scholarly journals Thermo-hygrometric modeling using ENVI-met® software to an urban park in Cuiabá – Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Thiago D'Orazio Joaquim ◽  
Jonathan Willian Zangeski Novais ◽  
Levi Pires de Andrade ◽  
Karyna De Andrade Carvalho Rosseti ◽  
Maricéia Tatiana Vilani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The City ◽  
City Park

Climate in urban areas, not under the effect of vegetation, was investigated and its benefits were observed in both vegetated and un-vegetated areas. The objective of this research was to model the air temperature and relative humidity using the Software ENVI-met® in an urban park in Cuiabá. The development of the methodology of this work involved two phases: survey (microclimate) and simulation. The microclimate survey was conducted through a mobile transect, for the periods of January 2014 to March 2014 (hot/wet) and July 2015 to September 2015 (hot/dry). The simulation was developed using ENVI-met® software during these two periods of the year. Generally maximizing the parameters, the ENVI-met® model for microclimate varied in the presence of too much vegetation. Simulations showed an increase in temperature and relative humidity in areas not surrounding the Mãe Bonifacia City Park, and this was particularly apparent in areas laid with asphalt and concrete. Vegetated parks play an important role in how hot climate thermoregulatory agents behave in the city of Cuiabá and the surrounding region.

scholarly journals Future scenarios of thermal bioclimatic conditions in a humid tropical city under urban development

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Vicente De Paulo Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Joel Silva Santos ◽  
Eduardo Rodrigues Viana de Lima ◽  
Romildo Morant de Holanda ◽  
Enio Pereira de Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Mann Kendall Test ◽  
Bioclimatic Conditions ◽  
The City

Urbanization modifies the heat balance in urban areas and has negative effects on landscape, aesthetics, energy efficiency, human health and the inhabitants’ quality of life. This work evaluated future scenarios of bioclimatic conditions for João Pessoa, a humid tropical city in Northeast Brazil. The scenarios were determined based on trends in air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed for the time period from 1968 to 2015. The study was performed for two distinct periods of three months each (dry and wet seasons) using data from weather stations equipped with thermo-hygrometers and cup anemometers located in nine representative areas of the city. Trends in air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and effective temperature index (ET index) time series were evaluated using the Mann-Kendall test. Results indicated that the air temperature showed an increasing trend of 0.34°C/decade, whereas the relative humidity showed a decreasing trend of 0.49%/decade and the wind speed values ranged from 1.3 ms-1 to 3.80 ms-1. These trends are statistically significant according to the Mann-Kendall test (p<0.05). The air temperature increased between the 1980s and 2010s, which corresponds to a period of rapid urbanization of the city. Future environmental conditions in João Pessoa will be determined in accordance with the urbanization processes.

scholarly journals Effect of Vegetation Structure on Urban Climate Mitigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Zdenka Rózová ◽  
Ján Supuka ◽  
Ján Klein ◽  
Matej Jasenka ◽  
Attila Tóth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Street Space ◽  
Vegetation Stand ◽  
The City ◽  
City Park

AbstractVegetation formations are an important component in the urban structure, as they perform a wide range of ecosystem services there. The climate modification to improve the environmental and residential quality of the city is one of the important functions. The paper presents the results of the microclimate assessment in the chosen localities of Nitra town, Slovakia, with an emphasis on the stage and differences in air temperature and relative humidity. The climate elements were measured at 7 spatially different sites (sites A to G), each of them at two comparative sites, vegetation stand and open area. The largest average air temperature difference between the vegetation stand and the non-vegetation area was 1.2 °C at the locality D. The largest air temperature difference in the vegetation stands was measured between the street space (site E) and the city park (F), reaching 2.3–2.5 °C. The relative air humidity reached the highest differences between the park (locality F) and the street space (G) measured at 3:00–8:00. These reached 19.6% to 24.4% with higher relative humidity in the popular city park. The highest differences between the compared habitats were measured at locality G and averaged 9.6% at 04:00 – 07:00 in a preference to a tree canopy. The research results confirmed the importance of the vegetation structures in the process of mitigating the urban climate extremes and the environmental quality improving.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Independent Influences of Land Cover and Humidity on Microscale Urban Air Temperature Variation in Hot Summer: Methods of Path Analysis and Genetic SVR

