Gut microbiome responses in the metabolism of human dietary components: Implications in health and homeostasis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Riya Rajeev ◽  
P. S. Seethalakshmi ◽  
Prasant Kumar Jena ◽  
R. Prathiviraj ◽  
George Seghal Kiran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Dietary Components

scholarly journals The Interaction between Dietary Components, Gut Microbiome, and Endurance Performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basista Rabina Sharma ◽  
Ravindra P. Veeranna
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Genetic Factor ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Food Supplements ◽  
Training History ◽  
Dietary Components

Research so far indicates that gut microbiome and diet interactions influence obesity, diabetes, host immunity, and brain function. The ability of athletes to perform to optimum for a more extended time, as well as the ability to resist, withstand, recover from, and have immunity to fatigue, injury depends on the genetic factor, age, sex, training history, psychological factors, mode, intensity and frequency of training and their interactions with the external dietary components. However, recent evidence indicates that the gut microbiome may also potentially influence the development of endurance in response to the type and composition of the external diet, including several food supplements. Thus, the gut microbiome has become another target in the athlete’s pursuit of optimal performance. This chapter discusses the effect of exercise on the gut microbiome, the interplay between dietary components and supplements on the gut microbiome, and its impact on endurance performance.

scholarly journals Correction to: Understanding the effects of dietary components on the gut microbiome and human health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryna Rackerby ◽  
Hyun Jung Kim ◽  
David C. Dallas ◽  
Si Hong Park
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Dietary Components

The article “Understanding the effects of dietary components on the gut microbiome and human health”, written by Bryna Rackerby, Hyun Jung Kim, David C. Dallas, Si Hong Park, was originally published Online First without Open Access.

Functional short-chain carbohydrates (prebiotics) in the diet to improve the microbiome and health of the gastrointestinal tract

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Muir ◽  
C. K. Yao ◽  
P. G. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gastrointestinal Health ◽  
Dietary Components

Advancement in technologies to identify and quantify bacterial species in the gastrointestinal tract has escalated interest in its microbiome worldwide. There is enormous interest in understanding the roles that bacterial species play in gastrointestinal health and overall wellbeing. What constitutes a ‘healthy gut microbiome’ includes: favourable fermentation-dependent characteristics such as butyrate supply to all regions, minimisation of putrefaction of proteins, and adequate laxation. The relative abundance of specific bacterial species with certain functional characteristics is also important and include: traditional prebiotic bacteria – Bifidobacteria; strongly butyrate-producing – Clostridium coccoides and Faecalibacterium prausnitzi as well as a mucus-associated bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila. Manipulation of diet and dietary factors may be essential to favourably influence these fermentation-dependent parameters and select for growth of beneficial bacterial species. In this regard, this laboratory has identified indigestible oligosaccharides with prebiotic effects and now has an extensive database that quantifies indigestible oligosaccharides in a wide variety of foods including whole grains, cereals, legumes, seeds, nuts, fruits and vegetables. Future research in this area should consider the role of dietary components that best establish and maintain a ‘healthy gut microbiome’.

scholarly journals Precision Nutrition and the Microbiome, Part I: Current State of the Science

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Mills ◽  
Catherine Stanton ◽  
Jonathan Lane ◽  
Graeme Smith ◽  
R. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Current State ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
State Of The Science

The gut microbiota is a highly complex community which evolves and adapts to its host over a lifetime. It has been described as a virtual organ owing to the myriad of functions it performs, including the production of bioactive metabolites, regulation of immunity, energy homeostasis and protection against pathogens. These activities are dependent on the quantity and quality of the microbiota alongside its metabolic potential, which are dictated by a number of factors, including diet and host genetics. In this regard, the gut microbiome is malleable and varies significantly from host to host. These two features render the gut microbiome a candidate ‘organ’ for the possibility of precision microbiomics—the use of the gut microbiome as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to specific dietary constituents to generate precision diets and interventions for optimal health. With this in mind, this two-part review investigates the current state of the science in terms of the influence of diet and specific dietary components on the gut microbiota and subsequent consequences for health status, along with opportunities to modulate the microbiota for improved health and the potential of the microbiome as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to dietary components. In particular, in Part I, we examine the development of the microbiota from birth and its role in health. We investigate the consequences of poor-quality diet in relation to infection and inflammation and discuss diet-derived microbial metabolites which negatively impact health. We look at the role of diet in shaping the microbiome and the influence of specific dietary components, namely protein, fat and carbohydrates, on gut microbiota composition.

