scholarly journals Electrochemical behavior of various implantation biomaterials in the presence of various simulated body fluids: An overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-219
Author(s):  
John Santiagu ◽  
Devadoss Delinta ◽  
Asirvatham Ajila ◽  
Annamalai Selvam ◽  
Senthamarai Muthukumaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carat Gold ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Cyclic Voltammetric Studies

In Modern medicine, metals and alloys are being used as implants. The Corrosion behaviour of various biomaterials under artificial body fluids are being studied. Artificial biomaterials are being implanted inside the human body to replace bone, teeth, etc. Even organs are being medically substituted with different types of metals such as mild steel, carbon steel, Ni-Cr alloy, Fe-Cr alloy, 22 carat Gold,24 carat Gold Tin, etc. due to their biocompatibility. This is achieved by connecting these metals directly with body tissues. The metals tend to corrode when it gets in contact with human body fluids. The body fluids thereby come in direct contact with tissues and the tissues are in contact with the metal thus causing the metal to corrode. And hence the corrosion resistance studies such as polarisation, AC impedance, cyclic voltammetric studies, etc, are being conducted in a medium like artificial blood plasma, artificial urine, artificial salvia, artificial sweat, Hank solution, Ringer solution, etc. The different body fluids are examined in the presence of different implantation metals by electrochemical methods and protective films are formed which are analyzed by various surface analysis techniques such as AFM, FTIR-UV, SEM, etc. The research findings will thereby be very helpful to the medical field.

Follow up: palmitic acid ester of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and palmitic acid diester of 11-hydroxy-THC – unsuccessful search for additional THC metabolites

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-203
Author(s):  
Michael Kraemer ◽  
Cornelius Hess ◽  
Alexandra Maas ◽  
Burkhard Madea ◽  
Andras Bilkei-Gorzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Acid Ester ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Metabolite ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
A Site ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract Objectives In a previous investigation we searched for the occurrence of palmitic acid ester compounds of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its primary metabolite 11-hydroxy-delta9-THC (11-OH-THC) in human body fluids and tissues (THC palmitic acid monoester [THC-Pal] and 11-OH-THC palmitic acid diester [11-OH-THC-DiPal]). As those esters could not be detected in various human body fluids (e.g. blood) or tissues (e.g. adipose tissue) we extended the investigation analyzing adipose tissue samples of mice previously given synthetic THC or a cannabis extract. Methods In total, 48 adipose tissue samples previously tested positive for THC by means of a liquid chromatographic triple quadrupole mass spectrometric (LC-QQQ-MS) method were analyzed for the presence of THC-Pal and 11-OH-THC-DiPal by means of LC-QQQ-MS. Results THC-Pal and 11-OH-THC-DiPal were not detected among the adipose tissue samples analyzed despite the presence of high THC concentrations within the adipose tissue. THC concentrations in adipose tissue were in a range of approximately 7–2,595 ng/g (median: 468 ng/g, average: 704 ng/g). Conclusions A (site-specific) synthesis of 11-OH-THC palmitic acid monoesters (11-hydroxy-delta9-THC-1-palmitate and 11-palmitoyloxy-delta9-THC) still remains to be done. After synthesis of these monoesters, their presence in the body fluids and tissues after THC administration should be investigated.

A NOTE ON THE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION OF THE AMYLASE IN VARIOUS HUMAN BODY FLUIDS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Kovacs ◽  
Jules Tuba
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Of Activation ◽  
Heat Inactivation ◽  
Head Of The Pancreas ◽  
The Mean

The activation energy was determined for the amylase present in the following fluids obtained from the human body: urine, duodenal fluid, saliva, and normal serum, as well as serum from patients with mumps, acute pancreatitis, and carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Over a temperature range of 4°–37.4 °C., with starch as a substrate, the value of the energy of activation was similar in all cases to that for bacterial α-amylase, and the mean value was 13,740 ± 200 cal./mole. Partial heat inactivation of the enzyme was evident in some cases at 37.4°. On the basis of the evidence obtained it appears that α-amylase is present in all the body fluids examined.

scholarly journals Input Impedance Analysis of Wearable Antenna and Experimental Study with Real Human Subjects: Differences between Individual Users

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1152
Author(s):  
Dairoku Muramatsu ◽  
Ken Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Input Impedance ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Moisture Condition ◽  
Wearable Antenna ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Impedance Characteristics

In human body communication (HBC) systems, radio-frequency signals are excited in the human body through a wearable antenna comprised of electrodes that are in contact with the surface of the body. The input impedance characteristics of these antennas are important design parameters for increasing transmission efficiency and reducing signal reflection, similar to other wireless circuits. In this study, we discuss variations of input impedance characteristics of a wearable antenna prototype caused by differences among real human subjects. A realistic human arm model is used for simulations, and the analytical results obtained are compared to measured data obtained from real human subjects, in a range from 1 to 100 MHz. The simulations of input impedance characteristics from antennas worn on the wrists of male and female models with dry and wet skin conditions show that the impedance variation between genders is small. The moisture condition of the skin has little influence on frequencies exceeding several MHz. Measurements with a proto-type wearable antenna and 22 real human subjects reveal that HBC is robust against the variations of individual users from the viewpoint of the voltage standing wave ratio. Moreover, a simplified rectangular prism model is proposed to analyze the thickness of body tissues. Comparisons of measured input impedances indicate that individual differences in impedance are mainly due to differences in the thickness of skin and fat layers. The model also enables us to design the antenna prototype without multiple subject experiments.