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1377
Author(s):  
Weifang Shi ◽  
Nan Wang ◽  
Aixuan Xin ◽  
Linglan Liu ◽  
Jiaqi Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Air Temperatures

Mitigating high air temperatures and heat waves is vital for decreasing air pollution and protecting public health. To improve understanding of microscale urban air temperature variation, this paper performed measurements of air temperature and relative humidity in a field of Wuhan City in the afternoon of hot summer days, and used path analysis and genetic support vector regression (SVR) to quantify the independent influences of land cover and humidity on air temperature variation. The path analysis shows that most effect of the land cover is mediated through relative humidity difference, more than four times as much as the direct effect, and that the direct effect of relative humidity difference is nearly six times that of land cover, even larger than the total effect of the land cover. The SVR simulation illustrates that land cover and relative humidity independently contribute 16.3% and 83.7%, on average, to the rise of the air temperature over the land without vegetation in the study site. An alternative strategy of increasing the humidity artificially is proposed to reduce high air temperatures in urban areas. The study would provide scientific support for the regulation of the microclimate and the mitigation of the high air temperature in urban areas.

scholarly journals Diurnal, weekly, seasonal and spatial variabilities in carbon dioxide flux in different urban landscapes in Sakai, Japan

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahito Ueyama ◽  
Tomoya Ando
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Suburban Area ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Urban Center

Abstract. To evaluate CO2 emissions in urban areas and their temporal and spatial variabilities, continuous measurements of CO2 fluxes were conducted using the eddy covariance method at three locations in Sakai, Osaka, Japan. Based on the flux footprint at the measurement sites, CO2 fluxes from the three sites were partitioned into five datasets representing a dense urban center, a moderately urban area, a suburb, an urban park, and a rural area. Distinct biological uptake of CO2 was observed in the suburb, urban park, and rural areas in the daytime, whereas high emissions were observed at dense and moderate urban areas in daytime. Weekday CO2 emissions in the dense urban center and suburban area were approximately 50 % greater than during weekend and holidays, but the other landscapes did not exhibit a clear weekly cycle. Seasonal variations in the urban park, rural area, and suburban area were influenced by vegetation activities, exhibiting the lowest daily emissions or even uptakes during summer months. In contrast, the dense and moderately urban areas exhibited higher emissions in winter and summer months, when emissions significantly increased as air temperature increased in summer and air temperature decreased in winter. Irrespective of the landcover type, all urban landscapes measured in this study acted as net annual CO2 sources, with emissions ranging from 0.5 to 4.9 kg C m−2 yr−1. The magnitude of the annual CO2 emissions was negatively correlated with green fraction; areas with a smaller green fraction had higher annual CO2 emissions. Upscaled flux estimates based on the green fraction indicated that the emissions for the entire city were 3.3 kg C m−2 yr−1, which is equivalent to 0.5 Tg C yr−1 or 1.8 Mt CO2 yr−1 based on the area of the city (149.81 km2). A network of eddy covariance measurements is a powerful tool to evaluate CO2 emissions from urban areas.

Patterns in CO2 exchange to the atmosphere from a borehole located in a Mediterranean karst system (Málaga, southern Spain)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique P. Sanchez-Cañete ◽  
José Benavente ◽  
Cristina Liñan ◽  
Lucía Ojeda ◽  
Iñaki Vadillo
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Vadose Zone ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Geochemical Reactions ◽  
Two Phases

