scholarly journals Comparison of Health Care Expenditure Patterns between Various Income Deciles: Iran Urban Households (2009–2014)

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306
Author(s):  
Abbas Assari Arani ◽  
Hessam Mardantabar ◽  
Loft Ali Agheli ◽  
Ghahreman Abdoli
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Expenditure Patterns ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract This study estimates and compares healthcare expenditure patterns of different income deciles of urban households by ordinary least square (OLS) method. Data is obtained from houshold survey data and includes healthcare expenditure, family income, the education level of parents, number of children and the average age of parents during 2009-2014. The purpose is to identify the effectiveness of each variable on healthcare expenditure between different income deciles. Moreover, it will be examined that if there is any significant difference between effects of variables on healthcare expenditure in different income deciles. The results indicate that the pattern of healthcare expenditure varies between different income deciles. The first and second deciles show a similar pattern and the level of education of parents doesn’t have any significant effect on the healthcare expenditure. In these deciles, a percent increase in family income, increases the healthcare expenditure less than 1 percent. In addition, other variables except than the education level have a positive effect on the healthcare expenditure. On the other hand, almost the same pattern is observed in other income deciles as well. Thus, family income, the average age of parents and number of children demonstrated a positive effect on healthcare expenditure and the education level of parents showed a negative effect. This finding seems to be related to the preventive effects of education. What’s more is that in the ninth and tenth deciles, a percent increase in family income, leads to more than 1 percent increase in healthcare expenditure. Therefore, the most prominent suggestion to healthcare authorities is to improve the level of awareness of family. And also, this instruction can be categorize base on the average age of parents. This could be done through government agencies or insurance authorities.

scholarly journals Family Factors Associated with Selected Childhood Nutrition Aspects in Central Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 541
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Zadka ◽  
Ewelina Pałkowska-Goździk ◽  
Danuta Rosołowska-Huszcz
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Family Factors ◽  
Fried Food ◽  
Childhood Nutrition ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Fast Food Restaurants

Childhood diet has a significant influence on diet-related diseases in adulthood, so an understanding of environmental influences on nutrition, is important. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to indicate family factors associated with some aspects of children’s nutrition in Central Poland. A questionnaire was used to investigate 892 mothers’ approach to breastfeeding, frequency of eating with children at fast food restaurants, and serving them snacks, sugary drinks, and fried food. Prevalence of dental caries among children, based on the mothers’ self-assessment, was also assessed. Majority of the mothers breastfed for a period not longer than six months. There was a positive association between breastfeeding duration and mothers’ education level and the number of children in a family. Sweets were used as a reward, more often among younger children and in families with higher number of children. The frequency of consumption of sweet beverages rose with the child’s age and decreased with mother’s education level and family income. It was also more frequent in rural areas. Most children received snacks and fried food at least once a week. There was a negative association between eating with parents at fast food restaurants and, both, the number of children in the family and living in a village. Fast food consumption rose with the mother’s education level and family income. Prevalence of dental caries according to mothers’ declarations was much lower than in national studies but was associated with frequent consumption of snacks and sweet beverages in the examined population. Extensive activities to reduce the occurrence of dental caries at the national level and education concerning the role of a family environment in providing a proper childhood nutrition, with a special emphasis on breastfeeding benefits, seems necessary for Polish parents. Designing community-wide education campaigns referencing population-based programs and other health and disease prevention activities, need to be promoted.