scholarly journals Features of Reparative Histogenesis in Bioplastic Material Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-93
Author(s):  
N. N. Shevlyuk ◽  
I. Z. Gatiatullin ◽  
A. A. Stadnikov
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Urgent Task

In modern medicine, various biocompatible materials (based on biodegradable natural biopolymers – collagen, hyaluronic acid, chitin, chitosan, etc.) are widely used, primarily for the purposes of reconstructive and plastic surgery. The development of these materials and their introduction into clinical practice is an extremely urgent task of regenerative biology and medicine. One of the most important properties of bioplastic materials is their ability to undergo biodegradation and gradually be replaced by the recipient's proper tissues. In this case, the intermediate and final metabolic products of these materials should be included in the natural biochemical cycles of the body without their systemic and local accumulation, and degradation products should lack the toxicity effect. Bioplastic materials can also serve as carriers of biologically active substances, for example, growth factors and morphogenetic proteins, antibacterial substances, as well as pharmacological agents that affect the rate of regeneration. The designed three-dimensional porous structure of new materials, morphologically similar to the structure of body tissues, allows them to ensure the migration of fibroblastic cells, the growth of blood vessels in the area occupied by this material, that is, they can serve as a skeleton (matrix), a basis for histio- and organotypic regenerates developing in various organs. Many bioplastic materials have the ability to enhance angiogenesis, and are also able to activate proliferation and cytodifferentiation of epithelial cells and fibroblast differentiation cells of the connective tissue, which leads to the formation of young connective tissue in the transplant zone and epithelization of organ damage. Thus, biocompatible and biodegradable polymers are able to stimulate reparative histogenesis, providing optimal conditions for the formation of histio- and organotypic regenerates of various tissues and organs.

scholarly journals Fear is Stress that causes Weakening of the Immune System

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (S4) ◽  
pp. 19-21
Author(s):  
L Ross-Williams Rhoda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
The Mind

The immune system protects the human body from pathogens like viruses and bacteria. People need to maintain a strong immune system during the COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, the fearmongering news reports on death rates increase fear. This could become a health risk because fear could weaken the immune system by in creasing the release of corticosteroid in the body. Modern medicine includes the mind, body, and soul strengthening the immune system.

scholarly journals THERMAL AWARE LINK ENERGY EFFICIENT SCHEME FOR BODY AREA NETWORKS

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Javed
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Body Area Networks ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Area ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
Efficient Scheme

A daunting task in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) is still to develop Effective routing techniques. Small-sized nodes are installed on or within the human body to monitor human health conditions which then deliver the data to servers for analysis. During sensing and data transfer, biomedical sensors work continuously and the temperature of the nodes may rise beyond the threshold limit. This temperature rise may damage the human body tissues as well as the routing mechanism in terms of path losses. To keep the temperature at its normal working value, a priority-based selection of routes is required to prevent data loss during transmission. This will ensure safe and accurate data delivery at the destination. A protocol called “Thermal Aware Link Energy Efficient Scheme for WBANs” (TALEEBA) for workers is proposed to monitor the health of workers in factories. One of the four sinks will collect the data of the nearest worker in the field. As the body temperature of any worker is detected to rise, an alarm will be generated and the supervisor of the workplace will ask the worker to be replaced by some other worker. The same mechanism will continue till the task ends. Our proposed TALEEBA (Thermal Aware Link Energy Efficient Scheme for WBANs) scheme is aligned with current LAEEBA and THE-FAME WBAN schemes. In simulations, we analyze our protocol in terms of stability period, network lifetime, residual energy, a packet sent, packet dropped, and throughput. Hence, the results show stability and network life 50%, a packet sent 20% and throughput 23% are improved in comparison with LABEEA and THE-FAME protocols.

scholarly journals The Attenuation Characteristics of the Body Tissue on Frequency Function in WBAN Channel

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Achmad Mauludiyanto ◽  
Gamantyo Hendrantoro ◽  
Muhammad Fachry Nova
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Wireless Body Area Network ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Frequency Function ◽  
Body Area Network ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Body Area ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Significant Difference

The Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) refers to a communication network between sensors placed on the inside, on the surface, or around the body wirelessly. WBAN system cannot be separated from body tissues. Body tissues also have electrical properties depending on frequency. Therefore, body tissue can affect the phenomena occurring in radio wave propagation in the WBAN channel. One of the phenomena is attenuation. This study investigates the impacts of body tissue on the WBAN channel and the effects of frequency on the attenuation of body tissue in the WBAN channel. The measurement of magnitude response was carried out with the human body as the measurement object by utilizing the S21 parameter measurement with a vector network analyzer. In NLOS conditions, a human body was located between two coplanar Vivaldi antenna. Measurements were conducted on the head, chest, and abdomen. The frequency used was in the range of 2 GHz to 6 GHz. The body tissue attenuation was obtained by finding the difference between the magnitude measurement response on the LOS and NLOS conditions. The attenuation data were analyzed using statistical and numerical analysis to determine the effect of frequency on the attenuation of the human body tissues. Based on the analysis results, it was identified that the frequency affected the human body tissue attenuation. The enhancement attenuation of the human body tissues occurred when the frequency was higher. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the body tissue attenuation in different parts of the body.Keywords: attenuation, body tissues, s-parameters, wireless body area network.

