Understanding the effects of dietary components on the gut microbiome and human health

AbstractThe gut microbiome is the complex microbial ecosystem found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. It plays a vital role in host development, physiology and metabolism, and has been implicated as a factor in brain function, behavior, mental health, and many disease states. While many factors, including host genetics and environmental factors, contribute to the composition of the gut microbiome, diet plays a large role. Microorganisms differ in their nutrient requirements, and alterations in host dietary composition can have strong impacts on the microbial inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract. The health implications of these dietary and microbial changes are relevant as various global populations consume diets comprised of different macronutrient ratios, and many diets promote alterations to recommended macronutrient ratios to promote health. This review will outline the ways in which specific macro- and micronutrients impact the gut microbiome and host health.

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A Crosstalk between Diet, Microbiome and microRNA in Epigenetic Regulation of Colorectal Cancer

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072428 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2428

Author(s):

Małgorzata Guz ◽

Witold Jeleniewicz ◽

Anna Malm ◽

Izabela Korona-Glowniak

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Vital Role ◽

Disease States ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Dietary Components ◽

Non Coding Rnas

A still growing interest between human nutrition in relation to health and disease states can be observed. Dietary components shape the composition of microbiota colonizing our gastrointestinal tract which play a vital role in maintaining human health. There is a strong evidence that diet, gut microbiota and their metabolites significantly influence our epigenome, particularly through the modulation of microRNAs. These group of small non-coding RNAs maintain cellular homeostasis, however any changes leading to impaired expression of miRNAs contribute to the development of different pathologies, including neoplastic diseases. Imbalance of intestinal microbiota due to diet is primary associated with the development of colorectal cancer as well as other types of cancers. In the present work we summarize current knowledge with particular emphasis on diet-microbiota-miRNAs axis and its relation to the development of colorectal cancer.

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Gut microbiota, the pharmabiotics they produce and host health

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665114001426 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 73 (4) ◽

pp. 477-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Elaine Patterson ◽

John F. Cryan ◽

Gerald F. Fitzgerald ◽

R. Paul Ross ◽

Timothy G. Dinan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Brain Function ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Aminobutyric Acid ◽

Intestinal Lumen ◽

Bioactive Metabolites ◽

Bioactive Lipids ◽

Disease States ◽

Host Health ◽

The Brain

A healthy gut microbiota plays many crucial functions in the host, being involved in the correct development and functioning of the immune system, assisting in the digestion of certain foods and in the production of health-beneficial bioactive metabolites or ‘pharmabiotics’. These include bioactive lipids (including SCFA and conjugated linoleic acid) antimicrobials and exopolysaccharides in addition to nutrients, including vitamins B and K. Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota and reductions in microbial diversity are highlighted in many disease states, possibly rendering the host susceptible to infection and consequently negatively affecting innate immune function. Evidence is also emerging of microbially produced molecules with neuroactive functions that can have influences across the brain–gut axis. For example, γ-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, catecholamines and acetylcholine may modulate neural signalling within the enteric nervous system, when released in the intestinal lumen and consequently signal brain function and behaviour. Dietary supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics are the most widely used dietary adjuncts to modulate the gut microbiota. Furthermore, evidence is emerging of the interactions between administered microbes and dietary substrates, leading to the production of pharmabiotics, which may directly or indirectly positively influence human health.

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Host phylogeny and life history stage shape the gut microbiome in dwarf (Kogia sima) and pygmy (Kogia breviceps) sperm whales

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-72032-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth R. Denison ◽

Ryan G. Rhodes ◽

William A. McLellan ◽

D. Ann Pabst ◽

Patrick M. Erwin

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Life Stage ◽

Life History Stage ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Sperm Whales ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Host Health ◽

Species Specific ◽

Kogia Sima ◽

Host Development

Abstract Gut microbiomes perform crucial roles in host health and development, but few studies have explored cetacean microbiomes especially deep divers. We characterized the gut microbiomes of stranded dwarf (Kogia sima) and pygmy (K. breviceps) sperm whales to examine the effects of phylogeny and life stage on microbiome composition and diversity. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed diverse gut communities (averaging 674 OTUs) dominated by a few symbiont taxa (25 OTUs accounted for 64% of total relative abundance). Both phylogeny and life stage shaped community composition and diversity, with species-specific microbiome differences present early in life. Further analysis showed evidence of microbiome convergence with host maturity, albeit through different processes: symbiont ‘accumulation’ in K. sima and ‘winnowing’ in K. breviceps, indicating different methods of community assembly during host development. Furthermore, culture-based analyses yielded 116 pure cultures matching 25 OTUs, including one isolate positive for chitin utilization. Our findings indicate that kogiid gut microbiomes are highly diverse and species-specific, undergo significant shifts with host development, and can be cultivated on specialized media under anaerobic conditions. These results enhance our understanding of the kogiid gut microbiome and may provide useful information for symbiont assessment in host health.

