scholarly journals Bioremediation Techniques for Soil Pollution: An Introduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Verma
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Emerging Contaminant ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Rapid Industrialization

Environmental pollution has been on the rise in the past few decades owing to increased human activities on energy reservoirs, unsafe agricultural practices and rapid industrialization. Soil pollution is one of the major worry among all because soil contamination can harm the humans by consumption of food grown in polluted soil or it can cause infertility to soil and lower the productivity, Among the pollutants that are of environmental and public health concerns due to their toxicities are: heavy metals, nuclear wastes, pesticides, greenhouse gases, and hydrocarbons. So this chapter will include; Sources of soil pollution and remediation of polluted sites using biological means has proven effective and reliable due to its eco-friendly features. Bio-remediation can either be carried out ex situ or in situ, depending on several factors, which include site characteristics, type and concentration of pollutants. It also seen as a solution for emerging contaminant problems.

scholarly journals IN SITU AND EX SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS: THE PRESENT SCENARIO

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-469
Author(s):  
Oindrila Paul ◽  
Amrita Jasu ◽  
Dibyajit Lahiri ◽  
Moupriya Nag ◽  
Rina Rani Ray
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
The Past ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Rapid Industrialization

Enhanced population growth, rapid industrialization, urbanization and hazardous industrial practices have resulted in the development of environmental pollution in the past few decades. Heavy metals are one of those pollutants that are related to environmental and public health concerns based on their toxicity. Effective bioremediation may be accomplished through “ex situ” and “in situ” processes, based on the type and concentration of pollutants, characteristics of the site but is not limited to cost. The recent developments in artificial neural network and microbial gene editing help to improve “in situ” bioremediation of heavy metals from the polluted sites. Multi-omics approaches are adopted for the effective removal of heavy metals by various indigenous microbes. This overview introspects two major bioremediation techniques, their principles, limitations and advantages, and the new aspects of nanobiotechnology, computational biology and DNA technology to improve the scenario.

In-situ, Ex-situ, and nano-remediation strategies to treat polluted soil, water, and air – A review

Chemosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 133252
Author(s):  
Asim Hussain ◽  
Fazeelat Rehman ◽  
Hamza Rafeeq ◽  
Muhammad Waqas ◽  
Asma Asghar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Remediation Strategies

Bioremediation of Oil Contaminated Soil and Water

2015 ◽  
pp. 222-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrika Malkanthi Nanayakkara ◽  
Ayoma Witharana
Keyword(s):  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Degradation Activity ◽  
Promising Treatment

Pollution from petroleum, plant and animal origin oils, which are released via oil production and shipping operations, refineries, accidental spills, effluents of different industries such as hotels, restaurants, food processing, etc. is ubiquitous in the environment. This necessitates the need for cost effective and efficient remediation technologies. Dealing with the problem chemically and physically is known to generate secondary pollutants and incurs high cost. Expediting natural attenuation via stimulating pollutant degradation activity of residential microbial community and/or introducing competent microflora in to polluted sites has been identified as the most successful and cost effective technology and is termed bioremediation. Phytoremediation, an emerging branch of bioremediation, has also been recognized as a promising treatment technology. Chapter examines the extent of work carried out in in situ and ex situ bioremediation strategies to mitigate oil pollution, the validity of such practices in terms of efficiency of the process and the future research directives.

Bioremediation of Oil Contaminated Soil and Water

Biotechnology ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 2090-2122
Author(s):  
Chandrika Malkanthi Nanayakkara ◽  
Ayoma Witharana
Keyword(s):  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Degradation Activity ◽  
Promising Treatment

Pollution from petroleum, plant and animal origin oils, which are released via oil production and shipping operations, refineries, accidental spills, effluents of different industries such as hotels, restaurants, food processing, etc. is ubiquitous in the environment. This necessitates the need for cost effective and efficient remediation technologies. Dealing with the problem chemically and physically is known to generate secondary pollutants and incurs high cost. Expediting natural attenuation via stimulating pollutant degradation activity of residential microbial community and/or introducing competent microflora in to polluted sites has been identified as the most successful and cost effective technology and is termed bioremediation. Phytoremediation, an emerging branch of bioremediation, has also been recognized as a promising treatment technology. Chapter examines the extent of work carried out in in situ and ex situ bioremediation strategies to mitigate oil pollution, the validity of such practices in terms of efficiency of the process and the future research directives.

Nano-Bioremediation Technologies for Potential Application in Soil Reclamation

2021 ◽  
pp. 510-529
Author(s):  
Arunima Nayak ◽  
Brij Bhushan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Potential Application ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Soil Reclamation ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rapid Industrialization

Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and use of modern agricultural practices have resulted in the rise in pollutant levels in soil. In this context, nano-bioremediation has emerged as a new tool for controlling soil pollution by the application of nanomaterials with subsequent use of bioremediation. Due to its cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and sustainability, the use of bioremediation in soil reclamation has rapidly gained prominence. Nanomaterials have helped in remediating toxic soil environments, thereby improving microbial activity and bioremediation efficiency. The overall time as well as costs are greatly reduced. The major limitation of this technology is its longer treatment time and its ineffectiveness for a wide range of pollutants. The chapter has an aim to present an overview of the recent advances and applications in the field of nano-bioremediation of various polluted areas of the environment. Different classes of nanomaterials along with their properties as well as application towards removal of soil pollutants will be addressed.

