scholarly journals D-optimal design of experiments and comprehensive rheological analysis in the development of natural anti-aging creams

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Sanela Savić ◽  
Nebojša Cekić ◽  
Saša Savić
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Optimal Design ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Mutual Effect ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
Rheological Characterization

This work is focused on the development and evaluation of completely natural anti-aging creams, with the aid of the experimental design. Model formulations, differing in the content of emollients (10%/15%/20%) and emulsifier (1%/2%/3%) and containing the Acmella oleracea extract as a model anti-aging active were prepared by the cold process and evaluated regarding rheological behavior (con-tinuous rotational and oscillatory tests) and physical stability (dynamic-mechanical thermoanalysis-DMTA test). To study the influence of varied formulation parameters and their interaction on the critical rheological characteristics of the developed creams, a D-optimal design within the response surface method was applied. The data acquired from rheological characterization revealed favorized pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) flow behavior with the yield point, and dominating elastic behavior (storage modulus G' > loss modulus G") in both, amplitude and frequency sweeps, which together with a rather small and constant structural change obtained in the DMTA test indicated satisfying overall physical stability of formulated creams. The results of D-optimal design showed a significant individual, as well as a mutual effect of the tested formulation factors (emollient concentration, emulsifier concentration) affecting critical quality attributes (apparent viscosity, yield point, flow point, G', G", structural change) of developed anti-aging creams. Based on optimization results, the model formulation containing 20% of the emollient mixture and 2% of the emulsifier was selected as preferred in terms of required rheological properties and, thus, desired stability and quality, and it could be considered as a promising candidate worth exploring further for efficacy and in vivo skin performances.

scholarly journals Processing and Formulation Optimization of Mandarin Essential Oil-Loaded Emulsions Developed by Microfluidization

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3486
Author(s):  
Jenifer Santos ◽  
Nuria Calero ◽  
Luis Alfonso Trujillo-Cayado ◽  
María José Martín-Piñero ◽  
José Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Rheological Characterization ◽  
Food Preservatives ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Droplet Sizes

Emulsions can be used as delivery systems for bioactive ingredients for their incorporation in food products. Essential oils are natural compounds found in plants that present antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the main goal of this work was to develop emulsions, containing mandarin essential oil stabilized by two food-grade surfactants and guar gum, and to evaluate their physical stability. The initial droplet size of emulsions developed by microfluidization was optimized, obtaining diameters below one micron regardless of the processing conditions. However, the emulsion processed at 25,000 psi and one pass exhibited the lowest mean droplet sizes and polidispersity, and therefore, a higher stability. Different ratios of Tween 80 and Span 80 were assessed as stabilizers. Results obtained indicated that the ratio of surfactants had a significant effect on the mean droplet sizes, physical stability, and rheological properties. Thus, we found that the optimum ratio of surfactants was 75/25 (Tween80/Span80) on account of the lowest droplet mean diameters, lack of coalescence, and a low creaming rate. The rheological characterization of the stable emulsions showed a shear thinning flow behavior, and G″ (loss modulus) values higher than G′ (storage modulus) values, in all the frequency range. The rheological behavior may be governed by the guar gum, which was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). This research can be considered as the starting point for future applications of mandarin essential oil in emulsions, which can be incorporated in products as food preservatives.

Physical properties of UHT light cream: impact of the high-pressure homogenization and addition of hydrocolloids

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Virgínia Nardy Paiva ◽  
Lucas de Souza Soares ◽  
Rodrigo Stephani ◽  
Álvaro Augusto Pereira Silva ◽  
Antônio Fernandes de Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Emulsion Stability ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
High Pressure Homogenization ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Rheological Characterization

Abstract The beneficial effects of a healthy diet on the quality of life have prompted the food industry to develop low-fat variants, but fat content directly affects the physicochemical and sensory properties of food products. The utilization of high-pressure homogenization (HP) and incorporation of hydrocolloids have been suggested as strategies to improve the physical stability and rheological properties of light cream. Thus, this study aims to analyze the associated effect of high-pressure homogenization (80 MPa) and three different hydrocolloids: microcrystalline cellulose, locust bean gum and xanthan gum, on emulsion stability and rheological properties of ultra-high-temperature (UHT) light cream (ULC) with a 15% w/w fat content. The stability of ULC was determined by the ζ potential of oil droplets and emulsion stability percentage. Rheological characterization was based on flow behavior tests and dynamic oscillatory measurements, which were carried out in a rheometer. Results showed that the high-pressure homogenization process did not influence the emulsion stability of the treatments. Moreover, the hydrocolloids added to systems present weak interactions with milk proteins since all ULC showed macroscopical phase separation. The samples presented the same rheological behavior and were classified as pseudoplastic fluids (n < 1). ULC treated at 80 MPa was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) more consistent than the treatments at 20 MPa. All ULC showed a predominant elastic behavior (G′ > G″), and a remarkable increase in both G′ and G″ at 80 MPa. The results presented in this study highlight the potential of HP for altering some rheological characteristics of UHT light cream, for example, to increase its consistency. These results are important for the dairy industry and ingredient suppliers, in the standardization of UHT light cream and/or to develop low-fat products.

