scholarly journals Como el ánima al cuerpo humano. Los pilotos reales de la Armada de Magallanes (1519-1522).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Mena García
Keyword(s):  
Civil Servants ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Monthly Salary

Los pilotos fueron pieza fundamental para el éxito de la gran aventura ultramarina encabezada por España y Portugal desde fines del siglo XV. En esta ocasión, nos ocupamos de los avezados tripulantes que participaron en la primera expedición a las Molucas (1519-1522) encomendada al portugués Hernando de Magallanes. Seis hombres gobernaban los cinco barcos de la armada de la Especiería –tres portugueses y otros tres castellanos- y todos tenían la consideración de pilotos de Sus Altezas, es decir, estaban permanentemente al servicio de la Corona y cobraban un salario mensual de la Casa de la Contratación. Sobre fuentes documentales, crónicas de la época y una bibliografía especializada ofrecemos en estas páginas una aproximación a sus recorridos biográficos. Pilots were a key factor in the success of the great maritime adventure lead by Spain and Portugal since the 15th century. This article focuses in one specific episode: the first expedition to the Molucca Islands (1519-1522) commended to the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan. Six men -three Portuguese and three from Castille- manned the five ships of the Armada de la Especiería. All of them were officially declared Pilots of their Royal Highnesses. As civil servants of the crown they perceived a monthly salary from the Casa de Contratación. On documentary sources, chronicles of the time and a specialized bibliography we offer in these pages an approach to his biographical journeys.

Knowledge on the Calculation of Payable Income ZakahAmong Civil Servants in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-468
Author(s):  
Fidlizan Muhammad Et.al
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
The Future ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Government ◽  
Basic Salary ◽  
Monthly Salary

Zakah of income is a form of zakah which is legislated as mandatory for working individuals.The money received from the employers and fulfilled the conditions of zakahwhich are the rate (nisab) and period (haul) qualify individuals to perform zakah of income.  Employees who work for the government receive several forms of income which make up the monthly gross salary. Among them are the monthly basic salary, monthly fixed allowances, overdue salary and bonuses. Therefore this study aims to identify the level of knowledge among government servants in calculating the payable zakah of income based on the sources of income that formulate the monthly salary.  This study applies the quantitative study with descriptive analysis on the dataobtained using the instrument of questionnaire. As many as 772 respondents involved in this study by focusing on two sections namely the knowledge pertaining to the concept of income zakahand items of income sources. There are four items of sources studied which are the salary, monthly fixed allowances, overdue salary and bonus. Finding of analysis indicates that the level of knowledge among respondents related to the concept of zakah is significantly high. Itemized analysis reveals that respondents’ knowledge in the calculation of payable income zakah for the item of overdue salary is moderate, while for the bonus is low.   Implication of the analysis shows that the calculation of payable income zakah needs a continous effort from the authority. This is to ensure indviduals to carry out their responsiblity of the Islamic pillar more obediently in the future.

scholarly journals Improving the understanding of flood risk in the Alsatian region by knowledge capitalization: the ORRION participative observatory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florie Giacona ◽  
Brice Martin ◽  
Benjamin Furst ◽  
Rüdiger Glaser ◽  
Nicolas Eckert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Synoptic Situation ◽  
Target Area ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Data Content ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
Knowledge Capitalization