scholarly journals XRD-Thermal Combined Analyses: An Approach to Evaluate the Potential of Phytoremediation, Phytomining, and Biochar Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Fancello ◽  
Jessica Scalco ◽  
Daniela Medas ◽  
Elisa Rodeghero ◽  
Annalisa Martucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Juncus Acutus ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Synchrotron Light ◽  
In Situ Heating

A method for evaluating the potential of reuse of biomasses for economic purposes is here presented starting from a case study. Juncus acutus plants and rhizospheres were harvested from abandoned Zn–Pb mine areas of southwest Sardinia (Italy). Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal analyses were performed to evaluate the temperatures at which significant reactions occur. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out on raw samples and on samples heated ex-situ (by a conventional diffractometer) or in-situ (by synchrotron-based diffraction). Raw samples mainly consist of quartz, phyllosilicates, and feldspars with minor amounts of sulfides, sulfates, and Fe, Pb, and Zn carbonates, concentrated in the rhizosphere. After heating, Zn and Fe oxides and willemite are observed in internal roots and stems, revealing the presence of these metals in the plant tissues. In-situ heating was less effective than ex-situ in revealing minor phases in organic samples, probably because the scarcity of oxygen within the sample holder did not allow the degradation of organic compounds and the oxidation of sulfides, resulting in a low quality XRD signal even if obtained with the high resolution ensured by a synchrotron light source. This method can be applied to plants from polluted sites for metal exploitation, and/or to biomasses from unpolluted sites for biochar production, since both applications take advantage of the knowledge of the minerals formed after heating.

Remediation of polluted soil and sediment: perspectives and failures

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Rulkens ◽  
R. Tichy ◽  
J. T. C. Grotenhuis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Natural Degradation ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
Soil And Sediment

Experience gained with the remediation of contaminated sites over the last 10 to 15 years has strongly increased the insight into the problem and how it can be tackled. A large number of remediation techniques, most of which focus on clean-up, are now available, and some of them are intensively applied in practice. However, the experiences gained with them show that they are not capable of solving all problems. Furthermore, each case of soil pollution is different and the way to manage it requires, within the limits set by policy and the finances available, a careful weighing of all relevant factors. Increased knowledge about the problem has resulted in potential new techniques, such as extensive in-situ treatment, the use of special treatment walls, phytoremediation and intrinsic natural degradation.

scholarly journals Bioremediation Techniques for Polluted Environment: Concept, Advantages, Limitations, and Prospects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indu Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Main Principle ◽  
Polluted Environment ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Wastes

Environmental pollution has been rising in the past few decades due to increased anthropogenic activities. Bioremediation is an attractive and successful cleaning technique to remove toxic waste from polluted environment. Bioremediation is highly involved in degradation, eradication, immobilization, or detoxification diverse chemical wastes and physical hazardous materials from the surrounding through the all-inclusive and action of microorganisms. The main principle is degrading and converting pollutants to less toxic forms. Bioremediation can be carried out ex-situ and in-situ, depending on several factors, which include but not limited to cost, site characteristics, type, and concentration of pollutants. Hence, appropriate bioremediation technique is selected. Additionally, the major methodologies to develop bioremediation are biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, biopiles, and bioattenuation provided the environmental factors that decide the completion of bioremediation. Bioremediation is the most effective, economical, eco-friendly management tool to manage the polluted environment. All bioremediation techniques have its own advantage and disadvantage because it has its own specific applications.

An in situ and ex situ TEM study of the formation of thin cobalt silicide films by molecular beam epitaxy on the silicon (100) surface

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 884-885
Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove ◽  
R. T. Tung
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Metal Base ◽  
In Situ Experiments ◽  
Potential Applications

The cobalt disilicide/silicon system has potential applications as a metal-base and as a permeable-base transistor. Although thin, low defect density, films of CoSi2 on Si(111) have been successfully grown, there are reasons to believe that Si(100)/CoSi2 may be better suited to the transmission of electrons at the silicon/silicide interface than Si(111)/CoSi2. A TEM study of the formation of CoSi2 on Si(100) is therefore being conducted. We have previously reported TEM observations on Si(111)/CoSi2 grown both in situ, in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) TEM and ex situ, in a conventional Molecular Beam Epitaxy system.The procedures used for the MBE growth have been described elsewhere. In situ experiments were performed in a JEOL 200CX electron microscope, extensively modified to give a vacuum of better than 10-9 T in the specimen region and the capacity to do in situ sample heating and deposition. Cobalt was deposited onto clean Si(100) samples by thermal evaporation from cobalt-coated Ta filaments.

The use of transmission and analytical electron microscopy in studying reactions and phase transformations in thin film

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 842-843
Author(s):  
K. Barmak
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Phase Transformations ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Multilayer Thin Films ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Deposition Step

Generally, processing of thin films involves several annealing steps in addition to the deposition step. During the annealing steps, diffusion, transformations and reactions take place. In this paper, examples of the use of TEM and AEM for ex situ and in situ studies of reactions and phase transformations in thin films will be presented.The ex situ studies were carried out on Nb/Al multilayer thin films annealed to different stages of reaction. Figure 1 shows a multilayer with dNb = 383 and dAl = 117 nm annealed at 750°C for 4 hours. As can be seen in the micrograph, there are four phases, Nb/Nb3-xAl/Nb2-xAl/NbAl3, present in the film at this stage of the reaction. The composition of each of the four regions marked 1-4 was obtained by EDX analysis. The absolute concentration in each region could not be determined due to the lack of thickness and geometry parameters that were required to make the necessary absorption and fluorescence corrections.

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