scholarly journals MRGM: a mouse reference gut microbiome reveals a large functional discrepancy for gut bacteria of the same genus between mice and humans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayeon Kim ◽  
Chan Yeong Kim ◽  
Summo Yang ◽  
Dongjin Park ◽  
Sang-Jun Ha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Core Gene ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Classification Rate ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
Dietary Components

The gut microbiome is associated with human diseases and interacts with dietary components and drugs. In vivo mouse models may be effective for studying diet and drug effects on the gut microbiome. We constructed a mouse reference gut microbiome (MRGM, https://www.mbiomenet.org/MRGM/) that includes newly-assembled genomes from 878 metagenomes. Leveraging samples with ultra-deep metagenomic sequencing (>130 million read pairs), we demonstrated quality improvement in assembled genomes for mouse gut microbes as sequencing depth increased. MRGM provides a catalog of 46,267 non-redundant genomes with ≥70% completeness and ≤5% contamination comprising 1,689 representative bacterial species and 15.2 million non-redundant proteins. Importantly, MRGM significantly improved the taxonomic classification rate of sequencing reads from mouse fecal samples compared to previous databases. Using MRGM, we determined that reliable low-abundance taxa profiles of the mouse gut microbiome require sequencing >10 million reads. Despite the high overall functional similarity of the mouse and human gut microbiomes, only ~10% of MRGM species are shared with the human gut microbiome. Although ~80% of MRGM genera are present in the human gut microbiome, ~70% of the shared genera have <40% of core gene content for the respective genus with human counterparts. These suggest that although metabolic processes of the human gut microbiome largely occur in the mouse gut microbiome, functional translations between them according to genus-level taxonomic commonality require caution.

scholarly journals Understanding the effects of dietary components on the gut microbiome and human health

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1463-1474
Author(s):  
Bryna Rackerby ◽  
Hyun Jung Kim ◽  
David C. Dallas ◽  
Si Hong Park
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients ◽  
Host Development

AbstractThe gut microbiome is the complex microbial ecosystem found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. It plays a vital role in host development, physiology and metabolism, and has been implicated as a factor in brain function, behavior, mental health, and many disease states. While many factors, including host genetics and environmental factors, contribute to the composition of the gut microbiome, diet plays a large role. Microorganisms differ in their nutrient requirements, and alterations in host dietary composition can have strong impacts on the microbial inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract. The health implications of these dietary and microbial changes are relevant as various global populations consume diets comprised of different macronutrient ratios, and many diets promote alterations to recommended macronutrient ratios to promote health. This review will outline the ways in which specific macro- and micronutrients impact the gut microbiome and host health.

scholarly journals Adipose Tissue Development and Expansion from the Womb to Adolescence: An Overview

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila E. Orsso ◽  
Eloisa Colin-Ramirez ◽  
Catherine J. Field ◽  
Karen L. Madsen ◽  
Carla M. Prado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Toxin Exposure ◽  
Adipose Tissue Development ◽  
Term Newborns ◽  
Dietary Components