Abstract. Despite the strong societal impact of natural hazards, their documentation remains incomplete, with only a few inventories exceeding the past two centuries. Surprisingly enough, this also applies to Europe, a densely populated territory, and to floods, which along with storms is the most common and damage-causing natural hazard in this area. In addition, existing inventories have often been compiled by scientists and technicians and are used for risk management in a top-down manner, although the participation of all parties concerned has been recognized as a key factor for disaster reduction. To address this double paradox, the present article presents the regional flood risk observatory ORRION for the Alsatian region, northeastern France, and its very rich data content. Stemming from two successive interdisciplinary and transnational French-German research projects, ORRION was designed as a participative online platform where information is shared between individuals, stakeholders, engineers, and scientists. This original approach aims at maximizing knowledge capitalization and contributes to building a common knowledge base for flood risk. ORRION is organized by events including all river floods that have likely arisen from a single synoptic situation. For each event, it documents information sources, date of occurrence, causes, and consequences in terms of damage and affected river basins and municipalities. ORRION contributed toward renewing our knowledge of flood hazard and risk in the target area. Notably, here, long chronicles of floods are derived for 13 rivers, the Rhine and most of its main Alsatian tributaries, and for all Alsatian municipalities, most of them since the end of the 15th century, but over more than one millennium for the Rhine. Their main characteristics according to various typologies (seasonality, causes, severity, etc.) are analyzed. Major developments over the study period related to sources, land use, and/or climate change are identified. The advantages and limitations of the approach are discussed and the potential to expand both data exploitation and the building of common flood risk knowledge are listed.

Acceptance of social innovation in Malaysia

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-236
Author(s):  
Maizatul Haizan Mahbob ◽  
Wan Idros Wan Sulaiman ◽  
Samsudin A. Rahim ◽  
Wan Azreena Wan Jaafar ◽  
Wan Sharazad Wan Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Social Innovation ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Public Employees ◽  
The People ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Government ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact

Innovation is a key factor to bring about change. The government should formulate policies that are innovative to bring change to the nation. A government that enhances transformation, is a dynamic and progressive government. The Government Transformation Programme (GTP) in Malaysia, that is implemented in three phases started in 2010, is studied to examine how the programme is being accepted by the people. GTP is a programme that has never been implemented before. This programme emphasises more on performance and results of civil servants rather than budget spending. It also emphasises more accurately on planning. The aim is to produce high levels of accuracy and accountability of public employees and to provide rapid results in a short time as desired by the people. The 2011 GTP report showed that more than three million people have been positively impacted by this programme although it has only been implemented for two years. However, empirical studies found that people did not really feel the impact of the GTP programme. Although this programme was advocated through electronic and on-line media, many people still do not understand what is exactly the GTP and what are to be achieved through this programme.

scholarly journals La génesis ibérica del moderno poder naval

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-252
Author(s):  
Manuel Vila González
Keyword(s):  
Language Education ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
New Era ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
15Th Century

At the end of the 15th century, a revolutionary approach to the use of the sea for its own benefit emerged from the two Atlantic Iberian peoples, characterized by having to face the challenge of ocean navigation and the exploration of new lands, something never even conceived previously. As happened in the previous historical stages with other protagonists, the main motivation to jump into the sea was economic. However, the geographic scale of the endeavor on this occasion ushered in a new era, characterized both by accelerated scientific development and by a globalization of commerce, politics, technology and culture (language, education and Christianity). Portugal conquered the oceans with the aim of establishing a network of commercial enclaves, creating the mold of what has since been considered the logical procedure for maritime powers in order to move freely through the seas that link the colonies with the metropolis. Accordingly, what for just over a century has been called sea (naval) power was nothing but the part of maritime power that was responsible for protecting its own trade from the ambition of others. Spain, however, undertook a similar epic with a more territorial (and patrimonial) mentality, due to which the oceans themselves came to be considered an integral part of the crown possessions as a link that united the different parts of the kingdom. That assumption created a new concept of naval power, by which in time of peace it complemented maritime power, which became at the same time a tributary of the former in the event of war. What the classic Anglo-Saxon writers (Alfred T. Mahan and Julian S. Corbett, in particular) described as maritime and sea power when studying the new history in British documentary sources is nothing more than the transposition of the principles that governed the constitution of Renaissance Portugal in a thalassocracy of planetary scope. The Spanish case is much more complex, since it was not only equally ignored in late-nineteenth-century and later historical-strategic studies (not only Anglo-Saxon, which is even more inexplicable), but it remains in the mist of the unexplored by not having had recognized historical continuity, which has contributed to preventing an adequate understanding of the historical dimension of the success (due to its resilience, durability, prosperity…) of the “empire” of the Hispanic Monarchy.

