scholarly journals The Universe of Science. The Architectonic Ideas of Science, Sciences and their Parts in Kant

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-45 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Systematic Account ◽  
Fourth Level ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Levels Of Use ◽  
Understanding Of Science ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
The Universe

I argue that Kant has developed a broad systematic account of the architectonic functionality of pure reason that can be used and advanced in contemporary contexts. Reason, in the narrow sense, is responsible for the picture of a well-ordered universe of science consisting of architectonic ideas of science, sciences and parts of sciences. In the first section (I), I show what Kant means by the architectonic ideas by explaining and interrelating the concepts of (a) the faculty of reason, (b) ideas (as principles), (c) method, and (d) sciences of reason. Thereafter (II), I think through his holistic understanding of science and scientific progress and suggest differentiating between four levels of use of architectonic ideas, drawing on the metaphor of a well-structured universe as imagined by Kant in his work on the Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens. I also claim that each possible idea of reason can be (apart from its primary function) additionally regarded as a fourth-level architectonic concept when explicitly conceived as an object of (e. g. philosophical) studies, i. e. from a mere methodological perspective. In the final section (III), I unveil the potential of Kant’s theory by pointing out how this architectonic methodological function of pure reason is tacitly used in Karl-Otto Apel’s contemporary philosophical research programme.

scholarly journals Pico satélite educativo CanSat desarrollado en las plataformas ARM-CortexM4 y FPGA

2019 ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Fernando Sánchez-Texis ◽  
Mariana Natalia Ibarra-Bonilla ◽  
Ivan Reyes-Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Video Capture ◽  
Python Language ◽  
Fourth Level ◽  
Sensor Module ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Gps System ◽  
Protective Case ◽  
Vision Module

This paper presents the design and implementation of a CanSat pico-satellite developed on the ARM-CortexM4 and FPGA Spartan6 platforms. The CanSat structure consists of four modules distributed in four levels of construction. The first level is the sensor module, consisting of: the IC BME280 (barometer, humidity and temperature), the L70 GPS system and an inertial sensors system MPU6050 and AK8975. The second level is the mission control module and incorporates an ARM-STM32F407 microcontroller integrated with the OS-Micropython that allows programming in Python language. This module has the capacity of data storage using an EEPROM-M24C32 memory and a micro-SD. The third level is the LoRa technology wireless communications module with a 10Km range. The fourth level is the vision module, consisting of an OV7670 camera interconnected with the FPGA XC6SLX16, which functions as a photo and video capture system. The design of the modules was made with SMD technology in PCB of up to four layers. The design of the CanSat protective case in PLA material, manufactured by 3D printing of FDM technology, is presented. Finally, the results of preliminary performance tests are presented.

scholarly journals Transcendental Philosophy as a Research Programme

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-126
Author(s):  
Michael Lewin
Keyword(s):  
Research Programme ◽  
Transcendental Philosophy ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definite Form ◽  
Historical Investigation ◽  
Clear Idea ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Insight Into

Transcendental philosophy was not born like Athena out of Zeus’s head, mature and in full armour from the very beginning. That is why in both prefaces to the Critique of Pure Reason (1781 and 1787) Kant introduces the concept of transcendental philosophy as an “idea.” The idea understood architectonically develops slowly and only gradually acquires a definite form. As witnessed by the works of Kant himself and of his predecessors and followers, the idea of transcendental philosophy has undergone a series of changes and adjustments compared to the initial plan. In this context, my goal is not simply exegesis and historical investigation of transcendental philosophy, but also to look at it from a systematic and methodological perspective. I examine the concept of transcendental philosophy from the viewpoint of programmatic metaphilosophy. The first part discusses programmatics as a distinct subsection of metaphilosophy. I argue that Kant’s architectonic methodology and the methodology of Lakatos can be used to understand the inception, development and degradation of philosophical systems. In the second part I look at the project of transcendental philosophy and the stages of its development from the standpoint of architectonics. The third part shows that Lakatos’s methodology can provide a detailed insight into the elements of transcendental philosophy, a clear idea of its logic and identify the component parts that can be improved and developed. In spite of the different levels of detailing and epistemological prerequisites, the methodologies of Kant and Lakatos can be combined to achieve a metaphilosophically informed and progressive understanding of philosophical projects.