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The vadose zone (VZ), found between the surface and groundwater level, can store massive amounts of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, recording values greater than 60,000 ppm to depths of a few tens of meters. The CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is produced mostly in the first meters of soil due to root respiration and microorganisms and, to a lesser extent, to geochemical reactions. Although commonly CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is produced mostly near the surface, the concentration increases with depth, due mainly to transport in two phases: 1) infiltration of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-enriched water followed by precipitation and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; release in deeper layers, and 2) percolation of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-rich air due to its high density. These transport process contribute to natural CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; accumulation in the VZ, whose storage capacity depends on its thickness and porosity. All this CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; storage can be exchange with the atmosphere mainly determined by differences in the temperature between the internal and external atmosphere.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Here we study a borehole located next to Nerja Cave (M&amp;#225;laga, Spain) developed within fissured and karstified Triassic dolomitic marbles. Our objective is to determine the main drivers involved in subterranean CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exchange with the atmosphere. To do that, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; molar fraction, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction were monitored in the top of the borehole, and were correlated with external variables as air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, rain and sea tides. Results shown that within a few hours, the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; molar fraction can increase ten times more, showing a pattern with two cycles per day. In periods with low CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; molar fraction the air penetrates into the borehole, on the other hand, periods with high CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; values are due to the borehole CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-rich air is moving toward the external atmosphere. We found that the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emitted to the atmosphere by this borehole is several orders of magnitude than the soil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes in this area. Therefore, we need to produce accurate long-term estimates of borehole CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes to improve our understanding of its contribution to local carbon balance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Analysis of the feeding habits of the swallow-tailed hummingbird, Eupetomena macroura (Gmelin, 1788), in an urban park in southeastern Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
MCB. Toledo ◽  
DM. Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Territorial Defense ◽  
The City

The aim of this work was to observe and describe the feeding habits and available food resources of the swallow-tailed hummingbird, Eupetomena macroura. The study was carried out in a municipal park located in the city of Taubaté, in the state of São Paulo. The observations took place between December 2003 and October 2004, recording the following variables: 1) the plant species visited for feeding and territorial defense; 2) the kinds of food resources; and 3) the kinds of flight to procure and obtain food. E. macroura visited 12 plant species. For territorial defense, Mangifera indica was the most visited, whereas Malvaviscus arboreus was most visited for feeding. The foliage was the plant part that received the most frequent visits. In order to obtain nectar, the only species visited was M. arboreus; to obtain arthropods, the species most visited were Mangifera indica and Hymenaea stilbocarpa. In the dry season, the hummingbirds visited flowers, whereas in the rainy season they visited leaves to acquire food. The arthropod groups most frequently found on leafy branches were Homoptera and Psocoptera. Finally, the results of the type of flight analysis showed that flight used to capture food was more often observed than were flights to search for food. In conclusion, these observations suggest that E. macroura shows plasticity in feeding behavior, which can help it to persist in urban areas.

scholarly journals Aumento das temperaturas extremas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e o desvio ocasionado durante um evento de El Niño intenso (Thermal change in the city of Rio de Janeiro and the deviation caused during an intense El Niño event)

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1291
Author(s):  
Henderson Silva Wanderley ◽  
Ronabson Cardoso Fernandes ◽  
André Luiz De Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
The City ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

