Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals inBrassica juncea: Relationship of Toxicity with Essential Elements

Heavy metals (HMs) toxicity represents a global problem depending on the soil environment’s geochemical forms. Biochar addition safely reduces HMs mobile forms, thus, reducing their toxicity to plants. While several studies have shown that biochar could significantly stabilize HMs in contaminated soils, the study of the relationship of soil properties to potential mechanisms still needs further clarification; hence the importance of assessing a naturally contaminated soil amended, in this case with Paulownia biochar (PB) and Bamboo biochar (BB) to fractionate Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu using short sequential fractionation plans. The relationship of soil pH and organic matter and its effect on the redistribution of these metals were estimated. The results indicated that the acid-soluble metals decreased while the fraction bound to organic matter increased compared to untreated pots. The increase in the organic matter metal-bound was mostly at the expense of the decrease in the acid extractable and Fe/Mn bound ones. The highest application of PB increased the organically bound fraction of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu (62, 61, 34, and 61%, respectively), while the BB increased them (61, 49, 42, and 22%, respectively) over the control. Meanwhile, Fe/Mn oxides bound represents the large portion associated with zinc and copper. Concerning soil organic matter (SOM) and soil pH, as potential tools to reduce the risk of the target metals, a significant positive correlation was observed with acid-soluble extractable metal, while a negative correlation was obtained with organic matter-bound metal. The principal component analysis (PCA) shows that the total variance represents 89.7% for the TCPL-extractable and HMs forms and their relation to pH and SOM, which confirms the positive effect of the pH and SOM under PB and BB treatments on reducing the risk of the studied metals. The mobility and bioavailability of these metals and their geochemical forms widely varied according to pH, soil organic matter, biochar types, and application rates. As an environmentally friendly and economical material, biochar emphasizes its importance as a tool that makes the soil more suitable for safe cultivation in the short term and its long-term sustainability. This study proves that it reduces the mobility of HMs, their environmental risks and contributes to food safety. It also confirms that performing more controlled experiments, such as a pot, is a disciplined and effective way to assess the suitability of different types of biochar as soil modifications to restore HMs contaminated soil via controlling the mobilization of these minerals.

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An analysis of heavy metals contamination and estimating the daily intakes of vegetables from Uganda

Toxicology Research and Application ◽

10.1177/2397847320985255 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 239784732098525

Author(s):

Keneth Iceland Kasozi ◽

Eric Oloya Otim ◽

Herbert Izo Ninsiima ◽

Gerald Zirintunda ◽

Andrew Tamale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Principal Component ◽

Absorption Spectrometry ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Essential Elements ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Organization ◽

Daily Intakes

Background: Environmental contamination with elevated levels of copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr6+), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni)—all states of which are found in Uganda—raises health risk to the public. Pb, Cr6+, Cd, and Ni for instance are generally considered nonessential to cellular functions, notwithstanding the importance of the oxidative state of the metals in bioavailability. As such, we aimed in this study (i) to evaluate heavy metal concentrations in four vegetables from a typical open-air market in Uganda, (ii) to assess the safety of consuming these vegetables against the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits of heavy metals consumption, and (iii) to formulate a model of estimated daily intake (EDI) among consumers in the country. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in five georeferenced markets of Bushenyi district in January 2020. Amaranthus, cabbages, scarlet eggplants, and tomatoes were collected from open markets, processed, and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Modeled EDI, principal component (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were conducted to identify relationships in the samples. Results: The levels of essential elements in the four vegetables were found to fall from Co > Cu > Fe > Zn. Those of non-essential metals were significantly higher and followed the pattern Cd > Cr > Pb > Ni. The highest EDI values were those of Cu in scarlet eggplants, Zn in amaranthus, Fe in amaranthus, Co in amaranthus, Pb in cabbages, total Cr in scarlet eggplant, Cd in cabbages and tomatoes, and Ni in cabbages. In comparison to international limits, EDIs for Zn, Cu, Co and Fe were low while Ni in cabbages were high. PCA showed high variations in scarlet eggplant and amaranthus. The study vegetables were found to be related with each other, not according to the location of the markets from where they were obtained, but according to their species by CA. Conclusion: The presence of non-essential elements above WHO limits raises policy challenges for the consumption and marketing of vegetables in the study area. Furthermore, low EDIs of essential elements in the vegetables create demand for nutritious foods to promote healthy communities.

