scholarly journals Is “Behavior” the Problem?

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e26138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie W. Kruglanski ◽  
Adam Factor ◽  
Katarzyna Jaśko
Keyword(s):  
Personality Research ◽  
Real Behavior ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Personality Studies

Doliński (2018, this issue) deplores the near absence of “real behavior” in social and personality studies and attributes to that omission several problems in our research. We concur in the depiction of problems but take issue with the diagnosis. In a sense, most we ever study is behavior (the definition of the concept is quite broad). The problems are better understood as those of validity, generalizability and consequentiality in contemporary social/personality research and they stem from the “double whammy” of (occasionally unwarranted) IRB restrictions on social/personality research and unrealistic perfectionism that constrain our efforts.

Ambiguous terminology in animal personality research: a self-report questionnaire and a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Sánchez-Tójar ◽  
Maria Moiron ◽  
Petri Toivo Niemelä
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Animal Personality ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Conceptual Definition ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Questions

Whether animal personality studies provide insights of broader evolutionary and ecological relevance to behavioural ecology is frequently questioned. One source of controversy is the vast, but often vague conceptual terminology used. From a statistical perspective, animal personality is defined as repeatable among-individual variance in behaviour; however, numerous conceptual definitions of animal personality exist. Here, we performed a 1) self-report questionnaire and 2) systematic literature review to quantify how researchers interpret conceptual and statistical definitions commonly used in animal personality research. We also investigated whether results from the questionnaire agree with those of the literature review. Among the 430 self-reported researchers that participated in our questionnaire, we observed discrepancies in key questions such as the conceptual definition of animal personality or the interpretation of repeatability. Our literature review generally confirmed the global patterns revealed by the questionnaire. Overall, we identified common disagreements in animal personality research and discussed potential solutions. We advocate for the usage of statistically-oriented terminology because conceptual definitions can seemingly be interpreted at multiple levels of biological organization. We expect that adopting such statistically-oriented terminology will, at least partly, avoid the confusion generated by the label “animal personality”, and ultimately help to clarify and move the field forward.

Attitudes and Attitude Change

2018 ◽  
pp. 439-464
Author(s):  
Dolores Albarracín ◽  
Man-pui Sally Chan ◽  
Duo Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
Belief Change ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
General Level ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Multiple Behaviors ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter discusses the definition of attitudes as evaluations, with beliefs, intentions, goals, and behaviors as the psychological building blocks of attitude-relevant processes. These considerations can take place at both the specific level of a single behavior (e.g., smoking) or at the general level of a pattern of behaviors (e.g., multiple behaviors). Classic and contemporary attitude scholarship have provided a theoretical understanding of prediction and change in behavior at both the specific and broad levels of analysis. Personality instruments have contributed to identifying trait associations with specific attitude processes, including structure, functions, and bases, as well as attitude and belief change. Future personality research, however, would benefit from adopting attitude models that clearly distinguish psychological building blocks rather than confound feelings, thoughts, and behaviors as being equivalent or equally close to behavior end points.

The concept and status of trait in research on temperament

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Strelau
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Personality Structure ◽  
Environmental Determinants ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Temperament Traits ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Point Of Departure

The aim of the paper is to show that research on temperament is inescapably bound with the concept of trait as applied in personality research. It is the individual differences approach on which temperament studies are based, and traits are the basic units by means of which these differences are described. Taking as a point of departure the definition of trait understood as a relatively stable and individual‐specific generalized tendency to behave or react in a certain way expressed in a variety of situations, the hypothetical status of temperament traits is discussed. Special attention is paid to states and behaviour by means of which temperament traits are inferred as well as to the biological and environmental determinants of these traits. Temperamental traits constitute only a part of the personality structure viewed from the perspective of individual differences and this perspective is only one of the many from which the complex nature of personality should be viewed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

On the Theoretical Link between Personality and Leisure

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seppo Iso-Ahola
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Relationship ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Leisure Behavior ◽  
Implicit Personality ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Attributional Analysis ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to examine recent developments in personality research and then, on this basis, to enhance the significance of research on personality and leisure. A theoretical relationship between personality and leisure is first examined from the traditional trait approach and then from the point of view of implicit personality, especially in relation to attributional derivations. After discussing these two main approaches and their implications, several basic issues are raised about the relationship between personality and leisure behavior. Cautions are expressed toward taking the trait approach, and an attributional analysis of personality and leisure is supported. A subjective definition of leisure is to underlie the examination of this relationship.

scholarly journals Features of the development of the need for reading in primary schoolchildren (results of applied research)