Principle of conservation of energy and modern theories

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-452
Author(s):  
H. Hamam
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Principle Of Energy Conservation

The famous quote of Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier (18th century) “Nothing is lost, nothing is created: everything is transformed” illustrates a principle that has marked minds throughout modern history. It deals with the principle of energy conservation. In our minds, energy is conserved in our world (in our dimensions). If part of the energy drifts out of our dimensions, this will contradict the statement “Nothing is lost.” If some energy penetrates our dimensions, this will contradict the statement “Nothing is created.” Everything is transformed within our dimensions. This article discusses the latest attempts through cosmic theories, still unverified, that have tried to explain the start and development of the universe even at the cost of concepts and principles unanimously agreed to date by the scientific community through the history, such as the principle of conservation of energy. This article raises some questions that we scientists must answer before we move forward. We must from time to time take a step back and have a critical look at our scientific progress before we branch off into a web of various theories.

scholarly journals The Role the Static Maximization Approach Plays in Neoclassical Analyses

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Toboso
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Choice ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
World War ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
Basic Purpose

This is an article on the methodology of economic thought. The critical assessment of the neoclassical research programme contained here basically comes from the contributions of J.M. Buchanan, Nobel prize winner in Economics 1986. These comments are aimed at pointing out the role that the static maximization approach plays in neoclassical analyses since L. Robbins and P. Samuelson’s influential contributions came about after World War II. Just to complement this basic purpose, I present in section 4 the alternative methodological foundations J.M. Buchanan proposes and uses to replace the static maximization approach when building public choice analyses and I sketch in section 5 several personal comments about some explanatory and prescriptive limitations both neoclassical and public choice analyses share. Except in rare and anomalous cases, neither neoclassical nor public choice analyses contain concepts making reference to the non-voluntary or power influences some individuals might exercise over others in their economic interactions. “In a brief treatment it is helpful to make bold charges against ideas or positions taken by leading figures. In this respect I propose to take on Lord Robbins as an adversary and to state, categorically, that his all too persuasive delineation of our subject field has served to retard, rather than to advance, scientific progress.” [Buchanan, J.M. (1964), p. 20.]

The Marxist Outlook

Philosophy ◽  
1947 ◽  
Vol 22 (83) ◽  
pp. 208-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Acton
Keyword(s):  
Moral Theory ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Systematic Account ◽  
Metaphysical Theory ◽  
Human Conduct ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
World Outlook ◽  
The World ◽  
Ordinary Usage ◽  
Philosophical Task

By a “world-outlook” I mean a systematic account of the nature of the world which claims, by showing the place of man in the scheme of things, to indicate the point and purpose of his life. The theory of the world is often called a metaphysical theory and the theory of conduct an ethical or moral theory. In my opinion the clarification and criticism of world-outlooks is a fundamental part of philosophy. Indeed, I hardly think that philosophy would have existed as something distinct from science or poetry but for the tendency to attempt some explanation of the world as the scene of human endeavour. When Kant referred to “the inevitable problems of pure reason” about “God, freedom, and immortality,” he was referring in a summary way to the fundamental philosophical task of analysing and criticizing world-outlooks, a task that may be undertaken even by those philosophers who do not believe that any world-outlook is or could be adequate. It is clear, of course, that the civilized religions, since they seek to show how human conduct fits in with some Divine Plan or Cosmic Conflict, have world-outlooks. It is, however, misleading to look upon religions and world-outlooks as the same thing, as some people do. For in ordinary usage religion involves belief in supernatural beings and conduct regulated in the light of this belief, but according to some world-outlooks (e.g. that of Spinoza) there are no supernatural beings, while according to others (e.g. Epicureanism) beings may exist deserving that description but human conduct need take no account of them.

scholarly journals The Science of Galaxy Formation

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (S254) ◽  
pp. 487-496
Author(s):  
Gerard Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Galaxy Formation ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Scientific Methodology ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
Small Scales ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Copernican Principle ◽  
Theory Interpretation