Customer experience quality and demographic variables (age, gender, education level, and family income) in retail stores

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 940-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Deshwal
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Customer Experience ◽  
Retail Store ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Retail Stores ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gender Education

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on ascertaining whether and how groups based on demographic variables (age, gender, education level, and family income) differs for dimensions of customer experience quality in the Indian retail store context. Design/methodology/approach A 23 items instrument was distributed to retail store customers. Demographic variables were age, gender, education level, and family income. Finally, the analysis was performed on 346 responses. ANOVA test was performed to find out the significant difference between the groups based on demographic variables with respect to components of customer experience quality in the Indian retail store context. Findings Analysis revealed that some categories of demographic variables differ with respect to dimensions of customer experience quality in the Indian retail store context. Originality/value Authors believe that this is the first study, which applies EXQ model in India retail context.

scholarly journals Effects of Regenerated Sportive Activities on the Empathic Tendency of Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Mehibe Akandere ◽  
Fatma Arslan ◽  
Evrim Cakmakci
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Program ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Aerobic Dance ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Exercising Women ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
One Way Anova

The purpose of this study is to determine the levels of empathy for regularly exercising women and to determine whether empathy levels differ according to some variables.The study is planned as a single group pretest-posttest. 178 sedentary and healthy adult women participated in the study as a volunteer. Aerobic-Dance Exercise program was applied to the participants 60 minutes a day, 3 days per week for 8 weeks; then, The Empathic Tendency Scale (EQS) were filled at the beginning and at the end of the exercise program. The validity and reliability study of the scale was conducted by Dokmen (1988).Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.00 software was used in the analysis of the data obtained from the research. One way ANOVA was used to determine the differences between the groups when the data showed normal distribution and after the homogeneity of the variances was tested, the Tukey test was used for differences between the groups and the error level was taken as 0.05.When the findings are examined; the mean score of " Empathic Tendency " according to the marital status, the study status and the number of children of the participants was statistically significant in the pretest-posttest after the exercise program (p<0.005). But, there was no statistically significant difference between the group's comparisons in terms of the “Empathic Tendency "(p>0.05). As a result, it was seen that exercise had a positive effect on the "Empathic Tendency” levels of the women participating in the study.

scholarly journals Attitudes Towards Learning English Among The Aliya Madrasah Students in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Rashed Md Mahbuber Rahman ◽  
Ilyana Jalaluddin ◽  
Zalina Mohd Kasim ◽  
Ramiza Darmi
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Demographic Profiles ◽  
Monthly Family Income ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
Behavioral Attitudes ◽  
Parents Education ◽  
Learning English ◽  
Attitudes Towards Learning

Affective variables such as attitude, autonomy, motivation, self-esteem, and anxiety are crucial among the factors that contribute to learning a second/foreign language. Among them, one of the most important factors in inspiring learners to learn a language is their attitudes towards learning. The purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive, emotional as well as behavioral attitudes of Bangladeshi Aliya madrasah students towards learning English. The study also explored the differences in their attitudes towards learning English based on demographic profiles, that is, their gender, their parents’ monthly family income, and their parents’ education level. Data were obtained via questionnaire surveys and they were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics, independent T-test, and one-way ANOVA. The results revealed that the participants demonstrated highly positive cognitive, emotional, and behavioral attitudes towards learning English. The analysis also showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the students’ attitudes towards learning English based on their parents’ monthly family income and their parents’ education level. However, the results presented no significant difference in the students’ attitudes towards learning English in relation to gender. This finding may help teachers to improve their classroom preparation by understanding their students’ attitudes better and making the learning activities easier for them. Moreover, it may inform the students’ attitudes to the authorities and policymakers responsible for devising policy for madrasah education, planning curriculum and designing materials for the madrasah students.

scholarly journals Aliya madrasah students’ motivation for learning English in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-84
Author(s):  
Abu Rashed Md. Mahbuber Rahman ◽  
Ilyana Jalaluddin ◽  
Zalina Mohd Kasim ◽  
Ramiza Darmi
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Monthly Family Income ◽  
Motivation For Learning ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Integrative Motivation ◽  
Level Of Motivation ◽  
Parents Education ◽  
Learning English