scholarly journals Animal remains from the Late Medieval kitchen of the Esztergom archdiocese, Hungary - the benefits of screening

Starinar ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 231-251
Author(s):  
Erika Gál ◽  
László Bartosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Resolution Recovery ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Animal Remains ◽  
Animal Bone ◽  
Shed Light

Medieval animal remains from the Esztergom archbishopric (Hungary) were screened using 5 mm and 2 mm mesh sizes, aimed at the high-resolution study of fish and bird remains and helping to achieve better comparisons with documentary sources. This is the first medieval assemblage in Hungary recovered using screening. A total of 7,294 animal remains are studied here, representing the 14th and 15th century. The screening resulted in quantities of fish and bird bones. The large find numbers also multiplied the taxonomic diversity. In addition to the remains of new, small-bodied species, bones of young fish showed a diachronic increase in the contribution of carp and young pike to the diet. This seems consonant with the expansion of medieval fish farming. Remains of juvenile birds could also be identified. Some worked bones recovered by screening indicate the manufacturing or reparation of crossbows at the site. Thanks to these details, our material stands out among other contemporaneous animal bone assemblages from the Carpathian Basin. Comparisons between sites, however, must be done with caution, as our data are qualitatively different from others. Large bones of livestock and the near absence of those from large game may be interpreted in the light of other hand-collected samples, while fish and bird remains and even the abundance of brown hare need to be seen in part as a product of high-resolution recovery. The newly discovered spectrum of animal remains could be profitably interpreted in the light of late 15th century accounting books of the archbishop. Although these documentary sources slightly post-date our material, they shed light on the complexities of meat procurement between possibly local production and trade.

Medieval Castles of Britain and Ireland from the 11th to the 15th Century

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
Medieval Architecture ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Dominant Feature ◽  
Norman Invasion ◽  
The 1960S

The study of this subject has a long pedigree, from the late 18th and 19th centuries, although material of this date has varying degrees of authority in the light of more recent work since the 1960s. The first castles in England appear in the 1050s, built by Norman favorites of King Edward the Confessor (r. 1042–1066) and were few in numbered and mainly in the English county of Herefordshire, on the border with Wales. Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, earth-and-timber castles of both the motte and bailey and the ringwork forms were built throughout England, in towns and in the countryside, and where the Normans moved into Wales and Scotland. The first castles in Ireland appear after the Anglo-Norman invasion of 1169; the matter of medieval private fortifications in pre-Norman areas is not discussed here. Some of the first castles were built in stone from the beginning, examples being the Tower of London, Chepstow in Monmouthshire and Richmond in Yorkshire. The development of the masonry castle as fortification, home, and administrative center is a feature of the history of medieval architecture. The great tower or keep is a dominant feature of the 12th- and 13th-century castle, although these towers can be found as late as the 15th century. Strong defenses through twin-towered gatehouses and mural towers along the curtain walls are hallmarks of defenses, but these towers also provided accommodation. Domestic features such as halls, private chambers, kitchens, stables, and other ancillary buildings would be found in the interiors, while gardens either inside the walls or immediately outside are known from documentary sources. The later Middle Ages, from the 14th century, witnessed few new castles built, apart from the tower houses of Ireland and Scotland, but in England in particular there was a growing sophistication in the domestic ranges built both by the monarch and the great lords of the land. While several of the major castles remain occupied as homes, many earth and timber structures had a limited life, particularly in England, with examples of longer use elsewhere, while others suffered in the British civil wars between king and parliament of the 1640s.

scholarly journals Improving the understanding of flood risk in the Alsatian region by knowledge capitalization: the ORRION participative observatory