AbstractOur knowledge of the Universe remains discovery-led: in the absence of adequate physics-based theory, interpretation of new results requires a scientific methodology. Commonly, scientific progress in astrophysics is motivated by the empirical success of the “Copernican Principle”, that the simplest and most objective analysis of observation leads to progress. A complementary approach tests the prediction of models against observation. In practise, astrophysics has few real theories, and has little control over what we can observe. Compromise is unavoidable. Advances in understanding complex non-linear situations, such as galaxy formation, require that models attempt to isolate key physical properties, rather than trying to reproduce complexity. A specific example is discussed, where substantial progress in fundamental physics could be made with an ambitious approach to modelling: simulating the spectrum of perturbations on small scales.

scholarly journals Semantic and functional features of tauromachy (bullfighting) vocabulary within the framework of cognitive and linguoculturological approaches

2018 ◽  
pp. 156-184
Author(s):  
Aytan Aliyeva
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
National Language ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
World Outlook ◽  
The People ◽  
Fourth Level ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Festive Occasion

The article is dedicated to the investigation and interpretation of semantic and functional features of phraseological expressions and paroemias referring to tauromachy (bullfighting) within the framework of cognitive and linguoculturological approaches. The introduction of relevant examples in the article aims to detect these features. Tauromachy which is called "an art of bullfighting" is an inseparable part of Spanish culture. Corrida (bullfight) has deep historical roots and it is a specific, festive occasion belonging to the Spanish people. It has entered into the national consciousness of Spaniards, developed and reflected in all manifestation forms of their lives. In its turn, it has lead to the linguistic reflection of tauromachy vocabulary in the language. According to their use in the language, tauromachy terms have four levels: words referring to tauromachy which is a special field and used only in the bullfight, tauromachy words with figurative meaning that can be used as a methaphora in other fields, tauromachy words used in literature and words referring to tauromachy field used in spoken language. Linguoculturological approach is a new stage of the study of complex relations between language, thinking and culture within the framework of cognitive linguistics. Linguistic and semantic aspects of cognitivism, that’s, mental imaginations of a language speaker are observed more vividly in phraseological expressions and paroemias. In the article we will try to study phraseological expressions and paroemias referring to tauromachy used in the spoken language, that’s, the fourth level of the use of tauromachy vocabulary in the language. It is obvious that the phraseological system generalizes language units with extremely great value in terms of understanding the level of national language consciousness of the people. Phraseological expressions and paroemias can be considered precious linguoculturological source, so that daily lifestyle, world outlook, traditions of language speakers are reflected in the phraseological system visually through metaphoric coding. The vocabulary of tauromachy in this field has gone through certain processes and gained new connotative meanings and assists in more concrete, laconic, expressive delivery of the idea being used in the spoken language.

scholarly journals Walking down computational chemistry memory lane one acronym at a time

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfa Ng
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Structure ◽  
Computational Chemistry ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Electronic Structure Calculations ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Plain Language ◽  
Chemistry Research ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Oppenheimer Approximation ◽  
Structure Calculations