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Heavy metal and essential elements in beers from turkey market: A risk assessment study

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327121993215 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 096032712199321

Author(s):

M Charehsaz ◽

S Helvacıoğlu ◽

S Çetinkaya ◽

R Demir ◽

O Erdem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Multiple Heavy Metals

In this study, the level of arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and also essential elements in beer samples consumed in Turkey were investigated using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The heavy metal-induced non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated. For essential elements, the calculated estimated daily intake of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), selenium (Se) and cobalt (Co) from beer consumption were compared with their toxicity reference values. Tukey post-hoc test showed that As was found at a significantly higher level when compared to Pb. Also, a significant correlation was found between As level and alcohol by volume percent. All samples had a hazard quotient and hazard index <1, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk from exposure to single or multiple heavy metals. Some samples exceeded the threshold limit of acceptable cancer risk for As in the high beer consumer group. This assessment showed that in addition to health implications based on the alcohol content of beer, there might be a carcinogenic risk associated with the heavy metals content of these beverages.

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Relationship of Heavy Metals and Soil N, P, K and Total Salts in Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2013.14876 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 25 (16) ◽

pp. 8971-8975

Author(s):

Zhaoyong Zhang ◽

Jilili Abuduwaili ◽

Fengqing Jiang

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Central Asia ◽

Tianshan Mountains ◽

Soil N ◽

Relationship Of

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Simulation of Heavy Metals Migration in Soil-Wheat System of Mining Area

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16142550 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (14) ◽

pp. 2550 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Aman Fang ◽

Jihong Dong ◽

Ru Zhang

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Regression Coefficient ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Mining Area ◽

Control Site ◽

National Guidelines ◽

The Mean ◽

Cr Concentration ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Soil Wheat

Heavy metals in the soil of mining areas have become a primary source of pollution, which could cause deleterious health effects in people exposed through soil-plant systems via multi-pathways. A long-term field experiment under natural conditions was carried out to explore the distribution characteristic and migration law of heavy metals in a soil-wheat system of a mining area in Xuzhou. According to the second level standard of environmental quality standards for soils of China (GB 15618-1995), 30.8 g of CrCl3·6H2O, 8.3 g of Pb(CH3COO)2·3H2O, and 16.5 g of ZnSO4·7H2O were added into the soil of three experimental sites, respectively. The other experimental site with no additional compounds was used as the control site. The Cr, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the soil-wheat system were counted and their corresponding migration models were constructed. From 2014 to 2017, the mean concentrations of Cr (49.09 mg·kg−1), Pb (20.08 mg·kg−1), and Zn (39.11 mg·kg−1) in the soil of the addition sites were higher than that of the control site. The mean concentrations of Cr, Pb, and Zn in wheat of the addition sites were greater than that of the control site with the values of 3.29, 0.06, and 29 mg·kg−1. In comparison, the Cr, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the soil of all experimental sites were lower than the second level standard of environmental quality standards for soils of China (GB 15618-1995), whereas the Cr concentration exceeded its corresponding soil background value of Xuzhou in 2017. The Pb concentration in soil of the addition site was greater than its corresponding background value from 2014 to 2016. The Pb and Zn concentrations in wheat of all experimental sites were lower than the national hygienic standard for grains of China (GB2715-2005) and the national guidelines for cereals of China (NY 861-2004), but the Cr concentration significantly exceeded the national guidelines for cereals of China (NY 861-2004). By constructing the Identical-Discrepant-Contrary (IDC) gray connection models, the result showed that there was a non-linear relationship of Cr, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the soil-wheat system, and the absolute values of most correlation coefficients r were lower than 0.5 and the values of greyness f G ( r ) were more than 0.5. The curvilinear regression models could not reflect the relationship of Cr, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the soil-wheat system with the regression coefficient r 2 values far less than 1. Due to the values of regression coefficient r 2 being close to 1, this study suggested that the allocation estimation models could be used for simulating the Cr, Pb, and Zn migration in the soil-wheat system of a mining area in Xuzhou.