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1653-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florie Giacona ◽  
Brice Martin ◽  
Benjamin Furst ◽  
Rüdiger Glaser ◽  
Nicolas Eckert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Synoptic Situation ◽  
Target Area ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Data Content ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
Knowledge Capitalization

Abstract. Despite the strong societal impact of natural hazards, their documentation remains incomplete, with only a few inventories exceeding the past two centuries. Surprisingly enough, this also applies to Europe, a densely populated territory, and to floods, which along with storms are the most common and damage-causing natural hazard in Europe. In addition, existing inventories have often been compiled by scientists and technicians and are used for risk management in a top-down manner, although the participation of all parties concerned has been recognized as a key factor for disaster reduction. To address this double paradox, the present article presents the regional flood risk observatory ORRION for the Alsatian region, north-eastern France, and its very rich data content. Stemming from two successive interdisciplinary and transnational French–German research projects, ORRION was designed as a participative online platform on which information is shared between individuals, stakeholders, engineers, and scientists. This original approach aims at maximizing knowledge capitalization and contributes to building a common knowledge base for flood risk. ORRION is organized by events including all river floods that have likely arisen from a single synoptic situation. For each event, it documents information sources, date of occurrence, causes, and consequences in terms of damage and affected river basins and municipalities. ORRION has contributed toward renewing our knowledge of flood hazard and risk in the target area. Notably, here, long chronicles of floods are derived for 13 rivers, the Rhine and most of its main Alsatian tributaries and for all Alsatian municipalities, most of them since the end of the 15th century but over more than one millennium for the Rhine. Their main characteristics according to various typologies (seasonality, causes, severity, etc.) are analysed. Major developments over the study period related to sources, land use, and/or climate change are identified. The advantages and limitations of the approach are discussed, and the potential to expand both data exploitation and build common flood risk knowledge is outlined.

Reforming the government budgeting system in Malta

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Ellul ◽  
Ron Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the pre-adoption phase of budgetary reform. Perspectives on the introduction and use of performance information in budgeting are obtained through interviews with current and former senior politicians and civil servants in Malta. Institutional theories are used to analyse the pressures that are perceived as promoting or inhibiting reforms. Design/methodology/approach The research followed a qualitative approach, using data gathered from documentary sources and empirical evidence collected from semi-structured interviews. Documentary sources were used to provide knowledge, obtaining an understanding of budgeting processes in the Maltese central government. Two categories of interviewee are identified in the analysis: political interviewees, consisting of 7 politicians; and administrative interviewees consisting of 13 senior civil servants. Findings The authors find that the current line-item budgeting system is deeply embedded into government practices. Malta’s membership of the European Union and its adoption of the Euro support coercive pressures for reductions in fiscal deficits. Normative pressures appear to be significant and may have a longer-term impact in promoting budgeting reform. Originality/value This paper contributes to existing performance-based budgeting literature by studying the pre-adoption phase which has rarely been the focus of previous studies. The study delves into the interaction between institutional and economic forces, an aspect which has been inadequately studied. The access to current and former Prime Ministers and other Ministers of State in this study is unusual. As such, the researchers have been able to obtain the perceptions of political decision makers in a way that might be more difficult to do in larger countries.

scholarly journals Kingdoms of South-Central Africa: Sources, Historiography, and History

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
South Central ◽  
Influential Book

