Body As an Object of Experimentation and the Emergence of Biomedicine Ethos

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-141
Author(s):  
Olga V. Popova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Nuremberg Code ◽  
Scientific Object ◽  
A Value ◽  
Ethos Of Science ◽  
Nuremberg Trials

The purpose of the article is to study the influence of Nazi experiments on the formation of ideas about the ethos of science in the field of biomedicine. It is shown that the idea of discrediting a value-neutral science was often confronted with the resistance of the scientists themselves, who, in different contexts of condemning Nazi crimes, appealed to the fact that they acted for the good of science, and even of all mankind. The article discusses the strategy of American lawyers adopted at the Nuremberg Trials aimed at demonstrating the perversity of Nazi crimes in the field of biomedicine both ethically and scientifically. In addition, an analysis of individual materials of the Nuremberg process was carried out, which made it possible to give an idea of the scientific and linguistic design of the human body (name correction strategy) as a “correct” scientific object with desired properties. The article considers the influence of the data obtained on Nazi crimes on the formation of the content of the Nuremberg Code and the design of the principle of informed consent in biomedicine. Ethical aspects related to the further use of Nazi scientific data are also considered. In conclusion, the problem of the formation of scientific knowledge in non-violence mode is articulated.

Informed consent en andere ethische aspecten van onderzoek naar kwetsbare jongeren in Zuid-Afrika

KWALON ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Onderzoek Naar ◽  
Methodological Problems

Informed consent and other ethical aspects of research among vulnerable youngsters in South Africa Informed consent and other ethical aspects of research among vulnerable youngsters in South Africa In this article the author will discuss ethical difficulties she encountered during her PhD-research on child-headed households in South Africa. Her idea that children are capable actors was not only different from existing principles in childhood research, but also from local ideas. The difficult environment in which the children and youngsters lived caused more ethical or methodological problems.

Exploring ethical aspects of elective surgery patients’ decision-making experiences

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 672-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei-Ling Lin ◽  
Chuen-Teng Huang ◽  
Hsien-Hsien Chiang ◽  
Ching-Huey Chen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Southern Taiwan ◽  
Colaizzi's Method

The practice of respecting patients’ autonomy is rooted in the healthcare professionals’ empathy for patients’ situations, without which appropriate supports to the patients during the informed consent process may be remarkably moderated. The purpose of this study was to explore elective surgery patients’ experiences during their decision-making process. This research was conducted using a phenomenological approach, and the data analysis was guided by Colaizzi’s method. A total of 17 participants were recruited from a hospital in southern Taiwan. Two major themes emerged from the analyses: (a) a voluntary yet necessary alternative—to undergo a surgery and (b) alternatives compelled by the unalterable decision—the surgery. It was concluded that unless healthcare professionals can empathize with the distressed situation of their patients who are facing elective surgery, the practice of informed consent may become merely a routine. Nurses can be the best advocates for patients and facilitators to enhance communication between patients and healthcare personnel.

scholarly journals MOKSLAS, GENETINĖS ŽINIOS IR ŽMOGAUS KŪNAS

Problemos ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charalambos Tsekeris ◽  
George Alexias
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Counseling ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Genetic Knowledge ◽  
Theoretical Literature ◽  
Emergent Discourse ◽  
Bodily Knowledge

Straipsnyje apžvelgiamas mokslo ir mokslinio pažinimo dinaminis pobūdis besikeičiančioje biotechnologijų eroje, taip pat besiformuojantis genetizacijosdiskursas ir jo reikšmė genetiniam konsultavimui (akcentuojant Huntingtono ligą) ir žmogaus kūnui. Žvelgiant iš daugiadalykės perspektyvos, siekiamanuodugniai ištirti ir kritiškai įvertinti šiuolaikinę kritinę literatūrą, skirtą šiems atskiriems, tačiau susipynusiems klausimams. Straipsnyje taip pat kviečiamasvarstyti, ką reiškia būti žmogumi ir kaip tvarkyti genetinį ir kūno pažinimą bei praktikas.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: mokslas, genetinis pažinimas, žmogaus kūnas, gamta, etika.Science, Genetic Knowledge and the Human BodyCharalambos Tsekeris, George Alexias SummaryThis paper aims to overview the dynamical character of science and scientific knowledge within the changing biotechnological era, as well as the emergent discourse of geneticization and its relevance to genetic counseling (with particular emphasis on Huntington’s Disease) and the human body. Its mainpurpose is to carefully explore and comprehensively critique the contemporary theoretical literature on these distinct but interdependent issues from an interdisciplinary standpoint. The paper encourages further critical contributions to thinking about what it means to be human, as well as about how to copewith current genetic and bodily knowledge and practices.Key words: science, genetic knowledge, human body, nature, ethics.

scholarly journals Methodological Peculiarities of the Usage of Stretching Techniques in the Process of Flexibility Development

2017 ◽  
pp. 127-130
Author(s):  
Oksana Romaniuk ◽  
Bohdan Zadvornyi
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Stretching Exercises

The article is devoted to theoretical and methodological substantiations of the body flexibility development practically applying the stretching techniques. It was generalized scientific data on the organization and methodological features of stretching exercises. Semantic content and structural componential model of stretching usage in the process of flexibility development and the estimation of the changes of this characteristic according to the age were carried out. In particular, some parameters were highlighted especially which allow to recommend that methodology both for individual and group usage were analyzed. Besides, it was analyzed the diversity of physiological mechanism of the influence of stretching on human body, especially it was singled out the effect on mental and physical spheres of human being. The generalized scientific data on the theoretical and practical aspects of flexibility development with the help of stretching techniques indicate the priority of usage of this method in many types of physical activities irrespective of the scope of its practical application.

