Introduction: rural credit

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Agrarian Economy ◽  
Recent Growth ◽  
The People ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Medieval Europe

This book focuses on the credit dealings of medieval Europe. In medieval Europe, manor courts served as private jurisdictions by the landlords which were attended by the peasants to hear and settle their private lawsuits, many of which were concerned about debts. The long lists of manorial court rolls which were predominantly concerned with debt disputes prove the existence of large numbers of credit relationships within the medieval villages of Europe. Yet, despite the abundance of materials and the recent growth in research on this material, no extensive studies have been conducted on medieval credit relationships. This book is the first extensive and detailed investigation of credit in the countryside of medieval Europe. Rural credit is a subject matter that demands closer attention as it gives a glimpse of the function of credit in an agrarian economy. It also sheds light on the socio-economic conditions of the medieval villages which were predominantly battered by poverty. It also has contemporary relevance as it provides insight on the provision of microcredit as a tool for eradicating, if not alleviating, poverty, and for giving gains to those in less developed countries. Addressed in this book are: who were the people, creditors, and debtors involved in the credit relationships of Europe; and why the debts came about. The book also evaluates the changing availability of village credit in various forms, analyses the role of credit in relations between families and individuals, and tackles the terms and conditions attached to credit transactions.

scholarly journals MENYIKAPI GLOBALISASI HUKUM TANAH DENGAN KEARIFAN LOKAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Rina Rohayu H
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Land Law ◽  
Legal Intervention ◽  
The People ◽  
The Law ◽  
Globalization Of Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Customary Land

Land given to and owned by people with rights provided by the UUPA is to be used and utilized. The granting and possession of land with these rights will not be meaningful if its use is limited to land as the surface of the earth. The land also has a significant role in the dynamics of development. According to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia NRI,  "earth and water are natural resources contained therein controlled by the state and used for the greatest prosperity of the people." This research uses a normative juridical approach that is research based on the rules / according to the law because this research focused on the use of document studies and literature or secondary data. The research specification used is descriptive-analytic, which describes the law of the land in the era of globalization based on local wisdom. The results of the study illustrate that the role of the land ruling state, which used for the prosperity of the people, is regulated under Law No. 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles (UUPA).On the other hand, the globalization of law is nothing more than a legal intervention from developed countries towards developing countries in order to adjust their laws globally. One way to address the problem of globalization of land law is to reaffirm local wisdom. In other words, they are upholding the customary provisions related to land. Example: provisions of customary land. Customary land is communal land that is jointly owned and thus does not need to be certified.Keywords: globalization, land law, local wisdomABSTRAKTanah diberikan kepada dan dipunyai oleh orang dengan hak-hak yang disediakan oleh UUPA, adalah untuk digunakan dan dimanfaatkan. Diberikannya dan dipunyainya tanah dengan hak-hak tersebut tidak akan bermakna, jika penggunaannya terbatas hanya pada tanah sebagai permukaan bumi saja. Tanah juga mempunyai peranan yang besar dalam dinamika pembangunan. Undang-undang Dasar 1945 menjelaskan bahwa “Bumi dan air dan kekayaan alam yang terkandung didalamnya dikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan untuk sebesar-besar kemakmuran rakyat.” Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif yaitu penelitian yang didasarkan kepada kaidah-kaidah/menurut hukum, oleh karena penelitian ini dititik-beratkan pada penggunaan studi dokumen dan bahan pustaka atau data sekunder. Spesifikasi penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analitis yang menggambarkan tentang hukum tanah di era globalisasi berdasarkan kearifan lokal. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan bahwa peran negara penguasa tanah yang digunakan untuk kemakmuran masyarakat diatur berdasarkan Undang-undang No. 5 tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria (UUPA). Disisi lain, globalisasi hukum tak lebih sebagai intervensi hukum dari negara maju terhadap negara berkembang agar menyesuaikan hukumnya secara global. Salah satu cara menyikapi persoalan globalisasi hukum tanah ini adalah dengan menegaskan kembali kearifan lokal. Dengan kata lain, menegakkan kembali ketentuan-ketentuan adat terkait dengan tanah. Misalnya ketentuan tanah ulayat. Tanah ulayat merupakan tanah komunal milik bersama, dengan demikian tidak perlu disertifikatkan.

scholarly journals A Methodology for Providing Individualised Computer-generated Feedback to Students

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Michael Lambiris
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Constructive Feedback ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Student’S Performance ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