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 18073
Author(s):  
Anna Smakhtina ◽  
Vera Bederkhanova ◽  
Mariya Dontsova ◽  
Lada Chepeleva
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
School Students ◽  
Primary School Teachers ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Real Behavior ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

The article presents an empirical study results of the development of the need for reading in primary schoolchildren. In the theoretical part, the definition of the need for reading is given as an internal spiritual need, which in terms of meaning is delimited with the concept of «reading need» associated with motivations for reading. The conclusions presented in the study are based on the results of an expert survey (n = 91) conducted in schools of the Krasnodar Territory among primary school teachers. With the help of empirical research, the level of development needs for reading in primary school students was studied, the content of reading needs was determined, that is, the system of incentives for reading. The types of reading needs were determined empirically by means of factor analysis, the results of which made it possible to identify and describe 4 latent types of reading needs. The article also presents a methodology for determining the degree of mismatch between a reading attitude and real behavior (initiative and diligence), which was measured using vector indices. As a result of empirical research, it was found that the level of development needs for reading in primary schoolchildren is below the average, while this level is significantly lower in boys than in girls. It was also found that girls have a low mismatch between attitude and real behavior, which indicates an approximate correspondence of the need for reading and independence in the process of reading as a behavioral act. In boys, indicators of the mismatch of attitudes and behavior indicate a tendency to rational choice of a book with a low level of emotional need to read it.

Personality Studies in India

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-52
Author(s):  
J.K. Singh ◽  
N.S. Tung
Keyword(s):  
Culturally Relevant ◽  
Psychological Literature ◽  
The Core ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Made In ◽  
Personality Studies

Personality, being one of the core areas of psychological enquiry, has been approached from diverse perspectives. It is deployed in psychological literature at different levels: as a school of thought; as a perspective; and as a configuration of psychological dispositions of an individual. Against this backdrop, the present chapter examines the progress of the field in the country during the last one decade. In addition to updating conceptual and methodological developments in contemporary personality research, this chapter brings out the relevance of culture in conceptualizing the construct of personality and its assessment. In particular, the chapter critically evaluates the progress made in a variety of studies carried out in academia and brings out the conceptual richness of various indigenous personality concepts and theories. Finally, some issues for further research are highlighted to make personality research a culturally relevant and applied area of enquiry.

Introductory paper

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
W. W. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Line Intensity ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Spectral Classification ◽  
Dimensional Array ◽  
Rr Lyrae ◽  
Metallic Line ◽  
Introductory Paper ◽  
Parameter Varying ◽  
Definition Of

1. The definition of “normal” stars in spectral classification changes with time; at the time of the publication of theYerkes Spectral Atlasthe term “normal” was applied to stars whose spectra could be fitted smoothly into a two-dimensional array. Thus, at that time, weak-lined spectra (RR Lyrae and HD 140283) would have been considered peculiar. At the present time we would tend to classify such spectra as “normal”—in a more complicated classification scheme which would have a parameter varying with metallic-line intensity within a specific spectral subdivision.

2.2. Working Group 2: Conceptual Definitions of Reference Coordinate Systems for Earth Dynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Working Group ◽  
General Character ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Reference Coordinate System ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Earth Dynamics

An ideal definition of a reference coordinate system should meet the following general requirements:1. It should be as conceptually simple as possible, so its philosophy is well understood by the users.2. It should imply as few physical assumptions as possible. Wherever they are necessary, such assumptions should be of a very general character and, in particular, they should not be dependent upon astronomical and geophysical detailed theories.3. It should suggest a materialization that is dynamically stable and is accessible to observations with the required accuracy.

Symbiotic Stars at Optical, Infrared and Radio Wavelengths

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 125-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Type Star ◽  
Stellar Systems ◽  
Symbiotic Stars ◽  
Lower Excitation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Original Type

No paper of this nature should begin without a definition of symbiotic stars. It was Paul Merrill who, borrowing on his botanical background, coined the termsymbioticto describe apparently single stellar systems which combine the TiO absorption of M giants (temperature regime ≲ 3500 K) with He II emission (temperature regime ≳ 100,000 K). He and Milton Humason had in 1932 first drawn attention to three such stars: AX Per, CI Cyg and RW Hya. At the conclusion of the Mount Wilson Ha emission survey nearly a dozen had been identified, and Z And had become their type star. The numbers slowly grew, as much because the definition widened to include lower-excitation specimens as because new examples of the original type were found. In 1970 Wackerling listed 30; this was the last compendium of symbiotic stars published.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

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