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The Interaction between Dietary Components, Gut Microbiome, and Endurance Performance

10.5772/intechopen.97846 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Basista Rabina Sharma ◽

Ravindra P. Veeranna

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Brain Function ◽

Psychological Factors ◽

Genetic Factor ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Host Immunity ◽

Optimal Performance ◽

Food Supplements ◽

Training History ◽

Dietary Components

Research so far indicates that gut microbiome and diet interactions influence obesity, diabetes, host immunity, and brain function. The ability of athletes to perform to optimum for a more extended time, as well as the ability to resist, withstand, recover from, and have immunity to fatigue, injury depends on the genetic factor, age, sex, training history, psychological factors, mode, intensity and frequency of training and their interactions with the external dietary components. However, recent evidence indicates that the gut microbiome may also potentially influence the development of endurance in response to the type and composition of the external diet, including several food supplements. Thus, the gut microbiome has become another target in the athlete’s pursuit of optimal performance. This chapter discusses the effect of exercise on the gut microbiome, the interplay between dietary components and supplements on the gut microbiome, and its impact on endurance performance.

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Functional short-chain carbohydrates (prebiotics) in the diet to improve the microbiome and health of the gastrointestinal tract

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an15277 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 55 (12) ◽

pp. 1376 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. G. Muir ◽

C. K. Yao ◽

P. G. Gibson

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Whole Grains ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Future Research ◽

Gastrointestinal Health ◽

Dietary Components

Advancement in technologies to identify and quantify bacterial species in the gastrointestinal tract has escalated interest in its microbiome worldwide. There is enormous interest in understanding the roles that bacterial species play in gastrointestinal health and overall wellbeing. What constitutes a ‘healthy gut microbiome’ includes: favourable fermentation-dependent characteristics such as butyrate supply to all regions, minimisation of putrefaction of proteins, and adequate laxation. The relative abundance of specific bacterial species with certain functional characteristics is also important and include: traditional prebiotic bacteria – Bifidobacteria; strongly butyrate-producing – Clostridium coccoides and Faecalibacterium prausnitzi as well as a mucus-associated bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila. Manipulation of diet and dietary factors may be essential to favourably influence these fermentation-dependent parameters and select for growth of beneficial bacterial species. In this regard, this laboratory has identified indigestible oligosaccharides with prebiotic effects and now has an extensive database that quantifies indigestible oligosaccharides in a wide variety of foods including whole grains, cereals, legumes, seeds, nuts, fruits and vegetables. Future research in this area should consider the role of dietary components that best establish and maintain a ‘healthy gut microbiome’.

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Microencapsulation: A Prospective to Protect Probiotics

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401315666190712222623 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 891-899 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wissam Zam

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Food Industry ◽

Health Benefits ◽

Probiotic Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Host Health ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Selection Of

Probiotics are viable microorganisms widely used for their claimed beneficial effects on the host health. A wide number of researchers proved that the intake of probiotic bacteria has numerous health benefits which created a big market of probiotic foods worldwide. The biggest challenge in the development of these products is to maintain the viability of bacterial cells during the storage of the product as well as throughout the gastrointestinal tract transit after consumption, so that the claimed health benefits can be delivered to the consumer. Different approaches have been proposed for increasing the resistance of these sensitive microorganisms, including the selection of resistant strains, incorporation of micronutrients, and most recently the use of microencapsulation techniques. Microencapsulation has resulted in enhancing the viability of these microorganisms which allows its wide use in the food industry. In this review, the most common techniques used for microencapsulation of probiotics will be presented, as well as the most usual microcapsule shell materials.