In his influential book, Kingdoms of the Savanna (1966), Jan Vansina described the rise of the kingdoms of the south-central African interior from the 15th century. These include the Luba (the mulopwe titleholders), Lunda (the nuclear Lunda, also termed Rund, of the mwant yav titleholders), Lunda-Ndembu, Chokwe, Pende, Luvale, Luluwa, Kanyok, Luba-Kasai, Kuba, Eastern Lunda, Yeke, and the Bemba. New analyses of oral traditions as well as the study of art, archaeology, ethnographic fieldwork, linguistics, and documentary sources haverevised understandings of these polities and added details. Historians have considered the context of the production of primary sources, in particular art and oral traditions, which were created during a transformative 19th century, when trade and violence contributed to the centralization of power for some polities and the disintegration of others. With subjects questioning the power of sovereigns, art, oral traditions, and oral praises projected royal genealogies and the qualities of kingship into a vague antiquity. The study of historical linguistics has also provided inroads into understanding the dissemination of political institutions and titles along with tentative accounts of their historical depth. Ethnographic fieldwork has further elaborated on the functioning of political systems and religious ideas. These diverse primary sources complicate the historiography of central African kingdoms; they also indicate the spread of alternative political and religious affiliations during the 18th and 19th centuries, in particular Luba fertility associations and Lunda fictive kin alliances.

scholarly journals Os primórdios do ensino de História da Ciência na Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Coimbra

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilberto Pereira ◽  
Décio Martins ◽  
Carlos Fiolhais
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Teaching Reform ◽  
Arts And Humanities ◽  
School Year ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Sciences ◽  
The University

Resumo A criação, em 1961, de um Centro de Estudos de Cartografia Antiga, anexo à Faculdade de Ciências e à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, foi um importante factor que conduziu à introdução na Universidade de Coimbra do ensino da História da Ciência, em particular da História da Ciência Portuguesa. Armando Cortesão, que liderava esse grupo de investigação, ministrou, desde o ano lectivo de 1961/62 até pelo menos 1975, um curso livre sobre história da cartografia. Foi a convite de Armando Cortesão que, em 1962, Reyer Hooykaas, professor de História da Ciência da Universidade Livre de Amesterdão, chegou a Coimbra para proferir duas palestras que, nas palavras de Luís de Albuquerque, o professor de Matemática de Coimbra que se notabilizou na História dos Descobrimentos, foram “memoráveis”. Hooykaas considerava que todo o cientista, pelo menos de um modo geral, deveria conhecer a história do desenvolvimento da sua própria ciência, “os seus avanços, conquistas e recuos”. Em 1963 e 1964 Hooykaas leccionou um curso livre intitulado “Introdução à História da Ciência”, que descreveu os feitos científico-técnicos alcançados pelos portugueses ao longo da expansão marítima iniciada no século XV. A reforma do ensino de 1964-65 introduziu oficialmente o ensino da História da Ciência na Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Coimbra. Tornava-se nessa altura evidente a necessidade desta disciplina para formar cientistas e professores.Palavras-chave: Universidade de Coimbra; Reyer Hooykaas; Armando Cortesão; Luís Albuquerque. Abstract The creation in 1960 of a Center for Ancient Cartography Studies associated with the Faculty of Sciences and the Faculty of Arts and Humanities, was a key factor which led to the modern introduction of the teaching of History of Sciences at the University of Coimbra, in particular History of Science in Portugal. Armando Cortesão, who was the head of this research group, was responsible for teaching a free course on ancient cartography every year (a course he taught since the school year of 1961/62 at least until 1975). Reyer Hooykaas, professor of History of Science at the Free University of Amsterdam, arrived in Coimbra in 1962 at the invitation of Armando Cortesão, to deliver two lectures that, in the words of Luís de Albuquerque, professor of Mathematics in Coimbra who became famous in the History of Portuguese Discoveries, were "memorable". Hooykaas considered that every scientist, at least in general, should know the history of the development of his own science, "its hopes, conquests and recoils". In 1963, 1964 and 1967, Hooykaas started teaching a free course entitled “Introduction to the History of Science”, where he described the scientific and technical achievements of the Portuguese during the maritime expansion which started in the 15th century. The teaching reform of 1964-65 introduced officially the teaching of the History of Science in the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Coimbra. By then it was clear the need for this new discipline to form scientists and teachers. Keywords: University of Coimbra; Reyer Hooykaas, Armando Cortesão; Luís Albuquerque.

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