History is often thought to be dull and boring – where large numbers of facts are memorized for passing exams. But the past informs the present and future; particularly in delineating the context surrounding specific events that, in turn, help provide a deeper understanding of their underlying causes and implications. To the uninitiated, the computational chemistry literature appears intimating given the pervasive use of acronyms and eponymous method names. While jargons expedite communication of complex ideas between specialists, and add clarity to a discussion (e.g., explaining complicated concepts in plain language may not capture subtle - but important - nuances in meaning), they nevertheless presents a significant barrier to understanding for researchers in other fields. Specifically, an inability to comprehend the meaning of the various terms and jargons used would significantly impede understanding and navigating the literature – and may translate into difficulty in selecting appropriate tools for the task at hand. Scientific progress (incremental and breakthroughs) is built upon prior work. By placing various computational methods and techniques along a chronological thread, a commentary article aims to demystify the tangled web of acronyms and terms that populate the electronic structure calculations literature and highlights the interrelationships between methods – particularly, how one method evolved from another. Additionally, the chronological framework also allows readers to appreciate developments in computational chemistry through the lens of major “epochs” (e.g., transition from semi-empirical methods to first-principles calculations), and the centrality of key ideas (e.g., Schrodinger equation and Born-Oppenheimer approximation) in charting progress in the field. Finally, the chronological time-line delineated also provides an opportune backdrop for examining the longstanding question of whether computational power (both capacity and speed) or theoretical insights play a more important role in advancing computational chemistry research. Particularly, availability of large amount of computing power at declining cost, and advent of graphics processing unit (GPU) powered parallel computing are enabling tools for solving hitherto intractable problems. Nevertheless, the article argues, using Born-Oppenheimer approximation as an example, that theoretical insights’ role in unlocking problems through simple – but insightful – assumptions is often overlooked. Collectively, the article should be useful as a primer for researchers to gain a more holistic understanding of computational chemistry, and students wishing to learn more about the conceptual basis and purpose of various electronic structure calculations methods prior to venturing into the field’s expansive literature.

Physical causality and brain theories

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (5) ◽  
pp. R277-R290 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Statistical Thermodynamic ◽  
Global Theory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hierarchical Nature ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Quantum Mechanical Effects ◽  
Causal Laws ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Self Reference

The history of deterministic theories in physics is reviewed, and four levels of determinism are found: 1) absolute, 2) asymptotic, 3) probabilistic, and 4) absolute indeterminism. Nagel's view that all causal laws are deterministic in the frame of the state descriptions to which they refer is acknowledged, but the inevitability of macroscopic measurement noise may hint that dynamical laws are innately noisy. Quantum mechanical effects are not the noise source. Symmetry and broken symmetry are introduced as physical concepts that can account both for lawfulness, and for the hierarchical nature of the universe. Physical ideas are chosen over those of formal systems with indirect self-reference as the basis of a global theory of brains. By exclusion it is concluded that only a statistical thermodynamics, combined with nonlinear mechanics, has the features needed for theorizing about brains in a physical sense. Quantum mechanics is judged not to be relevant. New statistical thermodynamic theories are briefly described, and their strengths and weaknesses noted. The question, “Why should neuroscience look to physics for its theories?” is raised and answered. Some concrete objectives for a program of theoretical research are stated.

The positioned reader

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Stockwell
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Literary Reading ◽  
Cognitive Poetics ◽  
Systematic Account ◽  
Literary Scholarship ◽  
Descriptive Account ◽  
Principled Account ◽  
Linguistic Approach

Modern stylistics is in the process of emerging completely from the shadows of the New Critical prohibitions on discussing the intentional and psychological fallacies in literary reading. Informed by cognitive linguistics and the psychology of cognition, a strong tradition of cognitive poetics has become established within stylistics, serving as a powerful challenge to the psychological fallacy in particular: readerly effects, emotions and significances in literary engagement are now regarded as part of the legitimate ground of stylistic study. In the classical terms that underpin the long view of stylistics, we now possess a good research programme in the systematic account of meaningfulness ( logos) and emotional affect ( pathos). What remains is the challenge of a similarly principled account of ethics. However, just as the cognitive turn has taken an applied linguistic approach to interpretation and aesthetics, so our cognitive poetic approach to ethos must be based on a descriptive account not of authority and immanent intentionality, but on the readerly sense of adopting a position in the process of literary reading. The concept of the intentional fallacy cannot be criticised as comprehensively as the psychological fallacy, but it nevertheless poses the wrong sort of question. This article sets out an encompassing framework for the analysis of ethics as an interaction between readerly disposition and textual imposition, to produce a sense of a ‘positioned reader’ of a literary work. Brief analytical illustrations from literary prose fiction are presented for exploration. The article draws on and questions related traditions in critical theory and psychology, with the aim of establishing a fully rounded stylistics as the foundational principle and principal method in literary study. My ultimate framing objective is an applied linguistic approach to literary scholarship that is evidential, dialogic and humane, and which completes the circle of meaning, feeling and significance familiar to generations of literary scholars.

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