The traditional way of providing feedback to students after tests or assignments is labour-intensive. This paper explains the concepts and techniques used by the author to build computer-based applications that analyse students’ answers and generate individualised, detailed and constructive feedback. The paper explains how the data gathered from a student’s answers can be combined with other knowledge about the subject matter being taught, and the specific test questions, to create computerised routines that evaluate the individual student’s performance. This information can be presented in ways that help students to assess their progress, both in relation to their acquired knowledge in specified areas of study, and with regard to their ability to exercise relevant skills. In this way, appropriate feedback can be provided to large numbers of students quickly and efficiently. The same techniques can be used to provide information to the instructor about the performance of the group as a whole, with a degree of detail and accuracy that exceeds the impressions usually gained through traditional marking. The paper also explains the role of the subject instructor in designing and creating feedback-generating applications. The methodologies described provide insight into the details of the process and are a useful basis for further experimentation and development.

Multinationals and Health: Reflections on the Seveso Catastrophe

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan-Ramon Laporte
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam War ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The People ◽  
The Vietnam War ◽  
Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

On July 10, 1976, a cloud of vaporized products containing dioxin escaped from a deposit of a plant of the Icmesa firm in the northern suburbs of Milan. The fallout was deposited on a vast zone in the municipalities of Desio, Seveso, Meda, and Cesano. Dioxin was not the desired product of the industrial process, but rather an impurity which generally accompanies trichlorophenol, and, to a smaller extent, the products synthesized from trichlorophenol. Among these there are hexachlorophene and the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, which was used as a defoliant in the Vietnam War. After describing toxicological properties of dioxin, this paper examines the role of multinational corporations and of capitalist governments in exploiting not only the people of underdeveloped lands, but also workers of developed countries, transforming into capital not only the increased value of man, but also the conditions, harmfulness, and risks of work.

The Economic Crisis Caused Bythe Pandemic Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Domingues Pelembe ◽  
Dembele Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
The People ◽  
The World

The purpose of the study is to identify the economic crisis caused by the pandemic covid-19. This study discusses about the economic conditions gets a demographic bonus amidst the spread of the Covid-19 virus, the government's role in handling the economic crisis during the Covid-19 pandemic, the role of the community, especially the people who are part of the demographic bonus in responding to the economic crisis during the Covid-19 pandemic.This is the first virus to spread throughout the world and cause many problems such as social, economic and cause increased mortality (death) in society. This virus spreads very well and the symptoms you feel are generally fever, fatigue and dry cough. As a result of this virus pandemic, there are problems that are felt by various groups, including the upper, middle and lower classes and effect to the economic crisis.

scholarly journals PERAN FATWA MUI DALAM PENANGGULANGAN WABAH COVID-19 DAN DAMPAKNYA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Moh. Dliya’ul Chaq
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The People ◽  
The World

Abstract: The Covid-19 that emerged since December 2019 in Wuhan China has subsequently spread throughout the world and is determined to be a global pandemic on March 11, 2020 by WHO. One of the efforts to break the chain of the spread of Covid-19 in Indonesia was carried out with Large-Scale Social Restrictions on March 31, 2020. This had an impact on the economic conditions of the community at large. This condition encourages MUI to issue legal fatwas related to handling Covid-19 and its impact through the implementation of zakat. By looking at the role of the fatwa, several conclusions can be formulated, first that the MUI fatwa Number 23 of 2020 is a quick-responsive and effective effort that plays a clear role in overcoming the danger of difficulties in fulfilling the necessities of life that are being experienced by the people of the Covid-19 pandemic era so that life humans and the continuity of religion is maintained. This fatwa is in accordance with the logic of the theory of closing the opportunity for danger (sadd al-dzari'ah) which aims to save human life (hifdz al-nafs) and the continuity of religion (hifdz al-din). Second, that the MUI fatwa Number 23 of 2020 acts as a medium for social change needed during the Covid-19 pandemic era.

Lincoln and the Negro

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arna Bontemps
Keyword(s):  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
The Other ◽  
American Colonization Society ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The People ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Points Of View

This chapter discusses the role of Abraham Lincoln in the fight against slavery in Illinois. Among the people who abhorred slavery were some who objected to having large numbers of Negroes for neighbors. Two types of anti-slavery sentiment arose, one based upon moral principles and the other upon economic principles. There were those who advocated abolition to elevate the Negro to citizenship and those who objected to slavery merely because it was an economic evil. This chapter considers the divided opinion on the problem of the freed Negro, led by the American Colonization Society, who disseminated propaganda against the Negro, and Lincoln, who was sympathetic toward the plan to colonize freed Negroes. It also examines how Lincoln, an astute politician, steered a course midway between the two points of view, and concludes with a look at his friendship with William de Fleurville of Springfield.