The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors and level of motivation for learning English among Aliya madrasah students in Bangladesh. The study also explored to find out the differences in students’ motivation for learning English as L2 based on the gender of the students, parents’ education level, and monthly family income of their parents. The data for this study was collected via a questionnaire survey among 300 participants selected through a simple random method from six Aliya madrasahs. The Adapted Attitude Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) questionnaire of Gardner (1985, 2004) was employed in this study. The data for this study was analysed quantitatively such as descriptive statistics, independent sample T-test, and one-way ANOVA using (SPSS) version 25 as a statistical tool. The results showed that most of the students were instrumentally motivated for learning English than integrative motivation and their motivation level was high. The analysis also showed that there was a statistically significant difference in their motivation for learning English based on their parents' monthly family income, and their parents' education level. However, the result revealed no significant difference in their motivation for learning English with regard to gender. On the basis of the results, the implications were discussed concerning students’ motivation for learning English

scholarly journals Examining the correlation between resilience levels and math and science process skills of 5-year-old preschoolers

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-228
Author(s):  
Yasin Tok ◽  
Merve Ünal
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Process Skills ◽  
Mathematical Skills ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Science Process Skills ◽  
Science Process Skill ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mathematics And Science

The aim of this study is to determine whether the resilience levels and mathematics and science process skills of 5-year-old preschoolers vary significantly based on independent variables (gender, number of siblings, education level of the mother, education level of the father, and family income level) and to detect the correlations between them. The sample of the study consisted of 384 children. "Child Information Form, Risk Factors List, Early Childhood Resilience Scale, Early Childhood Mathematics Education Content Standards Scale, and Science Observation Form" were used as data collection tools. In the study, it was determined that there was a significant difference between the resilience levels of children and gender, education level of the father, and family income level. A significant difference was observed between the mathematical skills of the children and the number of siblings, parental education level, and family income level. Also, a significant difference was determined between the science process skill levels of the children and the number of siblings, family income level, and father's education level. There was a moderate positive correlation between resilience and mathematical skills and a high positive correlation between resilience and science process skills. In addition, it was concluded that the resilience levels of children were a significant predictor of their mathematics and science process skill levels.

scholarly journals Nutrition Knowledge Levels of Male Boxers in Junior Category

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Ozturk Agirbas ◽  
Erdil Keyf ◽  
Eser Aggon ◽  
Murat Ozan
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Nutrition Knowledge ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Nutritional Knowledge ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Knowledge Levels ◽  
Level Scale ◽  
Positive Effect

The purpose of this study is to determine the nutritional habits and nutritional knowledge levels of athletes competing in the boxing junior men category (15-16 years old). The sample of the study consists of athletes within the age group of 15-16 competing in the Turkish High School Junior Men's Boxing Championship. The nutrition level scale was applied to the athletes. The data were analysed using Independent Student T test and one-way variance analysis. The majority of the boxers involved in the study were found to be fed enough, received four fundamental food groups on a balanced basis in their meals, made changes in their diet on the days they do sports, paid attention to their pre-workout and post-workout nutrition, and thought that regular nutrition has a positive effect on performance, in addition, it was found that the scale scores were moderate according to the age of sports, national athlete status, weight, nutrition, eating four fundamental food groups of meals, taking care of nutrition during their days and after training, it was also found that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups, that there was a positive effect on the performance of regular nutrition with the boxers who paid attention to pre-workout nutrition and that the boxers with higher nutritional knowledge were significantly higher than the others, and that the nutritional knowledge levels were also influenced by their family income levels. In this research, it can be said that the nutrition knowledge levels of star men boxers are in moderate level and it can be said that the levels of knowledge, especially those with national athlete status and high sports age, is not different from others, in contrast to expectations.

scholarly journals COMPARING SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF MOTHER AND CHILDREN WITH LEPROSY IN ENDEMIC AND NON-ENDEMIC AREAS IN EAST JAVA, INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Flora Ramona Sigit Prakoeswa ◽  
Ghina Shabrina Awanis ◽  
Aini Azizah ◽  
Budi Prasetyo ◽  
Santi Martini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mother’S Education ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Mother's Education