Prevalence rates of pediatric obesity continue to rise worldwide. Adipose tissue (AT) development and expansion initiate in the fetus and extend throughout the lifespan. This paper presents an overview of the AT developmental trajectories from the intrauterine period to adolescence; factors determining adiposity expansion are also discussed. The greatest fetal increases in AT were observed in the third pregnancy trimester, with growing evidence suggesting that maternal health and nutrition, toxin exposure, and genetic defects impact AT development. From birth up to six months, healthy term newborns experience steep increases in AT; but a subsequent reduction in AT is observed during infancy. Important determinants of AT in infancy identified in this review included feeding practices and factors shaping the gut microbiome. Low AT accrual rates are maintained up to puberty onset, at which time, the pattern of adiposity expansion becomes sex dependent. As girls experience rapid increases and boys experience decreases in AT, sexual dimorphism in hormone secretion can be considered the main contributor for changes. Eating patterns/behaviors and interactions between dietary components, gut microbiome, and immune cells also influence AT expansion. Despite the plasticity of this tissue, substantial evidence supports that adiposity at birth and infancy highly influences its levels across subsequent life stages. Thus, a unique window of opportunity for the prevention and/or slowing down of the predisposition toward obesity, exists from pregnancy through childhood.

scholarly journals Genetic and microbiome influence on lipid metabolism and dyslipidemia

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Matey-Hernandez ◽  
Frances M. K. Williams ◽  
Tilly Potter ◽  
Ana M. Valdes ◽  
Tim D. Spector ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Dietary Components

Disruption in the metabolism of lipids is broadly classified under dyslipidemia and relates to the concentration of lipids in the blood. Dyslipidemia is a predictor of cardio-metabolic disease including obesity. Traditionally, the large interindividual variation has been related to genetic factors and diet. Genome-wide association studies have identified over 150 loci related to abnormal lipid levels, explaining ~40% of the total variation. Part of the unexplained variance has been attributed to environmental factors including diet, but the extent of the dietary contribution remains unquantified. Furthermore, other factors are likely to influence lipid metabolism including the gut microbiome, which plays an important role in the digestion of different dietary components including fats and polysaccharides. Here we describe the contributing role of host genetics and the gut microbiome to dyslipidemia and discuss the potential therapeutic implications of advances in understanding the gut microbiome to the treatment of dyslipidemia.

Folate and vitamin B-12 deficiencies additively impaired memory function and disturbed the gut microbiota in amyloid-β infused rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunmin Park ◽  
Sunna Kang ◽  
Da Sol Kim
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Ca1 Region ◽  
Folate And Vitamin B12

Abstract. Folate and vitamin B12(V-B12) deficiencies are associated with metabolic diseases that may impair memory function. We hypothesized that folate and V-B12 may differently alter mild cognitive impairment, glucose metabolism, and inflammation by modulating the gut microbiome in rats with Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like dementia. The hypothesis was examined in hippocampal amyloid-β infused rats, and its mechanism was explored. Rats that received an amyloid-β(25–35) infusion into the CA1 region of the hippocampus were fed either control(2.5 mg folate plus 25 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-CON, n = 10), no folate(0 folate plus 25 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-FA, n = 10), no V-B12(2.5 mg folate plus 0 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-V-B12, n = 10), or no folate plus no V-B12(0 mg folate plus 0 μg V-B12/kg diet; AD-FAB12, n = 10) in high-fat diets for 8 weeks. AD-FA and AD-VB12 exacerbated bone mineral loss in the lumbar spine and femur whereas AD-FA lowered lean body mass in the hip compared to AD-CON(P < 0.05). Only AD-FAB12 exacerbated memory impairment by 1.3 and 1.4 folds, respectively, as measured by passive avoidance and water maze tests, compared to AD-CON(P < 0.01). Hippocampal insulin signaling and neuroinflammation were attenuated in AD-CON compared to Non-AD-CON. AD-FAB12 impaired the signaling (pAkt→pGSK-3β) and serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels the most among all groups. AD-CON decreased glucose tolerance by increasing insulin resistance compared to Non-AD-CON. AD-VB12 and AD-FAB12 increased insulin resistance by 1.2 and 1.3 folds, respectively, compared to the AD-CON. AD-CON and Non-AD-CON had a separate communities of gut microbiota. The relative counts of Bacteroidia were lower and those of Clostridia were higher in AD-CON than Non-AD-CON. AD-FA, but not V-B12, separated the gut microbiome community compared to AD-CON and AD-VB12(P = 0.009). In conclusion, folate and B-12 deficiencies impaired memory function by impairing hippocampal insulin signaling and gut microbiota in AD rats.

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