scholarly journals To the 75th anniversary of the beginning of the Nuremberg trials and the creation of Nuremberg codex: global significance and the enduring lessons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
AG Chuchalin ◽  
YN Sayamov
Keyword(s):  
Health Sector ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
75Th Anniversary ◽  
Nuremberg Code ◽  
Voluntary Informed Consent ◽  
Nuremberg Trials

The article reveals the significance of the Nuremberg trials for rethinking the moral foundations of medicine; the role of the Nuremberg Code in the development of voluntary informed consent in clinical practice and in clinical trials, as well as its impact on the international legal regulation of the health sector is considered. The authors focus on the importance of the lessons of Nuremberg for understanding the ethical challenges that have emerged in the 21st century as a result of the development of artificial intelligence technologies, editing of the human genome and the emergence of new forms of parenting, largely associated with the achievements of new reproductive technologies.

Translating Rights into Access: Language Access and the Affordable Care Act

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 348-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Teitelbaum ◽  
Lara Cartwright-Smith ◽  
Sara Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Healthcare Quality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Language Access ◽  
Consent To Treatment ◽  
Diverse Patient Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
Crucial Information ◽  
Nuremberg Trials

More than twenty-four million people in the United States are considered limited English proficient (LEP), and numerous studies have documented the consequences of communication barriers in healthcare. These consequences include: patients’ inability to become engaged and involved in their care; the absence of crucial information—including cultural information—essential to healthcare quality; risks to patient safety arising from the misunderstanding of physician instructions; and ethical and legal lapses stemming from the absence of informed consent. Addressing healthcare rights necessarily entails coming to grips with how to facilitate communication and the exchange of information between the healthcare system and an increasingly diverse patient population.The history of language access services in healthcare is grounded in two distinct bodies of law: the law of informed consent and civil rights law. Modern notions of informed consent law—which have their roots in the Nuremberg trials of the late 1940s—would recognize a cause of action in tort where a lack of adequate communication creates a barrier to an LEP patient's ability to consent to care. In modern healthcare law, the ability of patients to affirmatively give informed consent to treatment is considered a fundamental element of healthcare quality.

Experimentation on Human Subjects

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Veatch ◽  
Amy Haddad ◽  
E. J. Last
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Nuremberg Code ◽  
Subject Selection ◽  
Research Guidelines ◽  
Voluntary Consent ◽  
Nuremberg Trials ◽  
Privacy And Confidentiality ◽  
International Document

This chapter examines ethical issues in research involving human subjects. The Nuremberg trials, which exposed to all humankind the outrageous things that could be done in the name of medical science, led to the Nuremberg Code, the first international document from public sources setting out an ethic for research on human subjects. Basic differences are outlined between the goals of therapy for the good of a patient and those of research that focus on attainment of knowledge and the good of society. To protect the interests of human subjects who take part in research, guidelines such as the Declaration of Helsinki have been established for assessing risks and benefits, voluntary consent, protection of privacy and confidentiality, and equity in subject selection. The chapter focuses on the difficulty in calculating harms and benefits to subjects and challenges of obtaining informed consent for participation in research.

Person and ethics of a psychiatrist during National Socialism: Friedrich Meggendorfer (1880–1953)

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Braun
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Career Choices ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Biographical Data ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Archive Material

Evaluation of sources not previously considered makes it possible to describe Friedrich Meggendorfer’s role as a National Socialist university psychiatrist. Relevant archive material and literature were both assessed. The gene–hygiene affinity promulgated by Meggendorfer was based on his own scientific interests, early academic influences, and also positive reinforcement from his career choices. His application of scientific knowledge in the legitimization of National Socialist jurisdiction reflects a dark facet in Meggendorfer’s life. One can also criticize his ethics in failing to use his eugenics expertise to stop ‘euthanasia’. Future studies into the history of the ethical aspects of Nazi psychiatry should benefit from the setting up of criteria for the collection of biographical data. This would render comparisons and contrasts fairer and more stable.

scholarly journals Attitudes and Knowledge of Adolescents in Jordan Regarding the Ethics of Social Media Data Use for Research Purposes

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Hiba Wazeer Al Zou’bi ◽  
Moawiah Khatatbeh ◽  
Karem H. Alzoubi ◽  
Omar F. Khabour ◽  
Wael K. Al-Delaimy
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Data Use ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Social Media Data ◽  
Attitudes And Knowledge ◽  
Media Data ◽  
Research Studies

This study assessed the awareness and attitudes of adolescents in Jordan concerning the ethics of using their social media data for scientific studies. Using an online survey, 393 adolescents were recruited (mean age: 17.2 years ± 1.8). The results showed that 88% of participants were using their real personal information on social media sites, with males more likely to provide their information than females. More than two thirds of participants (72.5%) were aware that researchers may use their data for research purposes, with the majority believing that informed consent must be obtained from both the adolescents and their parents. However, more than three quarters of those surveyed (76%) did not trust the results of research that depended on collecting data from social media. These findings suggest that adolescents in Jordan understood most of the ethical aspects related to the utilization of their data from social media websites for research studies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document