O processo de urbanização tem o potencial de alterar a característica térmica e aerodinâmica da superfície dos grandes centros urbanos, possibilitando o aumento da temperatura do ar. No entanto, a correlação da intensificação da temperatura do ar em áreas urbanas em resposta a um evento extremo de El Niño é escassa, principalmente no que se refere à cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo visa quantificar as mudanças ocorridas na temperatura do ar (máxima e mínima) na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e o desvio ocasionado às temperaturas extremas durante um evento de El Niño intenso. Os dados de temperatura do ar utilizados referem-se às normais climatológicas nos períodos climatológicos de 1961-1990 e 1980-2010, comparados entre si, e posteriormente, comparou-se as normais climatológicas do período de 1980-2010 com as do El Niño intenso de 2015-2016. Para a análise, dados de temperatura mínima e máxima do ar em uma escala mensal foram comparados. As médias mensais das temperaturas em análise foram submetidas ao ajuste do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, ao teste t de Student e ao teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os resultados mostraram um aumento médio na temperatura do ar mínima (máxima) de +0,66 °C e +0,73 °C (+1,21 °C e +0,90 °C), respectivamente entre os períodos climatológicos e o último período climatológico com o evento El Niño intenso, entretanto, sem diferença estatística para o aumento da média e de sua distribuição.   A B S T R A C TUrbanization process has potential to change the thermal and aerodynamic characteristics of large urban centers surface, allowing the increase of air temperature. However, correlation of air temperature intensification in urban areas in response to an extreme event of El Niño is scarce, especially in relation to the city of Rio de Janeiro. Thus, the objective of this study is to quantify the changes occurred in the air temperature (maximum and minimum) in the city of Rio de Janeiro and the deviation caused to extreme temperatures during an intense event of El Niño. Data of air temperature data refer to the climatological normals in the periods of 1961-1990 and 1980-2010, and intense event of El Niño occurred in 2015-2016. For the analysis, minimum and maximum air temperature data on a monthly scale were compared. Monthly mean values of the air temperature under analysis were adjusted to the Pearson correlation coefficient, Student's t-test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The results showed a mean increase in minimum (maximum) air temperature of +0.66 °C and +0.73 °C (+1.21 °C and +0.90 °C), respectively between the climatological periods and the last climatological period with the intense event of El Niño, however, with no statistical difference for the increase of the mean and its distribution.Keywords: Urban climate, ENSO, air temperature.

scholarly journals Evaluation of nature-based solutions implementation scenarios, using urban surface modelling

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Panagiotakis ◽  
Dionysia Kolokotsa ◽  
Nektarios Chrysoulakis
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The present paper aims to study the impact of Nature Based Solutions (NBS) on the urban environment. The Surface Urban Energy and Water balance Scheme (SUEWS) is used to quantify the impact of NBS in the city of Heraklion, Crete, Greece, a densely built urban area. Local meteorological data and data from an Eddy Covariance flux tower installed in the city center are used for the model simulation and evaluation. Five different scenarios are tested by replacing the city’s roofs and pavements with green infrastructure, i.e., trees and grass, and water bodies. The NBS impact evaluation is based on the changes of air temperature above 2m from the ground, relative humidity and energy fluxes. A decrease of the air temperature is revealed with the highest reduction (2.3%) occurring when the pavements are replaced with grass for all scenarios. The reduction of the air temperature is followed by a decrease in turbulent sensible heat flux. For almost all cases, an increase of the relative humidity is noticed, accompanied by a considerable increase of the turbulent latent heat flux. Therefore, NBS in cities change the energy balance significantly and modify the urban environment for the citizens' benefit.

scholarly journals ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI PERDA RENCANA TATA RUANG WILAYAH DALAM MEWUJUDKAN PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN BERWAWASAN LINGKUNGAN DI KABUPATEN BENGKULU TENGAH

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Wahyu Pratama ◽  
Titiek Kartika ◽  
Yorry Hardayani
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
City Parks ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City ◽  
City Park

This scientific research was conducted to find out the description of the implementation of the Regional Regulation on Regional Spatial Planning in realizing environmentally sustainable development in Bengkulu Tengah Regency. The focus of this research is on the implementation of the policy of providing Green Open Space in the development of urban areas, namely the City Parks that have been built. The method used in this study uses descriptive qualitative methods with a case study approach. Data analysis is based on techniques commonly used in communication messages, namely data collection, data classification, data interpretation and meaning of research results. The results of the study were viewed from four aspects, namely the determination of zoning, licensing issues, choice of incentives and disincentives, and community participation. From this aspect, it is known that in the construction of City Parks as a form of implementation of the policy of providing Green Open Space in the development of urban areas in Bengkulu Regency, the principle of environmentally sustainable development has not been maximally realized. First, the determination of City Park zoning is carried out unilaterally by the government without coordinating with the community. Secondly, the issue of licensing where the construction of the City Park permit location is unknown to the public. Third, the choice of incentives and disincentives provided by the government is still too small and does not prioritize the interests of the community. Finally, the participation of the community in the construction of the City Park is still very lacking because the government is not transparent regarding the development planning that will be carried out.

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