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Elevated Concentrations of Metal(loids) in Seaweed and the Concomitant Exposure to Humans

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10020381 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 381

Author(s):

Mayeen Uddin Khandaker ◽

Nwokoma Oliver Chijioke ◽

Nurul’ Adillah Binti Heffny ◽

David A. Bradley ◽

Abdullah Alsubaie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Marine Ecosystem ◽

The United States ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Critical Examination ◽

Potentially Toxic Metals ◽

Reference Limit ◽

Metal Levels

While the consumption of seaweed and seaweed-based products is very common amongst East Asian nations, forming a notable component of the daily diet, relatively very few studies have concerned the concentrations of heavy metals in these together with potential effects on human health. The present study analyses the concentrations of 17 elements in locally resourced seaweed, also assessing potential noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. The samples were ground, homogenized, and quantified using the ICP-OES technique. It has been found that the essential elements K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Na typically show concentrations somewhat greater than a number of potentially toxic metals, in particular, Cd, Pb, Ag, and As, with exceptions being Ni, Cr-VI, and Si. Statistical analysis indicates all of the latter to have similar origin, with increased concentration of these metals within the marine ecosystem. While the daily estimated intake of most metals is seen to be within the daily dietary allowance level recommended by various international organizations, the noncarcinogenic risk shows a value greater than unity, estimated via the hazard quotient. This indicates a potential for adverse effects to health arising from consumption of the sampled seaweed. The carcinogenic risk resulting from nonessential elements shows values greater than the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) reference limit of 10−4. Considering the nonbiodegradability of heavy metals and metalloids and their potential accumulation in seaweed, there is need for critical examination of metal levels in the seaweeds obtained from the present study locations, together with the introduction of practices of removal of heavy metals via bio-adsorbent techniques.

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Relationship of manganese-iron oxides and associated heavy metals to grain size in stream sediments

Journal of Geochemical Exploration ◽

10.1016/0375-6742(75)90005-9 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 251-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Philip R. Whitney

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Grain Size ◽

Iron Oxides ◽

Stream Sediments ◽

Relationship Of

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HEAVY METALS IN CULTIVATED SOILS AND IN CEREAL CROPS IN ALBERTA

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss77-037 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 329-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

M. J. DUDAS ◽

S. PAWLUK

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Plant Material ◽

Surface Soil ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Local Scale ◽

Parent Material ◽

Cereal Crops ◽

Lead And Zinc ◽

Cereal Grain

The content of cadmium, cobalt, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel, strontium, lead and zinc in several agricultural soils in Alberta was investigated. The abundances of these heavy metals were found to be low and represent levels naturally present in uncontaminated soils. Both pedogenesis and nature of parent material influenced the levels of heavy metals in surface soil horizons. On a local scale, drainage and groundwater effects contributed significantly to heavy metal redistribution in soil. Levels of heavy metals were also determined in seeds and straw of cereal grain crops grown on the soils of this study. Vegetative samples generally contained low amounts of heavy metals and for some of the physiologically essential elements (Cu, Mn, Zn), amounts in the plant material were at or near deficiency levels. Amounts of cadmium, mercury and lead were generally significantly higher in straw than in respective seed samples.