The Public Anatomy Lesson

2020 ◽  
pp. 217-262
Author(s):  
Charlotte Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Human Body ◽  
State Building ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Francis Bacon ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Dutch Painter

This chapter analyses a crucible of the state’s making in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the public anatomy lesson. The body, this piece of ‘natural’ property that every human ‘has’, was being increasingly opened up and peered into for the purposes of finally seeing human nature itself. Bringing together visual studies and international relations, the chapter charts the scopic regime that established vision as modernity’s primary ordered instrument and that was honed upon the body dissected in public. To map its contours, it begins with the writings of anatomist William Harvey and scientist-statesman Francis Bacon. The chapter then tracks how this scopic regime was institutionalised by the spread of the highly popular public anatomy lesson across early modern Europe. It then analyses Renaissance and early modern representations of the public anatomy lesson, notably the frontispiece of the first manual of modern medicine, Andrea Vesalius’s On the Fabric of the Human Body (1943), and Dutch painter Rembrandt’s anatomy lesson paintings. The chapter examines the work of boundary-drawing and state-building wrought by these public performances by tracking the roles of the female and the poor body in their crafting.

Follow up: palmitic acid ester of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and palmitic acid diester of 11-hydroxy-THC – unsuccessful search for additional THC metabolites

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kraemer ◽  
Cornelius Hess ◽  
Alexandra Maas ◽  
Burkhard Madea ◽  
Andras Bilkei-Gorzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Acid Ester ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Metabolite ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
A Site ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract Objectives In a previous investigation we searched for the occurrence of palmitic acid ester compounds of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its primary metabolite 11-hydroxy-delta9-THC (11-OH-THC) in human body fluids and tissues (THC palmitic acid monoester [THC-Pal] and 11-OH-THC palmitic acid diester [11-OH-THC-DiPal]). As those esters could not be detected in various human body fluids (e.g. blood) or tissues (e.g. adipose tissue) we extended the investigation analyzing adipose tissue samples of mice previously given synthetic THC or a cannabis extract. Methods In total, 48 adipose tissue samples previously tested positive for THC by means of a liquid chromatographic triple quadrupole mass spectrometric (LC-QQQ-MS) method were analyzed for the presence of THC-Pal and 11-OH-THC-DiPal by means of LC-QQQ-MS. Results THC-Pal and 11-OH-THC-DiPal were not detected among the adipose tissue samples analyzed despite the presence of high THC concentrations within the adipose tissue. THC concentrations in adipose tissue were in a range of approximately 7–2,595 ng/g (median: 468 ng/g, average: 704 ng/g). Conclusions A (site-specific) synthesis of 11-OH-THC palmitic acid monoesters (11-hydroxy-delta9-THC-1-palmitate and 11-palmitoyloxy-delta9-THC) still remains to be done. After synthesis of these monoesters, their presence in the body fluids and tissues after THC administration should be investigated.

scholarly journals Freezing avoidance and the distribution of antifreeze glycopeptides in body fluids and tissues of Antarctic fish

1988 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 549-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Ahlgren ◽  
C. C. Cheng ◽  
J. D. Schrag ◽  
A. L. DeVries
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Antarctic Fish ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Fluid Compartments

The distribution of antifreeze glycopeptides (AFGPs) in the body fluids and tissues of antarctic notothenioid fish was determined. In Dissostichus mawsoni (Norman), the peritoneal, pericardial and extradural fluid, like the blood, contained all eight AFGPs and in concentrations sufficient to depress freezing points below that of sea water (−1.9 degree C). Secreted fluids including urine, endolymph and aqueous and vitreous humour either lack all AFGPs or have very low concentrations of only the low molecular weight forms and have freezing points of about −1.0 degree C, and are therefore undercooled with respect to environmental temperature. Fluids with high concentrations of AFGPs also contain high levels of proteins similar to plasma proteins. Systemic administration of tritiated AFGPs in the closely related species Trematomus bernacchii (Boulenger) yielded a distribution pattern similar to that of the native AFGPs in D. mawsoni. This suggests passive distribution of AFGPs into the various fluid compartments following secretion from the liver; a pattern typical of secreted blood proteins. Tissue distribution of AFGPs was determined by comparison with that of the extracellular space marker [14C]polyethylene glycol. AFGPs were found in the interstitial fluid of all body tissues examined except brain tissue. No tissue showed any intracellular accumulation of tritiated AFGPs from the blood.

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