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Author(s):  
D. B. Rahmetov ◽  
N. V. Zaimenko ◽  
S. M. Kovtun-Vodyanytska ◽  
O. A. Korablyova ◽  
O. M. Vergun ◽  
...  

Intr0ducti0n. Because plants are an important factor in the existence of the biosphere and life on Earth, plant resources are an invaluable asset that requires comprehensive study, conservation and rational use in the context of global climate change. Matcrials and mcth0ds. The subject of research was the collection of spice, essential, medicinal, energy, oilseeds, sugar plants. The object of the study was the process of introduction, selection, conservation and enrichment of genetic resources of energy and aromatic plants. Methods of introduction, acclimatization, adaptation, selection, biotech- nology are used. Physiological, biochemical, allelopathic, and ecological methods were also used. Rcsults and discus- si0n. For many years of introduction and selection work in the department of cultural flora of NBG collected valuable gene pool of useful plants (about 2000 taxa) part of which, namely “Collection Fund of Energy and Aromatic Plants of the National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ” (over 1500 samples) is included in the List of scientific objects that make up the National Heritage.The structure and features of the scientific object (systematic, morphological-biological, botanical-geographical, ecological) are comprehensively studied and the social and economic significance of the respective groups of useful plants is assessed. About 100 varieties have been created by various selection and genetic methods, which are recommended for growing in all agro-climatic zones of Ukraine. For the first time, about 50 new highly productive economically valuable crops from the collection fund have been introduced into the State Reg- ister of Plant Varieties of Ukraine. Based on the use of the collection fund, about 50 promising phytotechnologies for the production of biofuels, food products and phytomedicines have been developed. For the first time in Ukraine more than 40 Methods of examination of varieties of new energy and aromatic crops for difference, homogeneity and stability have been developed. C0nclusi0ns. As a result of many years of introductory and selection-genetic work in the department of cultural flora of the NBG, the “Collection Fund of Energy and Aromatic Plants” was created — as a scientific object that is a National Heritage. Important scientific and practical results on the preservation, enrichment and use of the collection have been obtained.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1468795X2110026
Author(s):  
Adam Baczko ◽  
Gilles Dorronsoro

Building on Marx and Weber, Bourdieu developed a sociology for scrutinizing the processes of domination and accumulation that allow social reproduction to take place. Yet, Bourdieu rarely tackled the breakdowns of social orders and never construed war as a scientific object, even if he signaled the theoretical interest in an inverse sociogenesis of the state. Despite this limitation, we argue that his work furnishes conceptual instruments for thinking about change and remains heuristic for understanding the dynamics of civil wars. These extreme situations in return let us rethink some of the theory’s central concepts (fields, habitus, capital). Thus, in succession we examine Bourdieu’s definition of the state (which fits into the Weberian tradition), explain the consequences of defining civil war as a violent competition between social orders, and end with an exploration of the social impacts of civil war on habitus.


2021 ◽  
pp. 030631272098593
Author(s):  
Madeleine Pape

In 2016 the US National Institutes of Health introduced a policy mandating consideration of Sex as a Biological Variable (SABV) in preclinical research. In this article, I ask what, precisely, is meant by the designation of sex as a ‘biological variable’, and how has its inclusion come to take the form of a policy mandate? Given the well documented complexity of ‘sex’ and the degree to which it is politically and scientifically contested, its enactment via policy as a biological variable is not a given. I explore how sex is multiply enacted in efforts to legitimate and realize the SABV policy and consider how the analytical lens of co-production sheds light on how and why this occurs. I show that the policy works to reassert scientific and political order by addressing two institutional concerns: the so-called reproducibility crisis in preclinical research, and pervasive gender inequality across the institution of biomedicine. From here, the entity that underpins this effort – sex as a biological variable – becomes more than one thing, with enactments ranging from an assigned category, to an outcome, to a causal biological force in its own right. Sex emerges as simultaneously entangled with yet distinct from gender, and binary (female/male) yet complex in its variation. I suggest that it is in the very attempt to delineate natural from social order, and in the process create the conditions to privilege a particular kind of science and account of embodied difference, that ontological multiplicity becomes readily visible. That this multiplicity goes unrecognized points to the unifying role of an overarching ideological commitment to sex as a presumed binary and biological scientific object, the institutional dominance of which is never guaranteed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-141
Author(s):  
Olga V. Popova ◽  

The purpose of the article is to study the influence of Nazi experiments on the formation of ideas about the ethos of science in the field of biomedicine. It is shown that the idea of discrediting a value-neutral science was often confronted with the resistance of the scientists themselves, who, in different contexts of condemning Nazi crimes, appealed to the fact that they acted for the good of science, and even of all mankind. The article discusses the strategy of American lawyers adopted at the Nuremberg Trials aimed at demonstrating the perversity of Nazi crimes in the field of biomedicine both ethically and scientifically. In addition, an analysis of individual materials of the Nuremberg process was carried out, which made it possible to give an idea of the scientific and linguistic design of the human body (name correction strategy) as a “correct” scientific object with desired properties. The article considers the influence of the data obtained on Nazi crimes on the formation of the content of the Nuremberg Code and the design of the principle of informed consent in biomedicine. Ethical aspects related to the further use of Nazi scientific data are also considered. In conclusion, the problem of the formation of scientific knowledge in non-violence mode is articulated.