Cationic Diclofenac Lipid Nanoemulsion for Improved Oral Bioavailability: Preparation, Characterization and In Vivo Evaluation

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 2874-2880
Author(s):  
Kishan Veerabrahma ◽  
Swapna Madishetty ◽  
Muzammil Afzal Syed ◽  
Prabhakar Kandadi
Keyword(s):  
Oral Bioavailability ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Cationic Lipid ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Drug Content ◽  
Lipid Nanoemulsion

Cationic nanoemulsions were reported to have increased bioavailability. The aim of present study was to prepare a cationic lipid nanoemulsion of diclofenac acid (LNEs) for improved oral bioavailability to treat arthritic conditions. The LNEs of diclofenac acid were prepared by using soya bean oil, egg lecithin, cholesterol and stearylamine. Stearylamine was used as positive charge inducer. The LNEs were processed by homogenization and ultrasonication. The formulation composition was selected based on earlier reports. The LNEs were characterized for size and zeta potential. The physical stability of LNEs was studied using autoclaving, centrifugal, desorption (dilution effect) stresses and on storage. The total drug content and entrapment efficiency were determined using HPLC. During in vivo studies in Wistar rats, the pharmacokinetic parameters of LNEs were compared with a prepared diclofenac suspension in sodium CMC mucilage. The selected formulations, F1, F2 and F3, were relatively stable during centrifugal stress, dilution stress and on storage. The drug content was found to be 2.38 ± 1.70 mg/ml for F1, 2.30 ± 0.82 mg/ml for F2, and 2.45 ± 0.66 mg/ml for F3. The entrapment efficiencies were 97.83 ± 0.53%, 97.87 ± 1.22% and 98.25 ± 0.21% for F1, F2 and F3 respectively. The cumulative percentage drug release from F1, F2 and F3 showed more release in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer than in pH 1.2 HCl. During oral bioavailability studies, the LNEs showed higher serum concentrations than a suspension. The relative bioavailability of the LNE formulations F1, F2 and F3 were found to be 2.35, 2.94 and 6.28 times that of F4 suspension and were statistically significant. Of all, the cationic lipid nanoemulsion (F3) was superior in improving bioavailability, when compared with plain emulsion (F1) and cholesterol containing LNE (F2). The study helps in designing the cationic oral nanoemulsions to improve the oral bioavailability of diclofenac.

scholarly journals Rheological Characterization of a Concentrated Phosphate Slurry

Fluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Souhail Maazioui ◽  
Abderrahim Maazouz ◽  
Fayssal Benkhaldoun ◽  
Driss Ouazar ◽  
Khalid Lamnawar
Keyword(s):  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Rheological Characterization ◽  
Phosphate Ore ◽  
Insoluble Particles ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Solid Liquid

Phosphate ore slurry is a suspension of insoluble particles of phosphate rock, the primary raw material for fertilizer and phosphoric acid, in a continuous phase of water. This suspension has a non-Newtonian flow behavior and exhibits yield stress as the shear rate tends toward zero. The suspended particles in the present study were assumed to be noncolloidal. Various grades and phosphate ore concentrations were chosen for this rheological investigation. We created some experimental protocols to determine the main characteristics of these complex fluids and established relevant rheological models with a view to simulate the numerical flow in a cylindrical pipeline. Rheograms of these slurries were obtained using a rotational rheometer and were accurately modeled with commonly used yield-pseudoplastic models. The results show that the concentration of solids in a solid–liquid mixture could be increased while maintaining a desired apparent viscosity. Finally, the design equations for the laminar pipe flow of yield pseudoplastics were investigated to highlight the role of rheological studies in this context.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Peptide Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4587
Author(s):  
Fanny d’Orlyé ◽  
Laura Trapiella-Alfonso ◽  
Camille Lescot ◽  
Marie Pinvidic ◽  
Bich-Thuy Doan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Imaging Probes ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules

There is a challenging need for the development of new alternative nanostructures that can allow the coupling and/or encapsulation of therapeutic/diagnostic molecules while reducing their toxicity and improving their circulation and in-vivo targeting. Among the new materials using natural building blocks, peptides have attracted significant interest because of their simple structure, relative chemical and physical stability, diversity of sequences and forms, their easy functionalization with (bio)molecules and the possibility of synthesizing them in large quantities. A number of them have the ability to self-assemble into nanotubes, -spheres, -vesicles or -rods under mild conditions, which opens up new applications in biology and nanomedicine due to their intrinsic biocompatibility and biodegradability as well as their surface chemical reactivity via amino- and carboxyl groups. In order to obtain nanostructures suitable for biomedical applications, the structure, size, shape and surface chemistry of these nanoplatforms must be optimized. These properties depend directly on the nature and sequence of the amino acids that constitute them. It is therefore essential to control the order in which the amino acids are introduced during the synthesis of short peptide chains and to evaluate their in-vitro and in-vivo physico-chemical properties before testing them for biomedical applications. This review therefore focuses on the synthesis, functionalization and characterization of peptide sequences that can self-assemble to form nanostructures. The synthesis in batch or with new continuous flow and microflow techniques will be described and compared in terms of amino acids sequence, purification processes, functionalization or encapsulation of targeting ligands, imaging probes as well as therapeutic molecules. Their chemical and biological characterization will be presented to evaluate their purity, toxicity, biocompatibility and biodistribution, and some therapeutic properties in vitro and in vivo. Finally, their main applications in the biomedical field will be presented so as to highlight their importance and advantages over classical nanostructures.