Philosophical Foundations

2019 ◽  
pp. 105-131
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
General Duty ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Law ◽  
Proper Subject ◽  
Do So

Enacting rules is an obvious way for authorities to guide behaviour and set standards for large numbers of people. Imposing sanctions, in turn, is an obvious way to help ensure compliance with rules. The role of judicial orders (remedies) is less obvious. What is the point of ordering defendants to do things when the law has, or could have, rules that tell individuals to do the same things and sanctions that it can impose when rules fail to motivate? Chapter 5 explores this question. It argues that judicial orders provide distinctive reasons to perform the actions they stipulate, reasons that differ in kind from those provided by either rules or sanctions. Like duty-imposing rules—but unlike sanctions—orders purport to give rise to duties to perform the actions they describe. However, the explanation of how such duties arise differs as between rules and orders. Duty-imposing rules are propositions about, and constitutive of, the existence of duties. When courts assert such rules, they presume ‘declarative authority’—the authority to declare that, by virtue of the assertion (or ‘declaration’), something is the case, here that a certain duty exists. In contrast, orders are imperative statements: they command the performance of particular actions. Insofar as orders give rise to duties to perform the actions they stipulate, they do so indirectly, by virtue of a presumed general duty to obey orders. In presuming this general duty, the law invokes ‘directive authority’—the authority to command obedience. Because these forms of authority are different, orders can provide new reasons to do things that rules already require and, as well, reasons to do things that are not a proper subject matter for rules.

To Study the Spread Curve of Corona Virus in India

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patnaik Amit ◽  
Sinha Anita ◽  
Oraon Vinay ◽  
Srivastava Anjani Kumar ◽  
Kumar Jyoti
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Immune Resistance ◽  
Humid Condition ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The People ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Genetic Form

Background: It's surprising that all the developed countries across the world is reeling under death due to the Corona virus infection cases (COVID 19) but a developing country like India with second largest population still here the casualty is very less and recovery rate is very high most probably due to the strong immunity of the people, vaccination regime for other diseases and hot and humid condition of the country. Main Findings: However, the greatest number of cases are in State of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujrat, Uttar Pradesh and Telangana mainly the Western, Central and Southern part of the country surprisingly the Eastern part of the country have a less number of active cases and also the mortality except West Bengal. Conclusion: In State of Jharkhand very less number of active cases i.e., 513 and mortality is only 42, are there any role of geographical condition or there is some strong genetic form so that the inhabitants are having very strong immune resistance to develop the infection initiated by the virus. In this review, these questions are in focus and may be solved.

scholarly journals Dynamics Of Moral Relations In Uzbekistan: Social And Philosophical Aspect

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (12) ◽  
pp. 375-381
Author(s):  
Khakimov Erkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Spiritual Culture ◽  
The People ◽  
Philosophical Aspect ◽  
Subjective Factor ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The article is dedicated to the problems of transformation of morality relations in Uzbekistan after gaining independence. The goals and objectives are to analyze and identify the main trends in the development of moral relations in Uzbekistan. The work aims to show main factors influencing this process. This is relevant for the reason that the success of reforms depends on these trends and their consideration in the process of reforming society, since the role of the subjective factor, that is, the people who carry out these reforms is very great. The dynamics of the socio-economic conditions of the life of people causes the transformation of the system of values that was fixed in the spiritual culture, and the moral relations that have developed in society. The “old” values are replaced by “new” ones and a new configuration of their subordination is being built.

Localization of Intracisternal a Particle Antigens in Neoplastic Cells and Preimplantation Mouse Embryos

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 696-697
Author(s):  
Thomas T.F. Huang ◽  
Patricia G. Calarco
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Neoplastic Cells ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Preimplantation Mouse Embryos ◽  
Preimplantation Mouse ◽  
Intracisternal A Particle ◽  
Normal Feature

The stage specific appearance of a retravirus, termed the Intracisternal A particle (IAP) is a normal feature of early preimplantation development. To date, all feral and laboratory strains of Mus musculus and even Asian species such as Mus cervicolor and Mus pahari express the particles during the 2-8 cell stages. IAP form by budding into the endoplasmic reticulum and appear singly or as groups of donut-shaped particles within the cisternae (fig. 1). IAP are also produced in large numbers in several neoplastic cells such as certain plasmacytomas and rhabdomyosarcomas. The role of IAP, either in normal development or in neoplastic behavior, is unknown.

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