Author(s):  
О. D. Agapov ◽  

The scientific novelty of this article is based on the application of the methods of socio-historical epistemology to the processes of institutionalization of religious studies as a scientific object. Religious studies has reached a high, mature level of institutional, theoretical, methodological, sociocultural, and existential development which is expressed in the competition of different methodological strategies or a variety of methodological means which allow us to form a scientific approach towards religious phenomena. In particular, this article covers several aspects which testify to the “maturity” of religious studies as a socio-humanitarian science, namely: a) competition among three research strategies – objectivist, interpretative, and preformistic ones; b) competition between the naturalistic and the anti-naturalistic programs; c) a dispute among faculties and communities (scientific disciplines as leaders and outsiders); d)a struggle for legitimacy among the paradigms of secularization, desecularization, and postsecularization. The author has come to the conclusion that religious studies, being a part of a general project for the development of the social / social sciences, enters a post-secular stage which opens new theoretical and methodological possibilities for researching the sphere of the religious, the sacred, the numinous. One of the important steps for further methodological progress is the deconstruction of the paradigms of secularism and “de-secularism”, the process of building a more flexible and systematic methodological strategy for studying the field of religious phenomena.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-244
Author(s):  
Yusriyadi Yusriyadi

The development of legal science and law enforcement is one of the main issues in many countries. The focus of this writing is positivism and its implication towards legal science and law enforcement. Two problems are proposed in this writing there are the implication of positivism towards legal science and law enforcement and the development of legal science and law enforcement ideally. To analyze the problems, socio-legal concept and approach are applied. The analysis found that there is an implication of positivism towards legal science and law enforcement. The implication is more negative than positive. Legal science has turned into a practical science with scientific object limited to legal regulation (lege, lex), while law enforcement has turned into being formalistic and legalistic in nature, and no longer a search of justice and expediency. From the findings, it is concluded with a recommendation of an ideal model of legal science and enforcement, which is called integration/harmonization model. To achieve this ideal model, a change of mindset from mere formalistic-legalistic positivism into a new mindset of integration/harmonization of idealism, positivism, and sociological schools of thought is required..


Author(s):  
Beate Krais ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu

Abstract  In 1968 École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales and Mouton Éditeurs published the book Le métier de sociologue. Préalables épistemologiques by Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-Claude Chamboredon og Jean-Claude Passeron. In 1991, 23 years later Walter de Gruyter published, at the same time, a German and an slightly edited English version of the second edition of the French original. Especially the number of illustrative texts was reduced. Connected to the publishing Pierre Bourdieu was interviewed by Beate Krais from "Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung". She asked Bourdieu to explain the genesis of Le métier de sociologue, the positions within the sociological research milieu the book is related to, and what happened since then. In the interview especially two of Bourdieu's demands for sociology to be a science are in focus, the construction of the scientific object and the double break.


2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1805) ◽  
pp. 20190439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Boyer ◽  
Pierre Liénard

Ritual is not a proper scientific object, as the term is used to denote disparate forms of behaviour, on the basis of a faint family resemblance. Indeed, a variety of distinct cognitive mechanisms are engaged, in various combinations, in the diverse interactions called ‘rituals’ – and each of these mechanisms deserves study, in terms of its evolutionary underpinnings and cultural consequences. We identify four such mechanisms that each appear in some ‘rituals’, namely (i) the normative scripting of actions; (ii) the use of interactions to signal coalitional identity, affiliation, cohesiveness; (iii) magical claims based on intuitive expectations of contagion; and (iv) ritualized behaviour based on a specific handling of the flow of behaviour. We describe the cognitive and evolutionary background to each of these potential components of ‘rituals’, and their effects on cultural transmission. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours'.


Author(s):  
Maria Aparecida Cruz de Oliveira

Through Walter D. Mignolo’s (2003) concept of “border thinking”, I discuss the urgency of the observation that the valuation of the object of knowledge and art, like literature, is not associated with the predications of the object itself, but exclusively in relation to the place of enunciation (from where the discourse comes from and who formulates it). In a context of coloniality of knowledge, it is the self of discourse that indicates the value of the artistic and scientific object and, consequently, establishes the distribution of the legitimate place of production. And it is obvious that in the history of artistic and scientific production, the place of enunciation allowed has always been the First World, where art and science have always been produced by whites, more specifically, white men. The idea is also to show how Ana Maria Gonçalves in Um defeito de corquestions the literary canon through a poetics with epistemic diversity and how it becomes the place for the production of “another thought” (border thinking).


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