Background: Leprosy is a disease that causes social, psychological, and economic issues. Failure to treat the causes of the immune system dysregulation in endemic areas of leprosy conditions makes the transmission of the bacteria easier. This paper aims to analyze the comparison of family income, occupation types of mothers and fathers, number of children, access to health facilities, and education of mothers, fathers, and children in mothers and children with leprosy in endemic and non-endemic areas. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study by survey was done in both an endemic and a non-endemic area of leprosy in Tuban Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Retrieval of research data was done using interview techniques. Respondents who participated in this study were 106 pairs of mother and child respondents who met the research restriction criteria. Subjects were divided into 5groups based on diagnosis of leprosy and area of living. Bivariate analysis was performed by comparing the independent variables in each group A, B, C, and D with group E. Results:It was found that the variables that differed significantly between the endemic and non-endemic areas were the variable number of children with a p-value=0.004, family income with a p-value=0.049 and the variable mother’s education with a p-value=0.016. Meanwhile, other variables do not have significant difference. Conclusions:We found significant difference on the number of children, father’s education, mother's education, and family income. These variables can be a risk factor for leprosy. To make efforts to prevent the transmission of leprosy, stakeholders should consider these factors.

Family member's awareness of cyber-security concepts and its correlation with the precautionary procedures taken against cyber-attacks during the Coronavirus pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
Najat Malibari
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Average Family ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Family

This research aimed to explore the correlation between family members' awareness of cybersecurity concepts and the precautionary procedures taken against cyberattacks during the Coronavirus pandemic. A descriptive-analytical method was used. Also, a questionnaire was conducted to assess the correlation between family members' awareness of cybersecurity concepts and the precautionary procedure taken against cyberattacks during the Corona pandemic. The study sample consisted of 215 family members, males, females, employed and non-employed, students of different ages and educational levels. The results revealed a significant correlation between family member's awareness of cybersecurity concepts and the precautionary procedures taken against cyberattacks during the Corona pandemic. Besides, a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in the family member's awareness level of the cybersecurity concepts, with some demographic variables (gender, employment status, age, education level, and average family income). Also, there was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in the preventive procedures taken by family members to protect themselves from cyberattacks with the study variables (gender, employment status, age, education level, and average family income).

P-Removal in Completely Mixed Systems

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 325-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
H J. G. W. Donker ◽  
P. Opic ◽  
H. P. de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Mixed System ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Recirculation Flow ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aerobic Reactor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Mixed Systems ◽  
P Removal

Ca. 60 % of the Dutch activated sludge plants consist of completely mixed systems, experiments have been carried out in completely mixed pilot plants to study the biological P-removal. The research was carried out in two pilot plants. The pilot plants consisted of: anaerobic reactor, anoxic reactor, aerobic reactor and a clarifier. All the reactors were completely mixed. Both plants were fed with settled domestic waste water at a sludge loading of 400 and 250 g COD/kg sludge.day respectively. The results are given below:sludge loading (g COD/kg sludge.day)400400250ratio Anaerobic : Anoxic : Aerobic1: 1:2,71:1:4,11:1:2,7P-removal (%)802875N-removal (%)505065COD-removal (%)858585 It has been shown that there is no significant difference between the results at the two different sludge loadings. Remarkable is the difference between the ratio 1:1:2,7 in combination with the internal recirculation flow anoxic-anaerobic of 160 % and the ratio 1:1:4,1 with a recirculation flow of 30 %. During the start-up at a sludge loading of 250 g COD/kg sludge.day and an internal recirculation flow of 30 %, bulking sludge developed almost immediately. The Premoval was completely disturbed. Increasing the internal recirculation flow to 160% had a positive effect on settling properties and P-removal. This investigation has pointed out that a completely mixed system is suitable for biological P-removal, without negatively affecting the nitrification. Important factors in the process are the ratio anaerobic:anoxic:aerobic and the recirculation flows.

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