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Structural variation in the gut microbiome associates with host health

Nature ◽

10.1038/s41586-019-1065-y ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 568 (7750) ◽

pp. 43-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

David Zeevi ◽

Tal Korem ◽

Anastasia Godneva ◽

Noam Bar ◽

Alexander Kurilshikov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Structural Variation ◽

Host Health

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MICROBIOMA: AMIGO O ENEMIGO EN PACIENTES CON COVID - 19

SCIENTIARVM ◽

10.26696/sci.epg.0115 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 15-21

Author(s):

Katherine Milagros Quispe Medina ◽

◽

Angel Sixto Mamani Ruelas ◽

Brenda Jasmin Alvarez Vera ◽

Yasmin Yessenia Silvestre Gutierrez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Next Generation Sequencing ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Molecular Biology ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Next Generation ◽

Multiple Factors ◽

Lung Microbiome ◽

The Relationship ◽

Generation Sequencing ◽

Clinical Cases

The research of the microbiome concerning various diseases has grown in the last ten years due to the advances in molecular biology and next-generation sequencing, finding interactions with various pathologies. The new coronavirus 19 (SARS-COV 2) pandemic has aroused interest in the study of multiple factors that could influence in the development of symptoms mainly due to the interaction of the microbiome whether of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract finally in the prognosis. Therefore, in this study, we focus on reviewing and analyzing the current bibliography of research and clinical cases about the relationship between the lung and gut microbiome and COVID-19, highlighting its effect on infected patients, aiming to contribute to this new line of research. Keywords: Microbiome, COVID-19, SARS-COV 2, gut microbiome, lung microbiome.

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The Gut Microbiota and Healthy Aging: A Mini-Review

Gerontology ◽

10.1159/000490615 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

pp. 513-520 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Sangkyu Kim ◽

S. Michal Jazwinski

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Individual Variation ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Low Grade ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Gut Dysbiosis ◽

Age Related ◽

Host Health ◽

Nutrient Signaling

The gut microbiota shows a wide inter-individual variation, but its within-individual variation is relatively stable over time. A functional core microbiome, provided by abundant bacterial taxa, seems to be common to various human hosts regardless of their gender, geographic location, and age. With advancing chronological age, the gut microbiota becomes more diverse and variable. However, when measures of biological age are used with adjustment for chronological age, overall richness decreases, while a certain group of bacteria associated with frailty increases. This highlights the importance of considering biological or functional measures of aging. Studies using model organisms indicate that age-related gut dysbiosis may contribute to unhealthy aging and reduced longevity. The gut microbiome depends on the host nutrient signaling pathways for its beneficial effects on host health and lifespan, and gut dysbiosis disrupting the interdependence may diminish the beneficial effects or even have reverse effects. Gut dysbiosis can trigger the innate immune response and chronic low-grade inflammation, leading to many age-related degenerative pathologies and unhealthy aging. The gut microbiota communicates with the host through various biomolecules, nutrient signaling-independent pathways, and epigenetic mechanisms. Disturbance of these communications by age-related gut dysbiosis can affect the host health and lifespan. This may explain the impact of the gut microbiome on health and aging.

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Changes and Effects of Dietary Oxidized Lipids in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Lipid Insights ◽

10.4137/lpi.s904 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. LPI.S904 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

G. Márquez-Ruiz ◽

M.C. García-Martínez ◽

F. Holgado

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Cholesterol Absorption ◽

Oxidized Lipids ◽

Antioxidative Effects ◽

Dietary Components ◽

Enzymatic Lipolysis ◽

Epoxy Groups

This paper is focused on the present state-of-the art of modifications and effects of dietary oxidized lipids during their transit along the gastrointestinal tract. A survey of the literature reporting changes and effects of oxidized lipids before absorption, first in the stomach and then during enzymatic lipolysis in the small intestine, are addressed. Also, the fate of non-absorbed compounds and their potential implications at the colorectal level are discussed. Among the results found, it is shown that acidic gastric conditions and the influence of other dietary components may lead to either further oxidation or antioxidative effects in the stomach. Also, changes in oxidized functions, especially of hydroperoxy and epoxy groups, seem likely to occur. Enzymatic hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase is not effective for triacylglycerol polymers, and hence they can be found as non-absorbed oxidized lipids in the large intestine. Interactions of oxidized lipids with cholesterol absorption in the small intestine and with microflora metabolism have been also observed.

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