scholarly journals Development and Stability Studies of Novel Liposomal Vancomycin Formulations

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Muppidi ◽  
Andrew S. Pumerantz ◽  
Jeffrey Wang ◽  
Guru Betageri
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Liposomal Formulations ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Activity Variable ◽  
Distribution Studies

A promising strategy to improve the therapeutic efficiency of antimicrobial agents is targeted therapy. Although vancomycin has been considered a gold standard for the therapy of MRSA pneumonia, clinical failure rates have also been reported owing to its slow, time-dependent bactericidal activity, variable lung tissue penetration and poor intracellular penetration into macrophages. Liposomal encapsulation has been established as an alternative for antimicrobial delivery to infected tissue macrophages and offers enhanced pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and decreased toxicity compared to standard preparations. The aim of the present work is to prepare vancomycin in two different liposomal formulations, conventional and PEGylated liposomes using different methods. The prepared formulations were optimized for their particle size, encapsulation efficiency and physical stability. The dehydration-rehydration was found to be the best preparation method. Both the conventional and PEGylated liposomal formulations were successfully formulated with a narrow particle size and size distribution and % encapsulation efficiency of and , respectively. Both the formulations were stable at C for 3 months. These formulations were successfully used to evaluate for their intracellular killing of MRSA and in vivo pharmacokinetic and bio-distribution studies.

Preliminary assessment of an injectable extracellular matrix from decellularized bovine myocardial tissue

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatice Ercan ◽  
Ayşe Eser Elçin ◽  
Yaşar Murat Elçin
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Nuclear Material ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Myocardial Tissue ◽  
Rheological Characterization ◽  
Sgag Content ◽  
Tissue Matrix

Abstract The goal of this study was to develop an injectable form of decellularized bovine myocardial tissue matrix which could retain high levels of functional ECM molecules, and could gel at physiological temperature. Dissected ventricular tissue was processed by a detergent-based protocol, lyophilized, enzymatically-digested, and neutralized to form the injectable myocardial matrix (IMM). Histochemical analysis, DNA quantification, and agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated the efficiency of the applied protocol. Chemical, thermal, morphological, and rheological characterization; protein and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content analysis were performed, in vitro biological properties were evaluated. An in vivo histocompatibility and biodegradability study was performed. Histochemistry revealed complete removal of myocardial cells. DNA content analysis revealed a significant decrease (87%) in the nuclear material, while protein and sGAG contents were highly preserved following decellularization. Soluble IMM was capable of turning into gel form at ∼37 °C, indicating selfassembling property. In vitro findings showed the biomaterial was noncytotoxic, nonhemolytic, and supported the attachment and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells. In vivo study demonstrated IMM was well-tolerated by rats receiving subcutaneous injection. This work demonstrates that the IMM from decellularized bovine myocardial tissue has the potential for use as a feasible regenerative biomaterial in prospective tissue engineering and regenerative medicine studies.

Novel Self-Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System for safe intra muscular delivery with improved pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subheet Kumar Jain ◽  
Neha Panchal ◽  
Amrinder Singh ◽  
Shubham Thakur ◽  
Navid Reza Shahtaghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
High Concentration

Background: Diclofenac sodium (DS) injection is widely used in the management of acute or chronic pain and inflammatory diseases. It incorporates 20 % w/v Transcutol-P as a solubilizer to make the stable injectable formulation. However, the use of Transcutol-P in high concentration leads to adverse effects such as severe nephrotoxicity, etc. Some advancements resulted in the formulation of an aqueous based injectable but that too used benzyl alcohol reported to be toxic for human use. Objective: To develop an injectable self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) as a novel carrier of DS for prompt release with better safety and efficacy. Methods: A solubility study was performed with different surfactants and co-surfactants. The conventional stirring method was employed for the formulation of SMEDDS. Detailed in vitro characterization was done for different quality control parameters. In vivo studies were performed using Wistar rats for pharmacokinetic evaluation, toxicological analysis, and analgesic activity. Results: The optimized formulation exhibited good physical stability, ideal globule size (156±0.4 nm), quick release, better therapeutics, and safety, increase in LD50 (221.9 mg/kg) to that of the commercial counterpart (109.9 mg/kg). Further, pre-treatment with optimized formulation reduced the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema by 88±1.2 % after 4 h, compared to 77±1.6 % inhibition with commercial DS formulation. Moreover, optimized formulation significantly (p<0.05) inhibited the pain sensation in the acetic-acid induced writhing test in mice compared to its commercial equivalent with a better pharmacokinetic profile. Conclusion: The above findings confirmed that liquid SMEDDS could be a successful carrier for the safe and effective delivery of DS

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