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A system's view of the evolution of life

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2007.0225 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 4 (17) ◽

pp. 1049-1070 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Robert J.P Williams

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Full Advantage ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Biological Evolution ◽

Evolution Of Life ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Sequential Adaptation ◽

General Appearance

Previous treatments of biological evolution have concentrated upon either the general appearance or habits of organisms or the sequences of molecules, such as their proteins and DNA (RNA), within species. There is no consideration of the changing relationship of the chemistry of organisms to the elements and energy available from the environment. In essence, organisms at all times had to accumulate certain elements while rejecting others. Central to accumulation were C, N, H, P, S, K, Mg and Fe while, as ions, Na, Cl, Ca and other heavy metals were largely rejected. In order to form the vital biopolymers, C and H, from CO 2 and H 2 O, had to be combined generating oxygen. The oxygen then slowly oxidized the environment over long periods of time. These environmental changes were relatively rapid, unconstrained and continuous, and they imposed a necessary sequential adaptation by organisms while increasing the use of energy. Then, evolution has a chemical direction in a combined organism/environment ecosystem. Joint organization of the initial reductive chemistry of cells and the later need to handle oxidative chemistry has also forced the complexity of chemistry of organism in compartments. The complexity increased to take full advantage of the environment from bacteria to humans in a logical, physical, compartmental and chemical sequence of the whole system. In one sense, rejected material can be looked upon as waste and, in the context of this article, leads to the consideration of the importance of waste from the activities of humankind.

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Eksplorasi dan Karakterisasi Tanaman Genjer (Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch) di Kabupaten Pangandaran Berdasarkan Karakter Morfologi dan Agronomi

Jurnal Agro ◽

10.15575/967 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 53-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Liberty Chaidir ◽

Kristi Yuliani ◽

Budy Frasetya Taufik Qurrohman

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Genetic Relationship ◽

Euclidean Distance ◽

Flower Color ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Agronomic Characters ◽

Leaf Color ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Lowland Area ◽

Relationship Of

Genjer merupakan tanaman yang tumbuh liar di area persawahan, rawa, atau sungai yang keberadaannya sering dianggap sebagai gulma. Tanaman genjer memiliki banyak manfaat, diantaranya sebagai bahan penyerap logam berat dalam tanah dan sebagai obat yang memiliki banyak kandungan gizi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi karakter morfologi dan karakter agronomi untuk mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan tanaman genjer antar daerah di Kabupaten Pangandaran. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Pangandaran pada Mei sampai Oktober 2015. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksplorasi purposive sampling pada 77 aksesi genjer yang diambil dari Kabupaten Pangandaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat keragaman fenotipik yang luas pada karakter morfologi ujung daun, warna batang, tekstur daun, warna daun, panjang lekukan bawah daun, warna kelopak bunga dan warna bunga. Karakter agronomi yang mempunyai keragaman yang luas ialah tinggi tanaman, jumlah batang per rumpun, panjang daun, lebar daun, jumlah daun, jumlah bunga dan diameter batang. Tanaman genjer di Kabupaten Pangandaran memiliki kekerabatan yang jauh dengan rentang jarak Euclidian 0,48 sampai 10,17. Aksesi yang memiliki hubungan kekerabatan paling jauh yaitu Ciakar (001) dengan jarak Euclidian 10,17, sedangkan yang memiliki hubungan kekerabatan paling dekat yaitu Cikalong (003) dan Cikalong (004) dengan jarak Euclidian 0,48. Genjer or Yellow velvetleaf is a plant that grows wild in lowland area, swamp or river which existence is considered as a weed. Genjer has a lot of benefits, such as material absorbent for heavy metals in the soil and medicine that has a lot of nutrition. This study aimed to determine the variety of morphological and agronomic characters of Genjer in Pangandaran Regency and to determine the genetic relationship of genjer between regions in Pangandaran. The research was conducted in the Pangandaran Regency on May to October 2015. The method used purposive sampling exploration method in 77 accession genjer collected from Pangandaran Regency. The results showed there were extensively phenotypic variation in tip of leaf, stem color, leaf texture, leaf color, length curve of bottom leaf, petal color and flower color. While agronomic characters for plant height, stem amount, leaf length, leaf width, leaf amount, flower amount and diameter of the stem had wide variation. Relationship between genjer in Pangandaran Regency had Euclidean distance with a range of 0.48 to 10.17. The accession which had the farthest distance was Ciakar (001) with Euclidean distance of 10.17, while those with the closest relationship were Cikalong (003) and Cikalong (004) with Euclidean distance of 0.48.

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