel (Aerococcaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Brucellaceae, Pasteurellaceae, and Rikenellaceae) enabled discriminating patients with SCZ from HCs with 0.769 area under the curve. Compared to HCs, germ-free mice receiving SCZ microbiome fecal transplants had lower glutamate and higher glutamine and GABA in the hippocampus and displayed SCZ-relevant behaviors similar to other mouse models of SCZ involving glutamatergic hypofunction. Together, our findings suggest that the SCZ microbiome itself can alter neurochemistry and neurologic function in ways that may be relevant to SCZ pathology.

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Digesting the emerging role for the gut microbiome in central nervous system demyelination

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1177/1352458514541579 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 20 (12) ◽

pp. 1553-1559 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Jennifer Joscelyn ◽

Lloyd H Kasper

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Host Immunity ◽

Future Research ◽

Environmental Risk Factor ◽

Central Nervous System Demyelination ◽

And Behavior ◽

First Time

The fields of microbiology, immunology, neurology and nutrition are rapidly converging, as advanced sequencing and genomics-based methodologies have enabled the mapping out of the microbial diversity of humans for the first time. Bugs, guts, brains and behavior were once believed to be separate domains of clinical practice and research; however, recent observations in our understanding of the microbiome indicate that the boundaries between domains are becoming permeable. This permeability is multidirectional: Biological systems are operating simultaneously in a vastly complex and interconnected web. Understanding the microbiome-gut-brain axis will entail fleshing out the mechanisms by which transduction across each domain occurs, allowing us ultimately to appreciate the role of commensal organisms in shaping and modulating host immunity. This article will highlight animal and human research to date, as well as highlight directions for future research. We speculate that the gut microbiome is potentially the premier environmental risk factor mediating inflammatory central nervous system demyelination, in particular multiple sclerosis.

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